| |||||||
Brian Mulroney馬丁·布賴恩·馬爾羅尼（Martin Brian Mulroney）（1939年3月20日－），是第18任加拿大總理。他的任期從1984年9月17日到1993年6月25日。
歷史學家諾曼·希爾默（Norman Hillmer）在1999年的《加拿大總理排名》中將馬爾羅尼列為第八名。2006年，他參與推動了加拿大-美國酸雨條約，加拿大新建了八個國傢公園。
簡歷
馬爾羅尼出身於魁北剋省貝科莫一個愛爾蘭裔家庭，青年時期曾就讀於聖弗朗西斯·格紮維埃大學。在那裏他參加了保守黨，並與當時的保守黨領袖約翰·迪芬貝剋建立了聯繫。大學畢業後，馬爾羅尼進入魁北剋城的拉瓦爾大學法學院，被迫重操法語，因而熟練掌握了加拿大的兩種主要語言。他曾任魁北剋北岸與拉布拉多鐵路公司董事和總經理、聯合省保險公司董事，並在加拿大帝國商業銀行、漢納煤炭公司、標準廣播公司等企業任職。1965年馬爾羅尼成為蒙特利爾市一位頗負盛名的律師。1973年他同比他小13歲，出身於南斯拉夫移民家庭的米拉結婚，婚後生育了3個子女。
1977年後，馬爾羅尼歷任加拿大鐵礦公司總裁、董事兼總經理，加拿大帝國商業銀行及其他12傢公司董事等職。
總理（1984–1993）
第一任期（1984–1988）
1983年馬爾羅尼復出從政，並當選為進步保守黨新領袖，並通過補缺入選衆議院。
在1984年9月的大選中，進步保守黨獲得211個議會席位，達到加拿大國會歷史上的空前絶對多數，取得超過三分之二的席次，自由黨議席大減至40席，結束自由黨長達二十年的執政。1984年9月17日，45歲的馬爾羅尼成為加拿大第18任總理。新的保守黨政府強調民族和解，承認魁北剋省的特殊性，於1987年6月與10省政府達成有關承認魁北剋省特殊社會地位的米奇湖修憲協議 。
外交
馬爾羅尼的政府反對南非的種族隔離政權，在他任職期間會見了該政權的許多反對派領導人。他的職位使他與美國和英國政府背道而馳。
馬爾羅尼政府在幹預尼加拉瓜的立場上與美國政府不同，儘管馬爾羅尼與美國總統雷根保持了緊密的關係。
自由貿易
1988年1月2日馬爾羅尼總理和羅納德·雷根總統分別簽署加、美自由貿易協定。根據該條約，兩國間的所有關稅到1998年將被取消。馬爾羅尼支持北美自由貿易協議。
第二任期（1988-1993）
1988年10月1日馬爾羅尼宣佈解散議會。11月21日加拿大舉行第三十四屆聯邦大選，馬爾羅尼成功連任總理，但保守黨總席次下降至169席。
辭職
1990年6月米奇湖修憲協議因未能在規定的3年內獲得全部10省議會的批準而宣告夭折。魁北剋省法裔的獨立情緒隨之再度高漲。馬爾羅尼與10省2地區和土著人代表經過馬拉鬆式的艱苦談判，終於在1992年8月達成一項新的修憲協議。為保證該協議在聯邦和各省議會順利通過，馬爾羅尼决定以全國公民投票方式對該决議進行表决，結果因55％的選民投票反對而遭否决。這是繼1990年米奇湖協議夭折後，馬爾羅尼政府在修憲問題上再次受挫。
隨後的民意測驗結果表明，馬爾羅尼的選民支持率降至12％，遠遠落在自由黨領袖的後面，保守黨的選民支持率也衹有19％。為使保守黨在1993年秋天的大選中獲勝，馬爾羅尼於1993年2月宣佈辭職。6月，加拿大國防部長金·坎貝爾在執政的保守黨領袖選舉的第二輪投票中獲勝，當選為該黨的新領袖，並接替前領袖馬爾羅尼出任政府總理，成為加拿大第一位擔當此任的女性。9月8日，坎貝爾宣佈解散國會，定於10月25日舉行聯邦大選。由於坎貝爾無法亦沒有足夠時間輓回民望，選舉結果進步保守黨遭到史上最大的敗績，自由黨大獲全勝。
Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (/mʊlˈruːni/; born March 20, 1939) is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993. His tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal. He later ran for the Progressive Conservatives and won in a landslide in the 1984 Canadian federal election, defeating John Turner of the Liberals and Ed Broadbent of the NDP, not only winning every single province and territory but also capturing over 50% of the vote for the first time since 1958 and increasing his party's seats by 111, up to 211 seats, the highest amount of seats won by any party in Canadian history. The 6.3 million votes won by Mulroney also remained a record until the Liberals' victory in 2015.
Mulroney brought forth a constitutional reform, the Meech Lake Accord, in 1987, meant to persuade the government of Quebec to endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments. It was not ratified by the provincial governments of Manitoba and Newfoundland before the June ratification deadline, and thus met its demise in 1990. This loss led to another round of meetings in Charlottetown in 1991 and 1992. These negotiations culminated in Mulroney introducing the Charlottetown Accord, which would create extensive changes to the constitution, including recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. However, the agreement was defeated by a large margin in a national referendum in October 1992. The end of the Meech Lake Accord in 1990 created division in the country and sparked a revival of Quebec separatism, culminating in the creation and rise of the Bloc Québécois (BQ).
In foreign policy, Mulroney opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa and he met with many of the regime's opposition leaders throughout his tenure. His position put him at odds with the American and British governments, but also won him respect elsewhere. Mulroney's first term was marked by the Air India Flight 182 bombing in 1985, the largest mass killing in Canadian history. His response to the attack came under heavy criticism. The Mulroney government was also strongly against the U.S. intervention in Nicaragua under Reagan, and accepted refugees from El Salvador, Guatemala, and other countries with repressive regimes that were supported by the Reagan administration.
Mulroney made environmental protection a key focus of his government, and moved Canada to become the first industrialized country to ratify both the biodiversity convention and the climate change convention, which were agreed to at the United Nations Conference on the Environment. His government added significant new national parks (Bruce Peninsula, South Moresby, and Grasslands) and passed the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act.
In his second term, Mulroney proposed the introduction of a national sales tax, the Goods and Services Tax (GST), to replace the Manufacturers' Sales Tax (MST). The unpopularity of the GST and the controversy surrounding its passage in the Senate, combined with the early 1990s recession and the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity, which induced him to resign and hand over his power to Kim Campbell, who became the 19th Prime Minister of Canada on June 25, 1993.