姓: | 劉 | ||||||||||||||||||
名: | 禪 | ||||||||||||||||||
字: | 公嗣 | ||||||||||||||||||
網筆號: | 安樂縣思公/孝懷皇帝 | ||||||||||||||||||
|
出身
據《三國志》記載,劉禪是甘夫人所生。荊州當陽長坂坡之戰時被趙雲從亂軍中救出。
212年,被孫夫人攜返東吳時被張飛和趙雲截下。
221年,劉備稱帝,立劉禪為皇太子。同年,劉備為奪回荊州,報關羽被殺之仇,親率大軍攻吳。在夷陵之戰戰敗之後,劉備一病不起,223年四月病故。三國志記載劉備臨終前囑咐劉禪:“汝與丞相從事,事之如父”。
在位期間
劉禪繼位初期也確實聽從父親的遺命,放權於丞相諸葛亮處理軍政大事,“政事無巨細,鹹决於亮”。
諸葛亮死後,據《三國志》記載,劉禪廢除了丞相製,設立尚書令、大將軍和大司馬三職互相製衡,軍政事務分開。
後來“乃自攝國事”,提出“須吳舉動,東西掎角,以乘其釁”,由蔣琬、費禕、董允等人主政,修養生息,積蓄力量後從長計議再北伐的政策,親自處理除了對外戰爭領域之外的國內軍政事務。
諸葛亮死後蜀漢維持了近三十年的統治,但,劉禪對於主張積極北伐的姜維也諸多製衡,嚴重地拖慢了北伐的進度。而且劉禪對於宦官黃皓也頗為寵信,姜維畏懼黃皓,衹得擁兵屯墾漢中的沓中(今甘肅甘南藏族自治州迭部)。
最後鄧艾偷渡陰平大軍壓境,劉禪召開御前會議,與群臣商議如何抵禦。最終劉禪接受譙周的開城建議,在263年嚮曹魏投降。
樂不思蜀
蜀漢亡後,劉禪移居魏國都城洛陽,封為安樂縣公。某日司馬昭設宴款待劉禪,囑咐演奏蜀樂麯,並以歌舞助興時,蜀漢舊臣們想起亡國之痛,個個掩面或低頭流淚。獨劉禪怡然自若,不為悲傷。司馬昭見到,便問劉禪:“安樂公是否思念蜀?”劉禪答道:“此間樂,不思蜀也。”他的舊臣郤正聞此言,宴畢對他說:“陛下,下次如司馬昭若再問同一件事,您就先註視著宮殿的上方,接着閉上眼睛一陣子,最後張開雙眼,很認真地說:‘先人墳墓,遠在蜀地,我沒有一天不想念啊!’這樣,司馬昭就能讓陛下回蜀了。”劉禪聽後,牢記在心。酒至半酣,司馬昭又問同樣的問題,劉禪趕忙把郤正教他的學了一遍。司馬昭聽了,即回以:“咦,這話怎麽像是郤正說的?”劉禪大感驚奇道:“你怎麽知道呀!”司馬昭及左右大臣哈哈大笑。司馬昭見劉禪如此老實忠懇,從此再也不懷疑他。劉禪就這樣在洛陽安樂地度過餘生。(這就是“樂不思蜀”這一典故的來歷。)
公元271年,晉武帝泰始七年,劉禪去世,晉謚劉禪為安樂縣思公。西晉末年,劉淵起事,國號為漢,追謚劉禪為孝懷皇帝。
評價
《三國志》陳壽認為他是“素絲”,早年得諸葛亮輔助,所以“任賢相則為循理之君”;但後來寵信黃皓,敗壞政事,卻是“惑閹竪則為昏闇之後”。孫盛則認為他是庸主。而由於《三國演義》中的故事形象影響,於是其小字為“阿鬥”,被後世意指政事無才幹者,“扶不起的阿鬥”就是指劉禪。
中華民國國父孫中山也在三民主義之民權主義中提到:“阿鬥是很庸愚的,沒有一點能耐。”
諸葛亮在《與杜微書》中評價後主說:“朝廷年方十八,天資仁敏,愛德下士。”
晉朝張華問李密:“安樂公(劉禪)何如?”密曰:“可次齊桓。”華問其故,對曰:“齊桓得管仲而霸,用竪刁而蟲流。安樂公得諸葛亮而抗魏,任黃皓而喪國,是知成敗一也。”次問:“孔明言教何碎?”密曰:“昔舜、禹、臯陶相與語,故得簡雅;《大誥》與凡人言,宜碎。孔明與言者無己敵,言教是以碎耳。”(晉書‧李密傳)
家庭
父
蜀漢昭烈帝劉備
妻
敬哀皇后,張氏,張飛長女。劉禪為太子時立為太子妃。於223年立為皇后,237年去世。
張皇后,張飛次女。敬哀皇后死後,於238年正月立為皇后。蜀漢滅亡後,隨劉禪到洛陽。
王貴人,劉禪後宮,劉璿生母。
李昭儀,劉禪後宮,蜀漢滅亡時自殺。
子女
劉璿,劉禪長子,十五歲被立為太子,蜀漢亡後,鐘會在成都作亂,被亂兵殺害。
劉瑤,劉禪二子,蜀漢亡後投降。於永嘉之亂被殺。
劉琮,劉禪三子,蜀漢亡後投降。於永嘉之亂被殺。
劉瓚,劉禪四子,蜀漢亡後投降。於永嘉之亂被殺。
劉諶,劉禪五子,北地王,曾反對譙周降魏的提議,但被劉禪拒絶,遂於蜀漢亡國當日自殺[1]。
劉恂,劉禪六子,蜀漢亡後投降。蜀亡後,洮陽王劉恂不願降魏,派諸葛質為使,與夷帥孟虯通好,劉恂得在南中永昌定居。
劉璩,劉禪七子,蜀漢亡後投降。於永嘉之亂被殺。
Then "photo is from the national affairs," and proposed "to Wu move things drag angle to take the Troubles", by Jiang Wan, Fei Yi and Dong Yun and others in power, their rehabilitation, long term and again after the power savings policy of the Northern Expedition, In addition to personally handling outside the field of foreign war, domestic political and military affairs.
Reluctant to leave
After the fall of Shu, Liu Shan Wei moved to Luoyang, the capital, sealed the Lok County public. Hosted a dinner for one day Sima Zhao Liu Chan, Shu asked playing music, and in song and dance performances, the Shu old veterans who remember the pain of subjugation, all bow to hide his face or tears. Independence Liu Chan Yiran calm, not sad. Sima Zhao to see, asked Liu Shan: "An Legong is missing Shu?" Liu Chan replied: "music here, do not think Shu is also." He's old veterans are being heard remark, the banquet and said to him: "Your Majesty, the next Sima Zhao times as if to ask the same thing, you start watching the palace at the top, then close your eyes for a while, and finally opened my eyes, very serious and said: 'ancestors graves, far away in Sichuan, I was not a day do not miss ah! 'In this way, Sima Zhao Shu was able to give back to His Majesty. "Liu Shan to hear, keep in mind. Liquor to half drunk, Sima Zhao asked the same question, Liu Chan was being rushed to school to teach him once more. Sima Zhao heard that back in: "Hey, how these words like they are saying?" Liu Shan Road great surprise: "how do you know!" Sima Zhao and laugh about the Minister. Sima Zhao, see Liu Shan so honest and earnest, never again to doubt him. Liu Chan Lok so to spend rest of his life in Luoyang. (This is "reluctant to leave," the story of the origin.)
Evaluate
Father
Connie Lee, Liu Shan Hou, Shu demise suicide.
Liu Yao, Liu Chan's second son, Shu surrendered after death. Yongjia killed in the chaos.
Liu Chen, Liu Shan five sons, north to the king, who opposed the proposal Wei Qiao Zhou and down, but was Liu Chan refused, then committed suicide on the day of national subjugation of Shu Han [1].