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qīng nián
mài jiā dāng shí shì yī gè chéng shì guó jiā, tā de zhōng xīn shì kǎ bā tiān fáng, chuán shuō shì 'ā lā bó rén hé yóu tài rén de gòng tóng zǔ xiān yà bó lā hǎn qīn zì jiàn zào de。 dāng shí dà duō shù mài jiā rén chóng bài shèng xiàng。 suī rán mài jiā méi yòu zì jǐ de zī yuán, dàn tā shì yī gè zhòng yào de shāng chǎng, xǔ duō yuǎn fāng de bù luò lái cǐ jiāo huàn huò wù。 chuán shuō
tā bāng zhù jiě jué jiū fēn, huò dé liǎo “ kě kào zhě ”( Al-Ameen) de měi míng, yīn wéi tā zài zhēng chǎo shí fēi cháng gōng zhèng。 yóu qí zhù míng de shì yǐ xià zhè gè gù shì: dāng kǎ yà bā zài yī cì hóng shuǐ zhōng bèi cuī huǐ chóngjiàn hòu, mài jiā gè bù luò de shǒu lǐng zhēng zhe yào zuò wéi jiāng nà lǐ de nà kuài shén shèng de dà hēi shí fàng huí yuán chù de rén。
zhōng nián
yuē 595 nián, zài yī cì lǚ xíng zhōng, 25 suì de
wǎn nián
tā de qī zǐ zhōng zuì zhù míng de shì 'ā yī suō( عائشة), yòu xiē jìzǎi bào dào tā men dìng hūn shí tā cái liù suì, jié hūn shì jiǔ suì, zhè yǔ 'ā lā bó jiāng nǚ hái zǐ dì yī cì yuè jīng shí chū jià de xí guàn xiāng fú。
tā de 'āi jí nǚ nú mǎ lì kě néng hòu lái yě bèi shì fàng liǎo bìng chéng wéi tā de qī zǐ zhī yī, zǎo qī de mù sī lín jìzǎi méi yòu hěn qīng chǔ dì shuō míng tā hòu lái shì tā de zì yóu de qī zǐ hái shì tā de nǚ nú。
chuàng jiàn yī sī lán
dāng tā de zhuī suí zhě yuè lái yuè duō shí, tā chéng wéi dāng dì bù luò de yī gè wēi xié。 yóu qí tā zì jǐ de zú shì gǔ lāi shì zú jiāng tā kàn chéng yī gè wēi xié, yīn wéi gǔ lāi shì zú yòu zhào kàn kǎ yà bā de zé rèn, dāng shí kǎ yà bā nèi zōng yòu shù qiān gè shèng xiàng, ér dāng shí 'ā lā bó rén shì zhè xiē shèng xiàng zuò shén。
pò hài
dāng
mài jiā rén shì tú shōu mǎi tā, quàn tā fàng qì tā de xìn yǎng, lái huàn qǔ gèng dà de zhèng zhì quán lì。 dāng tā de xìn tú yuè lái yuè duō shí tā men shì tú quàn tā jiě sàn tā de xìn tú hé gǎi biàn tā de zōng jiào。 tā men yuàn yì gěi tā gèng duō de lì rùn, huò zhě ràng tā yǔ yī xiē zuì fù yòu de jiā tíng tōng hūn。 dàn tā jiāng zhè xiē tí yì dū jù jué liǎo。 zuì hòu mài jiā rén yào qiú 'ā bù tǎ lǐ bù jiāng tā jiāo chū chǔsǐ, dàn 'ā bù tǎ lǐ bù bù kěn。 hòu lái shèn zhì yòu rén shì tú cì shā tā。 zuì hòu dāng tā de shū shū hé hǎi dí chè sǐ hòu, tā de jiā zú bù zài bǎo hù tā。 tā bèi 'ōu dǎ、 shí jī、 bèi yòng jīng jí hé gùn bàng chōu dǎ。 dàn méi yòu rén shì tú shā hài tā。
qiān xǐ
dāng 622 nián duì tā hé tā de xìn tú de pò hài yuè lái yuè dà liǎo de shí hòu, dāng bié rén jué dìng móu shā tā shí, tā hé tā zài mài jiā de zhuī suí zhě táo lí mài jiā qián wǎng mài dì nà, zài nà lǐ tā huò dé liǎo xǔ duō xìn tú。“ qiān xǐ” biāo zhì zhe yī sī lán lì de kāi shǐ。 mài dì nà rén xī wàng
mài dì nà
zuò wéi duì
624 nián 3 yuè 15 rì liǎng zhī jūn duì xiāng yù, suī rán mù sī lín de jūn duì rén shù bù dào mài jiā jūn duì de yī bàn, tā men dǎ liǎo gè shèng zhàng, mài jiā jūn sǐ wáng 45 rén, bāo kuò tā men de zhǐ huī guān, mù sī lín jūn sǔn shī 14 rén, 70 mài jiā rén bèi fú。 zhè cì zhàn dǒu shèng lì hòu mù sī lín yòu xiāo miè liǎo yī gè bù jiē shòu mài dì nà xiàn fǎ de yóu tài bù luò。 dào zhè shí wéi zhǐ mài dì nà de suǒ yòu jū mín dōuyǐ jīng bèi zhuǎn huà wéi mù sī lín liǎo。
yǔ cǐ tóng shí
627 nián 4 yuè, yī zhī yī wàn rén de mài jiā jūn duì kāi rù mài dì nà。 mài dì nà de yóu tài rén suī rán cān jiā liǎo mài dì nà de lián méng, dàn tā men bù cān jiā bǎo hù chéng shì, ér qiě tā men hái hé rù qīn zhě tōng qì, zài rù qīn zhě rù chéng hòu cóng hòu fāng gōng jī mù sī lín。 hái yòu yī xiē mù sī lín yě pàn biàn, dǎ suàn zài mài jiā jūn jìn chéng hòu bāng zhù tā men。
dàn mài jiā de wàn rén jūn duì què wú fǎ yuè guò mài dì nà chéng zhōu de chéng háo。 mài jiā jūn chè zǒu zhī hòu, chéng lǐ de mù sī lín kāi shǐ duì tā men de pàn tú jìn xíng bào fù。 yóu qí duì chéng lǐ de yóu tài rén de bào fù zuì cán kù: suǒ yòu chéng nián nán rén bèi shā, fù nǚ hé 'ér tóng lún wéi nú lì。 dào 627 nián,
mài jiā
guò liǎo yī duàn shí jiān zhè gè tiáo yuē hái shì shī xiào liǎo, 629 nián 11 yuè, mài jiā de lián jūn gōng jī liǎo
tǒng yī 'ā lā bó
shì shì hé hòu shì
yòu guān
yī xiē fēi mù sī lín, yóu qí jī dū xīn jiào de xué zhě, zhì yí
dàn shì yǐ xià de què shì zài《 gǔ lán jīng》 hé《 bù hā lǐ shèng xùn》 lǐ yòu guān
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yī xiē xué zhě xiāng xìn gǔ lán jīng zài
ér suǒ yòu mù sī lín jūn xiāng xìn, mù shèng qù shì hòu,《 gǔ lán jīng》 hái méi yòu dìng běn。 ài bǔ · bó kè 'ěr jì wèi de dì 'èr nián, yè má mò( al-Yamama) zhàn yì, bù shǎo hā fěi zǔ( néng quán bù bèi sòng《 gǔ lán jīng》 de shèng mén dì zǐ) xī shēng liǎo。 ào mǎ 'ěr xiàng 'ài bǔ · bó kè 'ěr jiàn yì gǎn jǐn zhěng lǐ《 gǔ lán jīng》, yǐ miǎn sàn yì。 ài bǔ · bó kè 'ěr biàn shuō:“ shǐ zhě méi yòu zuò guò de shì, wǒ men zěn me néng zuò ní?” dàn 'ào mǎ 'ěr zhōng yú shuō fú liǎo tā。 tā jiù shǐ rén qù bǎ zǎi dé zhǎo lái, duì tā shuō:“ nǐ shì yī gè yòu cái zhì de qīng nián, wǒ men duì yú nǐ shì háo bù huái yí de; nǐ hái tì shǐ zhě jì lù guò qǐ shì。 qǐng nǐ bǎ《 gǔ lán jīng》 sōu jí qǐ lái bā。” shì hòu, ài bǔ · bó kè 'ěr yòu yāo qǐng liǎo wǔ bǎi yé、 ā lǐ、 ào sī màn sān rén lái xié zhù zǎi dé。
tā men sì wèi dōushì tì mù shèng jì lù qǐ shì de, yòu dōunéng bèi sòng quán bù《 gǔ lán jīng》, tā men zǔ zhì liǎo yī gè《 gǔ lán jīng》 zhěng lǐ wěi yuán huì( zài nà gè shí hòu, dāng rán méi yòu cǐ lèi míng chēng), jīng cháng kāi huì zhěng lǐ tā men yǐ qián suǒ jì lù de qǐ shì, yǐ bèi jì de zī liào hé jì lù de zī liào, hù xiāng jiào duì。
tā men xiào dào dì jiǔ zhāng《 tǎo bái zhāng》 dì yī 'èr bā jié hé yī 'èr jiǔ jié de shí hòu, zhǐ yòu bèi jì de zī liào, méi yòu jì lù de zī liào, hòu lái, fèi liǎo hěn dà de gōng fū, zài 'ài bǔ · hú zǎi mò( AbuKhuzaimaibn'Aus) de jiā lǐ zhǎo dào liǎo jì lù de zī liào, tā men cái gǎn zhuóbǐ。 dì sān shí sān zhāng《 ài hā sà bǔ zhāng》 de jì lù zī liào, yě shì fèi liǎo xǔ duō gōng fū, cái yóu hú zǎi mò de jiā lǐ zhǎo chū lái de。 tā men bǎ quán bù《 gǔ lán jīng》 zhěng lǐ qǐ lái, jiāo gěi 'ài bǔ · bó kè 'ěr bǎo guǎn。 tā qù shì hòu, guī 'ào mǎ 'ěr bǎo guǎn。 ōu mò qù shì hòu, guī tā nǚ 'ér shèng qī hā fú sài( Hafsabint'Umar) bǎo guǎn。 yú huí lì 'èr shí wǔ nián( gōng yuán 645 nián héng 646 nián), lì yà hé yī lā kè de mù sī lín zài yà měi ní yà hé 'ā sài bài jiāng zhàn yì zhōng céng wéi《 gǔ lán jīng》 de dú fǎ 'ér fā shēng zhēng zhí, hóu zǎi fěi( Hudhaifaibnal-Yamani) mù jī zhè zhǒng qíng xíng, gǎn jué bù 'ān, fǎn huí mài dì nà hòu, bào gào hā lǐ fā 'ào sī màn, bìng qiě jiàn yì shuō:“ zài zhè gè mín zú xiàng yóu tài jiào tú hé jī dū jiào tú yàng fēn liè zhī qián, nǐ gǎn kuài shè fǎ wǎn jiù bā。” ào sī màn jiù pài rén qù duì hā fú sài shuō:“ qǐng nǐ shǐ rén bǎ《 gǔ lán jīng》 de zī liào sòng lái gěi wǒ men, ràng wǒ men chāo lù jǐ bù, rán hòu sòng hái nǐ。” ào sī màn mìng zǎi dé、 yī běn · zuǒ pī( AbdullahibnZubair)、 sài yì dé( Sa'idibnal-Asi)、 ā bǔ dù lā hè màn( Abdurrahmanibnal-Harith) děng rén xiě liǎo hǎo jǐ bù。 zǎi dé shì mài dì nà rén, qí yú dedōu shì mài jiā de gǔ lāi shì rén( Quraish), ào sī màn duì tā men shuō:“ cháng ruò nǐ men wéi《 gǔ lán jīng》 de cí yǔ 'ér yǔ zǎi dé de yì jiàn bù yī zhì, nà me, nǐ men zhào gǔ lāi shì rén de fāng yán chāo xiě bā。 yīn wéi《 gǔ lán jīng》 shì yǐ tā men de fāng yán 'ér qǐ shì de。” tā men zǒng gòng chāo liǎo qī bù, yī bù bǎo cún zài mài dì nà, qí yú de fēn jì mài jiā、 dà mǎ shì gé、 yě mén、 bèi hǎi lài ní、 kù fǎ、 bǎi suǒ lā děng dì。 ào sī màn xià lìng bǎ qí tā de chāo běn yī gài fén huǐ, tā xià lìng chāo xiě de《 gǔ lán jīng》, chēng wéi dìng běn( al-Mushafal-Imam), huò 'ào sī màn běn( Mushaf'Uthman), xiàn zài tōng chēng 'ào shì běn( al-Mushafal-Uthmani)。 xiàn zài quán shì jiè tōng xíng de《 gǔ lán jīng》, zhǐ yòu zhè zhǒng dìng běn。
zài zhèng zhì shàng
tā sǐ hòu shù shì jì zhōng xǔ duō mù sī lín huò dé de chuàng zào jīng cháng bèi guī gōng yú tā de jīng shén yǐng xiǎng, yóu qí guī gōng yú tā duì zhī shí de zhuī qiú。 duì tā shēng huó de yán jiū zài mù sī lín shì jiè dǎo zhì liǎo yī gè zhuān yòu de lì shǐ kē xué。
wú lùn rú hé,
Mecca was a city-state, it is the center of Kaba Kaaba, the legend is the common ancestor of Arabs and Jews, Abraham personally built. At that time most admired icons of Mecca. Although Mecca is not their own resources, but it is an important shopping centers, and many remote tribes to the exchange of goods. Legend Muhammad very active in the city life, one of his uncle created a organization to help the poor, Muhammad is actively participate in its activities.
Middle-aged
Mohammed was also married eight wives, widows than Aisha are outside, some of those killed in the war widows.
Create Islamic
Persecution
Move
As the flight of Muhammad in Mecca and the Mecca of ancient les gens other clans formed a coalition to Medina and Mecca the persecution of Muslims, they threatened to return home every Muslim will be killed. Muslims in Medina was very alert. Some fled from Mecca to the Muslims began to attack the Syrian caravan to Mecca Quwang against Mecca's economy. At the same time to pay homage to the direction of Mohammed from Mecca to Jerusalem. 624 300 people in March led the attack on Mohammed Mecca a caravan, this caravan to Mecca, to escape, but decided to dispatch a force of about 800 people to give Muhammad a lesson.
627 in April, one of a million troops would enter Mecca and Medina. Although the Jews in Medina Medina participated in the alliance, but they do not participate in protection of the city, but they and the intruder ventilation, the invaders entered the city after the attacks on Muslims from the rear. There are also some Muslim rebel army into the city after Mecca intended to help them.
Mohammed first Maijiashijia economic pressure, but the main person he hopes to take the initiative to Mecca according to Islamic awarded. 628 in March 1600 he led a pilgrimage to Mecca. Mecca will he stop at the edge of their territory. A few days later they signed a contract with Muhammad. Pilgrimage to the Ka'aba he can, but not allowed to carry weapons. Since then, both sides in the agreement not to armed conflict, the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca can be. Mohammed with his former enemy's daughter married one, to fix the treaty.
Mohammed's "Migration" he began after the union nomads. These are the non-aggression agreements beginning, and later, when his forces, he sought to join a growing coalition of people awarded by the Muslim. When he was in Mecca by many tribes oppose this practice, so the two sides fought a battle and defeat his opponent. Many people see that Muhammad was the strongest of the Arab people, many of the tribes to send representatives to Mecca required to join the Alliance. His death also occurred several times in the Arab rebellion, but this time the Arab countries have strong enough to deal with them anymore.
Mohammed died not long ago he did a final admonition. His death has caused his followers to a major crisis. The debate led to the split of Islam. Shiites believe that Muhammad designated Ali in his death as his heir, while the Sunnis have raised doubts.
Some non-Muslims, in particular, Protestant scholars, question the character of Muhammad. Some may be misinformation, and some may have misunderstood the Qur'an and the Bukhari hadith records.
* Muhammad taught Muslim men can have sex slave: "If ye fear that ye can not be fair treatment of them, then you can only marry one wife each, or meet your slave. This is more close to fair . "(Koran chapters 3; 20 chapters V and VI; 30 chapters 50 and 52; 70 of Chapter 29 and 30)
Muhammad's historical significance
Chapter IX of their school to "seek the White Cap," the first 28 and 129, when, and only memorizing the information, no records, then, with a great deal of effort, in Yibo Hu Jae Mo (Abu Khuzaima ibn 'Aus)'s home found a record of information, they dare Zhaobi. Thirty-third chapter "Chapter Aihasabu" recorded information, also spent a lot of work before the silent slaughter house by Hu to find out. They all "Koran" order up to Abu Bakr kept. After his death, owned by Omar custody. OMO after the death of his wife return his daughter St. Hafor race (Hafsa bint 'Umar) custody. Back to the calendar in twenty-five years (AD 645 -646), the Australia and Iraq's Muslim campaign in Armenia and Azerbaijan, who have "Koran" reading law disputes, Jae Hou Fei (Hudhaifa ibn al-Yamani) witnessed this situation, feeling uncomfortable, to return to Medina, the report Caliph Othman, and suggested that: "In a nation like the Jews and Christians-like split before you quickly try to save it." Osman sent to the event said on Hafor : "Please you to make the" Koran "information sent to us so that we copied several, and then return you." Ottoman life Bouzid, Ibn left Pi (Abdullah ibn Zubair), Said (Sa 'id ibn al-Asi), Abdulrahman (Abdurrahman ibn al-Harith), who has written many. Bouzid is the Medina and the rest are old Leydig people of Mecca (Quraish), Osman said to them: "If you have to" Koran "in the words and disagree with the slaughter Germany, then you according to the ancient Leydig's dialect copying it. because the "Koran" is a dialect and by their inspiration. "They copied a total of seven, one kept in Medina, and the balance sent to Mecca, Damascus, Yemen, Beihai Riney, Kufa, 100 Solar and other places. Osman other copies Yi Gai ordered destroyed, he ordered the copy of the "Koran", known as the final version of the (al-Mushaf al-Imam), or Uthman ibn (Mushaf'Uthman), now known as Auburn's this (al-Mushaf al-Uthmani ). Now the whole world that "the Koran", only this final version.
Political Islam, Muhammad, the Arab empire, and his successor as a expansion of this empire from the Atlantic to the Indian River power. Some non-Muslims accused of Mohammed in the establishment of the empire means used, they believe that some practices by today's standards, is guilty of war crimes, Muslims strongly oppose this view.
In any case, Muhammad in the history of mankind's influence is still huge, written by historians in the United States, "affect the world's 100 celebrities", the consolidated various factors Mohammed ranked first.
ā lā bó dì guómù hǎn mò dé Amir al-Mu'minin (622nián~632nián) |