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越是華夏族建立的國傢，勾踐是大禹（大禹姓姒，名文命）的子孫，周王朝建立後，勾踐的先人被封在會稽守宗廟，故建立越國。前496年，勾踐即位後不久，即打敗吳國。兩年後，吳王姬夫差攻破越都，勾踐被迫屈膝投降，並隨夫差至吳國，臣事吳王，後被赦歸返國。勾踐自戰敗以後，時刻不忘會稽之恥，日日忍辱負重，不斷等待時機，反躬自問：“汝忘會稽之恥邪？”他重用范蠡、文種等賢人，經過“十年生聚又十年教訓”，使越之國力漸漸恢復起來。可是吳對此卻毫不警惕。前482年，吳王夫差為參加黃池之會，盡率精銳而出，僅使太子和老弱守國。越王勾踐遂乘虛而入，大敗吳師，殺吳太子。夫差倉卒與晉定盟而返，連戰不利，不得已而與越議和。
前473年，越軍再次大破吳國，吳王夫差被圍困在吳都西面的姑蘇山上，求降不得而自殺，吳亡。越王勾踐平吳，乃聲威大震，乃步吳之後塵，以兵渡淮，會齊、宋、晉、魯等諸侯於徐州（今山東滕州南），周天子使人命勾踐為“伯”（霸）。時“越兵橫行於江、淮東，諸侯畢賀，諸稱霸王”不過此時，春秋行將結束，霸政趨於尾聲，勾踐已是春秋最後的一個霸主了。
當勾踐剛剛滅吳稱霸，范蠡居功至偉,封上將軍，但是范蠡深知“大名之下難久居”、“久受尊名不祥”，所以明智地選擇了功成身退，“自與其私徒屬乘舟浮海以行，終不反”。范蠡曾遣人致書文種，謂：“飛鳥盡，良弓藏；狡兔死，走狗烹。越王為人長頸鳥喙，可與共患難，不可與共樂，子何不去？”文種未能聽從，不久果被勾踐賜劍自殺。傳說范蠡改名陶朱公，後以經商致富。
成語典故
臥薪嚐膽
音 wò xīn cháng dǎn
釋 義 薪：柴草。睡覺睡在柴草上，吃飯睡覺都嘗一嘗苦膽。形容人刻苦自勵，發憤圖強。
出 處 《史記·越王勾踐世傢》：“越王勾踐反國，乃苦身焦思，置膽於坐，坐臥即仰膽，飲食亦嚐膽也。”
示 例 中國足球要想衝出亞洲，必須～，刻苦訓練。
兔死狗烹
發音 tù sǐ gǒu pēng
釋義 烹：燒煮。兔子死了，獵狗就被人烹食。比喻給統治者效勞的人事成後被拋棄或殺掉。
出處 《史記·越王勾踐世傢》：“飛鳥盡，良弓藏；狡兔死，走狗烹。”
示例 大凡古來有識見的英雄功成名就，便拂袖而去，免使後來有“鳥盡弓藏，兔死狗烹”之禍。（清·陳忱《水滸後傳》第九回）
鳥盡弓藏
發音 niǎo jìn gōng cáng
釋義 鳥沒有了，弓也就藏起來不用了。比喻事情成功之後，把曾經出過力的人一腳踢開。
出處 《史記·越王勾踐世傢》：“蜚（飛）鳥盡，良弓藏；狡兔死，走狗烹。”
示例 小弟從徵方臘回來，苦勸我東人隱逸。明知有“～”之禍。（清·陳忱《水滸後傳》第二十二回）
對聯
有志者，事竟成，破釜沉舟，百二秦川終屬楚；苦心人，天不負，臥薪嚐膽，三千越甲可吞吳。
這副對聯，前一句講得是項羽，項羽破釜沉舟，最終以少勝多，大敗秦軍，成了上將軍。後一句講的是勾踐忍辱負重，臥薪嚐膽，最終打敗吳國，報了會稽之恥。
典故
吳王闔閭打敗楚國，成了南方霸主。吳國跟附近的越國(都城在今浙江紹興)素來不和。公元前496年，越國國王勾踐即位。吳王趁越國剛剛遭到喪事，就發兵打越國。吳越兩國在槜李(今浙江嘉興西南，槜音zuì)地方，發生一場大戰。
吳王闔閭滿以為可以打贏，沒想到打了個敗仗，自己又中箭受了重傷，再加上上了年紀，回到吳國，就咽了氣。
吳王闔閭死後，兒子夫差即位。闔閭臨死時對夫差說：“不要忘記報越國的仇。”夫差記住這個囑咐，叫人經常提醒他。他經過宮門，手下的人就扯開了嗓子喊：“夫差！你忘了越王殺你父親的仇嗎？”
夫差流着眼淚說：“不，不敢忘。”他叫伍子胥和另一個大臣伯嚭(音pǐ)操練兵馬，準備攻打越國。過了兩年，吳王夫差親自率領大軍去打越國。越國有兩個很能幹的大夫，一個叫文種，一個叫范蠡(音lǐ)。范蠡對勾踐說：“吳國練兵快三年了。這回决心報仇，來勢兇猛。咱們不如守住城，不要跟他們作戰。”
勾踐不同意，也發大軍去跟吳國人拼個死活。兩國的軍隊在太湖一帶打上了。越軍果然大敗。越王勾踐帶了五千個殘兵敗將逃到會稽，被吳軍圍困起來。勾踐弄得一點辦法都沒有了。他跟范蠡說：“懊悔沒有聽你的話，弄到這步田地。現在該怎麽辦？”
范蠡說：“咱們趕快去求和吧。”勾踐派文種到吳王營裏去求和。文種在夫差面前把勾踐願意投降的意思說了一遍。吳王夫差想同意，可是伍子胥堅决反對。
文種回去後，打聽到吳國的伯嚭是個貪財好色的小人，就把一批美女和珍寶，私下送給伯嚭，請伯嚭在夫差面前講好話。經過伯嚭在夫差面前一番勸說，吳王夫差不顧伍子胥的反對，答應了越國的求和，但是要勾踐親自到吳國去。
文種回去嚮勾踐報告了。勾踐把國傢大事托付給文種，自己帶着夫人和范蠡到吳國去。勾踐到了吳國，夫差讓他們夫婦倆住在闔閭的大墳旁邊一間石屋裏，叫勾踐給他喂馬。范蠡跟着做奴僕的工作。夫差每次坐車出去，勾踐就給他拉馬，有一次，夫差生病了，勾踐毛遂自薦，說自己能治夫差的病，可是夫差不讓勾踐接近他，勾踐衹能嘗夫差的屎來治病，果然，夫差的病被勾踐治好了，這樣過了兩年，夫差認為勾踐真心歸順了他，就放勾踐回國。
勾踐回到越國後，立志報仇雪恥。他唯恐眼前的安逸消磨了志氣，在吃飯的地方挂上一個苦膽，每逢吃飯的時候，就先嘗一嘗苦味，還自己問：“你忘了會稽的恥辱嗎？”他還把席子撤去，用柴草當作褥子。這就是後來人傳誦的“臥薪嚐膽”。
勾踐决定要使越國富強起來，他親自參加耕種，叫他的夫人自己織布，來鼓勵生産。因為越國遭到亡國的災難，人口大大減少，他訂出奬勵生育的制度。他叫文種管理國傢大事，叫范蠡訓練人馬，自己虛心聽從別人的意見，救濟貧苦的百姓。全國的老百姓都巴不得多加一把勁，好叫這個受欺壓的國傢改變成為強國。
可是他成功以後，剪除了他夫人和文種，據說為的就是不讓人知道他曾嘗過糞便！
不過，也驗證了“狡兔死，走狗烹。飛鳥盡，良弓藏。敵國破，謀臣亡。”這句話可以說放在哪個朝代都適用。
史料記載
【原文】
《史記 越王勾踐世傢》
越王勾踐，其先禹之苗裔，而夏後帝少康之庶子也。封於會稽，以奉守禹之祀。文身斷發，披草萊而邑焉。後二十餘世，至於允常。允常之時，與吳王闔廬戰而相怨伐。允常卒，子勾踐立，是為越王。
元年，吳王闔廬聞允常死，乃興師伐越。越王勾踐使死士挑戰，三行，至吳陳，呼而自剄。吳師觀之，越因襲擊吳師，吳敗於槜李，射傷吳王闔廬，闔廬且死，告其子夫差曰：“必毋忘越。”
三年，勾踐聞吳王夫差日夜勒兵，且以報越，越欲先吳未發往伐之。范蠡諫曰：“不可，臣聞兵者兇器也，戰者逆德也，爭者事之末也。陰謀逆德，好用兇器，試身於所末，上帝禁之，行者不利。”越王曰：“吾已决之矣。”遂興師。吳王聞之，悉發精兵擊越，敗之夫椒。越王乃以餘兵五千人保棲於會稽。吳王追而圍之。
越王謂范蠡曰：“以不聽子故至於此，為之奈何？”蠡對曰：“持滿者與天，定傾者與人，節事者以地。卑辭厚禮以遺之，不許，而身與之市。”勾踐曰：“諾。”乃令大夫種行成於吳，膝行頓首曰：“君王亡臣勾踐使陪臣種敢告下執事：勾踐請為臣，妻為妾。” 吳王將許之。子胥言於吳王曰：“天以越賜吳，勿許也。”種還，以報勾踐。勾踐欲殺妻子，燔寶器，觸戰以死。種止勾踐曰：“夫吳太宰嚭貪，可誘以利，請間行言之。”於是勾踐乃以美女寶器令種間獻吳太宰嚭。嚭受，乃見大夫種於吳王。種頓首言曰：“願大王赦勾踐之罪，盡入其寶器。不幸不赦，勾踐將盡殺其妻子，燔其寶器，悉五千人觸戰必有當也。”嚭因說吳王曰：“越以服為臣，若將赦之，此國之利也。”吳王將許之。子胥進諫曰：“今不滅越，後必悔之。勾踐賢君，種、蠡良臣，若反國，將為亂。”吳王弗聽，卒赦越，罷兵而歸。
勾踐之睏會稽也，喟然嘆曰：“吾終於此乎？”種曰：“湯係夏臺，文王囚羑裏，晉重耳奔翟，齊小白奔莒，其卒王霸。由是觀之，何遽不為福乎？”
吳既赦越，越王勾踐反國，乃苦身焦思，置膽於坐，坐臥即仰膽，飲食亦嚐膽也。曰：“女忘會稽之恥邪？”身自耕作，夫人自織，食不加肉，衣不重采，折節下賢人，厚遇賓客，振貧吊死，與百姓同其勞。欲使范蠡治國政，蠡對曰：“兵甲之事，種不如蠡；填撫國傢，親附百姓，蠡不如種。”於是舉國政屬大夫種，而使范蠡與大夫柘稽行成，為質於吳。二歲而吳歸蠡。
勾踐自會稽歸七年，拊循其士民，欲用以報吳。大夫逢同諫曰：“國新流亡，今乃復殷給，繕飾備利，吳必懼，懼則難必至。且鷙鳥之擊也，必匿其形。今天吳兵加齊、晉，怨深於楚、越，名高天下，實害周室，德少而功多，必淫自矜。為越計，莫若結齊，親楚，附晉，以厚吳。吳之志廣，必輕戰。是我連其權，三國伐之，越承其憋，可剋也。”勾踐曰：“善。”
居二年，吳王將伐齊。子胥諫曰：“未可，臣聞勾踐食不重味，與百姓同苦樂。此人不死，必為國患。吳有越，腹心之疾，齊與吳，疥癬也。願王釋齊先越。”吳王弗聽，遂伐齊，敗之艾陵，虜齊高、國以歸。讓子胥。子胥曰：“王毋喜！”王怒，子胥欲自殺，王聞而止之。越大夫種曰：“臣觀吳王政驕矣，請試嘗之貸粟，以卜其事。”請貸，吳王欲與，子胥諫勿與，王遂與之，越乃私喜。子胥言曰：“王不聽諫，後三年吳其墟乎！”太宰嚭聞之，乃數與子胥爭越議，因讒子胥曰：“伍員貌忠而實忍人，其父兄不顧，安能顧王？王前欲伐齊，員強諫，已而有功，用是反怨王。王不備伍員，員必為亂。”與逢同共謀，讒之王。王始不從，乃使子胥於齊，聞其托子於鮑氏，五乃大怒，曰：“伍員果欺寡人！”役反，使人賜子胥屬鏤劍以自殺。子胥大笑曰：“我令而父霸，我又立若，若初欲分吳國半與我，我不受，已，今若反以讒誅我。嗟乎，嗟乎，一人固不能獨立！”報使者曰：“必取吾眼置吳東門，以觀越兵入也！”於是吳任嚭政。
居三年，勾踐召范蠡曰：“吳已殺子胥，導諛者衆，可乎？”對曰：“未可”。
至明年春，吳王北會諸侯於黃池，吳國精兵從王，惟獨老弱與太子留守。勾踐復問范蠡，蠡曰：“可矣”。乃發習流二千人，教士四萬人，君子六千人，諸禦千人，伐吳。吳師敗，遂殺吳太子。吳告急於王，王方會諸侯於黃池，懼天下聞之，乃秘之。吳王已盟黃池，乃使人厚禮以請成越。越自度亦未能滅吳，乃與吳平。
其後四年，越復伐吳。吳士民罷弊，輕銳盡死於齊、晉。而越大破吳，因而留圍之三年，吳師敗，越遂復棲吳王於姑蘇之山。吳王公孫雄肉襢膝行而前，請成越王曰：“孤臣夫差敢布腹心，異日嘗得罪於會稽，夫差不敢逆命，得與君王成以歸。今君王舉玉趾而誅孤臣，孤臣唯命是聽，意者亦欲如會稽之赦孤臣之罪乎？”勾踐不忍，欲許之。范蠡曰：“會稽之事，天以越賜吳，吳不取。今天以吳賜越，越其可逆天乎？且夫君王蚤朝晏罷，非為吳邪？謀之二十二年，一旦而棄之，可乎？且夫天與弗取，反受其咎。‘伐柯者其則不遠，君忘會稽之厄乎？”勾踐曰：“吾欲聽子言，吾不忍其使者。”范蠡乃鼓進兵，曰：“王已屬政於執事，使者去，不者且得罪。”吳使者泣而去。勾踐憐之，乃使入謂吳王曰：“吾置王甬東，君百傢。”吳王謝曰：“吾老矣，不能事君王！”遂自殺。乃蔽其面，曰：“吾無面以見子胥也！”越王乃葬吳王而誅太宰嚭。
【解釋】
①文身：在身上刺畫花紋。斷發：剪短頭髮。 ②披：開闢。萊：野草。③二十餘世：《吳越春秋》作十世。 ④據《左傳•定公十四年》載：“吳伐越，越王勾踐禦之，陳於嚭李。勾踐患吳之整也，使死士再禽焉，不動，使罪人三行，屬劍於頸，而辭曰：‘二君有治，臣姦旗鼓。不敏於君之行前，不敢逃刑，敢歸死。’遂自剄也。”可見，死士之往禽與罪人之戰兩事也，此混並之。死士：勇戰之士。 ⑤三行：排成三行。 ⑥陳：通“陣”。
①勒：約束，統帥。②保棲：守衛居住。
①持滿：謂處在盛滿的地全。與天：天與。得到天的保佑。②定傾：平定危難。與人：得到人的幫助。 ③以地：得到地利。《國語•越語》“以”作“與”，義同。 ④遺：贈送。⑤行成：求和。 ⑥下執事：指待從左右供使令的人。 ⑦觸戰：拼一死戰。 ⑧間行：潛行，從小路走。 ⑨間獻：暗中進獻。 ⑩見：推薦，介紹。 (11)有當：有相當的代價。(12)說：勸說。 (13)以：通“已”。 (14)反：通“返”
①係：拘囚。 ②翟：通“狄”。 ③坐：通“座”。座位。 ④折節：屈已下人。 ⑤振：救濟。 ⑥填（zhèn，鎮）撫：鎮定安撫。 ⑦屬：通“囑”。委托。 ⑧《國語》、《韓子》、《越絶書》、《吳越春秋》皆言勾踐與范蠡親身入臣於吳，三年遣歸。與此不同。
①拊循：安撫，撫慰。 ②殷給：富足。 ③備利：指備戰。 ④必匿其形：指鷙鳥將擊，卑飛斂翼。 ⑤承：通“乘”。
①疥（xiǎn，顯）：猶“疥癬”，此病於體外，不比“腹心之疾”，喻小毛病，小禍患。 ②數（shuò，朔）：屢次。 ③忍人：殘忍之人。 ④其父兄不顧：其父伍奢，其兄伍尚為楚平王殺害。詳見《楚世傢》。 ⑤屬鏤：劍名。⑥若：你。 ⑦《國語•吳語》載：子胥“遂自殺。將死，曰：‘以懸吾目於東門，以見越之入，吳國之亡也。’王慍曰：‘孤不使大夫得有見也。’乃使取申胥之屍，盛以鴟（皮製的口袋），而投之於江。”
①居三年：《疏證》曰：“當作‘居二年’”。 ②導諛：諂諛之人。 ③習流：熟習水流，即熟練的水兵。 ④教士：受過訓練的土兵。 ⑤君子：君王親近有恩的禁衛軍。 ⑥諸禦：在軍中有職掌的軍官。 ⑦平：講和。
①罷：通“疲”。 ②布：陳述。 ③蚤朝晏罷：意謂越王操勞國事，奮發圖強。蚤：通“早”。晏，晚。 ④伐柯者其則不遠：《詩經•豳（bīn，賓）風•伐柯》中有“伐柯伐柯，其則不遠”句。意思是說，用斧頭去砍伐木頭作斧柄，它的法則不要遠求。用在此處的言外之意，即啓發越王，不應失去良機滅吳，其理易知。柯，斧柄。則，法則、道理。 ⑤厄：災難。 ⑥執事：《集解》曰：“執事，蠡自謂也。” ⑦不：通“否”。 ⑧君：統治。越王勾踐世傢第十一
安硯方 譯
【說明】
關於越國的歷史，《吳越春秋》記載說，當年大禹巡行天下，回到大越，登上茅山朝見四方諸侯，封有功，爵有德，死後就葬在這裏。至少康時，擔心大禹後代香火斷絶，便封其庶子於越，號曰： “無餘”。賀循《會稽記》說：“少康，其少子號曰於越，越國之稱始此。”越國建立後，一直保持着比較落後的生活習俗，很少與中原地區發生聯繫。直至傳到允常時，纔與吳國發生了矛盾，並相互攻伐。此時，已是春秋末年了。允常死後，吳王闔廬興兵伐越，越王勾踐用敢死之士在陣前自殺的戰術，敗吳於檇（zuì，醉）李，闔廬被射傷。闔廬死後，吳王夫差敗越王勾踐於夫椒，並把他圍困在會稽山上，句踐始有會稽之恥。
越王勾踐在會稽之睏中被吳王赦免回國後，便臥薪嚐膽、親自耕作，委麯求全、禮賢下士，賑瀏窮人，悼慰死者，與百姓同甘共苦。作為沒有任何製衡、約束的具有最高權力的一國國君，雖說是在受辱後做出的這些舉動也是十分難得的。加之，勾踐在艱苦奮鬥、發奮圖強時能虛心徵求、聽取謀臣們的意見，終於戰勝了吳國、擴大了地盤、稱霸於諸侯。而臥薪嚐膽的精神就成為傳統文化的精華流傳下來。戲劇傢曹禺先生在我國遭受天災人禍的一九六二年，把臥薪嚐膽的勾踐搬上戲劇舞臺，確實起到鼓舞人心、團结全民共度難關的作用。
范蠡是越王勾踐的重要謀臣，輔佐勾踐成就霸業，故太史公以范蠡傳附之。在越國最睏難的時刻，他事奉越王勤奮不懈、為越王運籌謀劃二十餘年，終於輔佐越王報仇雪恨、榮登霸主權位。越王表示要與范蠡平分越國。但范蠡目光敏銳、深知“飛鳥盡、良弓藏；狡兔死、走狗烹”，越王衹宜與之共患難，不宜與之同享樂，終於離開越國、隱姓埋名、吃苦耐勞、辛勤生産、三次搬遷、三次成為豪門富戶。相比之下，大夫文種的遭遇就悲慘多了，竟被越王安上“作亂”罪名，賜劍而亡。范蠡可謂賢能之人。做官，能深謀遠慮、運籌帷幄，終使國富民強；理傢，能辛苦勞作、慘淡經營終使傢産纍積數十萬，被人們稱頌。象范蠡這樣能上能下，先官後民、在中國歷史上也可謂屈指可數。
范蠡的二子在楚殺人，其父極力營救一段敘寫，頗麯折有緻。最終未獲成功，反而由長子載着弟弟屍首回到傢中。傢人見此都抱頭痛哭，唯范蠡坦然一笑，覺得一切都在意料之中。文中記敘范蠡的分析判斷亦合乎事理。遺憾的是，范蠡智慧超人，不應聽之任之，坐而待斃。而“以廉直聞於國，自楚王以下皆師尊之”的莊生也不必與兒輩過於計較，而應大度、寬容些，因為這終歸是人命關天、死而不能復生的大事。不過，殺人者抵罪也理所當然。總之，范蠡救子之事確實富有哲理性、戲劇性。因而，也有人認為此節“必好事者為之，非實也”。
【譯文】
越王勾踐的祖先是夏禹的後裔，是夏朝少康帝的庶出之子。少康帝的兒子被封在會稽，恭敬地供奉繼承着夏禹的祭祀。他們身上刺有花紋，剪短頭髮，除去草叢，修築了城邑。二十多代後，傳到了允常。允常在位的時候，與吳王闔廬産生怨恨，互相攻伐。允常逝世後，兒子勾踐即位，這就是越王。
越王勾踐元年（前496），吳王闔廬聽說允常逝世，就舉兵討伐越國。越王勾踐派遣敢死的勇士嚮吳軍挑戰，勇士們排成三行，衝入吳軍陣地，大呼着自刎身亡。吳兵看得目瞪口呆，越軍趁機襲擊了吳軍，在檇李大敗吳軍，射傷吳王闔廬。闔廬在彌留之際告誡兒子夫差說：“千萬不能忘記越國。”
三年（前496），勾踐聽說吳王夫差日夜操練士兵，將報復越國一箭之仇，便打算先發製人，在吳未發兵前去攻打吳。范蠡進諫說：“不行，我聽說兵器是兇器，攻戰是背德，爭先打是事情中最下等的。陰謀去做背德的事，喜愛使用兇器，親身參與下等事，定會遭到天帝的反對，這樣做絶對不利。”越王說：“我已經做出了决定。”於是舉兵進軍吳國。吳王聽到消息後，動用全國精銳部隊迎擊越軍，在夫椒大敗越軍。越王衹聚攏起五千名殘兵敗將退守會稽。吳王乘勝追擊包圍了會稽。
越王對范蠡說：“因為沒聽您的勸告纔落到這個地步，那該怎麽辦呢？”范蠡回答說：“能夠完全保住功業的人，必定效法天道的盈而不溢；能夠平定傾覆的人，一定懂得人道是崇尚謙卑的；能夠節制事理的人，就會遵循地道而因地製宜。現在，您對吳王要謙卑有禮派人給吳王送去優厚的禮物，如果他不答應，您就親自前往事奉他，把自身也抵押給吳國。”勾踐說：“好吧！”於是派大夫種去嚮吳求和，種跪在地上邊嚮前行邊叩頭說：“君王的亡國臣民勾踐讓我大膽的告訴您的辦事人員：勾踐請您允許他做您的奴僕，允許他的妻子做您的侍妾。”吳王將要答應種。子胥對吳王說：“天帝把越國賞賜給吳國，不要答應他。”種回越後，將情況告訴了勾踐。勾踐想殺死妻子兒女，焚燒寶器，親赴疆場拼一死戰。種阻止勾踐說：“吳國的太宰嚭（pī，坯）十分貪婪，我們可以用重財誘惑他，請您允許我暗中去吳通融他。”於是勾踐便讓種給太宰嚭獻上美女珠寶玉器。嚭欣然接受，於是就把大夫種引見給吳王。種叩頭說：“希望大王能赦免勾踐的罪過，我們越國將把世傳的寶器全部送給您。萬一不能僥幸得到赦免，勾踐將把妻子兒女全部殺死，燒毀寶器，率領他的五千名士兵與您决一死戰，您也將付出相當的代價。”太宰嚭藉機勸說吳王：“越王已經服服貼貼地當了臣子，如果赦免了他，將對我國有利。”吳王又要答應種。子胥又進諫說：“今天不滅亡越國，必定後悔莫及。勾踐是賢明的君主，大夫種、范蠡都是賢能的大臣，如果句踐能夠返回越國，必將作亂。”吳王不聽子胥的諫言，終於赦免了越王，撤軍回國。
勾踐被睏在會稽時，曾喟（kuì，潰）然嘆息說：“我將在此了結一生嗎？”種說：“商湯被囚禁在夏臺，周文王被圍困在羑（yǒu，有）裏，晉國重耳逃到翟，齊國小白逃到莒，他們都終於稱王稱霸天下。由此觀之，我們今日的處境何嘗不可能成為福分呢？”
吳王赦免了越王，勾踐回國後，深思熟慮，苦心經營，把苦膽挂到座位上，坐臥即能仰頭嘗嘗苦膽，飲食也嘗嘗苦膽。還說：“你忘記會稽的恥辱了嗎？”他親身耕作，夫人親手織布，吃飯從未有葷菜。從不穿有兩層華麗的衣服，對賢人彬彬有禮，能委屈求全，招待賓客熱情城懇，能救濟窮人，悼慰死者，與百姓共同勞作。越王想讓范蠡管理國傢政務，范蠡回答說：“用兵打仗之事，種不如我；鎮定安撫國傢，讓百姓親近歸附，我不如種。”於是把國傢政務委托給大夫種，讓范蠡和大夫柘稽求和，到吳國作人質。兩年後吳國纔讓范蠡回國。
勾踐從會稽回國後七年，始終撫慰自己的士兵百姓，想以此報仇吳國。大夫逢（páng，旁）同進諫說：“國傢剛剛流亡，今天才又殷實富裕，如果我們整頓軍備，吳國一定懼怕，它懼怕，災難必然降臨。再說，兇猛的大鳥襲擊目標時，一定先隱藏起來。現在，吳軍壓在齊、晉國境上，對楚、越有深仇大恨，在天下雖名聲顯赫，實際危害周王室。吳缺乏道德而功勞不少，一定驕橫狂妄。真為越國着想的話，那越國不如結交齊國，親近楚國，歸附晉國，厚待吳國。吳國志嚮高遠，對待戰爭一定很輕視，這樣我國可以聯絡三國的勢力，讓三國攻打吳國，越國便趁它的疲憊可以攻剋它了。”勾踐說：“好。”
過了兩年，吳王將要討伐齊國。子胥進諫說：“不行。我聽說勾踐吃從不炒兩樣好菜，與百姓同甘共苦。此人不死，一定成為我國的憂患。吳國有了越國，那是心腹之患，而齊對吳來說，衹象一塊疥癬。希望君王放棄攻齊，先伐越國。”吳王不聽，就出兵攻打齊國，在艾陵大敗齊軍，俘虜了齊國的高、國氏回吳。吳王責備子胥，子胥說：“您不要太高興！”吳王很生氣，子胥想自殺，吳王聽到製止了他。越國大夫種說：“我觀察吳王當政太驕橫了，請您允許我試探一下，嚮他藉糧，來揣度一下吳王對越國的態度。”種嚮吳王請求藉糧。吳王想藉予，子胥建議不藉，吳王還是藉給越了，越王暗中十分喜悅。子胥說：“君王不聽我的勸諫，再過三年吳國將成為一片廢墟！”太宰嚭聽到這話後，就多次與子胥爭論對付越國的計策，藉機誹謗子胥說：“伍員表面忠厚，實際很殘忍，他連自己的父兄都不顧惜，怎麽能顧惜君王呢？君王上次想攻打齊國，伍員強勁地進諫，後來您作戰有功，他反而因此怨恨您。您不防備他，他一定作亂。”嚭還和逢共同謀劃，在君王面前再三再四誹謗子胥。君王開始也不聽信讒言，於是就派子胥出使齊國，聽說子胥把兒子委托給鮑氏，君王纔大怒，說：“伍員果真欺騙我！”子胥出使齊回國後，吳王就派人賜給子胥一把“屬鏤”劍讓他自殺。子胥大笑道：“我輔佐你的父親稱霸，又擁立你為王，你當初想與我平分吳國，我沒接受，事隔不久，今天你反而因讒言殺害我。唉，唉，你一個人絶對不能獨自立國！”子胥告訴使者說：“一定取出我的眼睛挂在吳國都城東門上，以便我能親眼看到越軍進入都城”於是吳王重用嚭執掌國政。
過了三年，勾踐召見范蠡說：“吳王已殺死了胥，阿諛奉承的人很多，可以攻打吳了嗎？”范蠡回答說：“不行。”
到第二年春天，吳王到北部的黃池去會合諸侯，吳國的精銳部隊全部跟隨吳王赴會了，唯獨老弱殘兵和太子留守吳都。勾踐又問范蠡是否可以進攻吳國。范蠡說：“可以了”。於是派出熟悉水戰的士兵兩千人，訓練有素的士兵四萬人，受過良好教育的地位較高的近衛軍六千人，各類管理技術軍官一千人，攻打吳國。吳軍大敗，越軍還殺死吳國的太子。吳國使者趕快嚮吳王告急，吳王正在黃池會合諸侯，怕天下人聽到這種慘敗消息，就堅守秘密。吳王已經在黃池與諸侯訂立盟約，就派人帶上厚禮請求與越國求和。越王估計自己也不能滅亡吳國，就與吳國講和了。
這以後四年，越國又攻打吳國。吳國軍民疲憊不堪，精銳士兵都在與齊、晉之戰中死亡。所以越國大敗了吳軍，因而包圍吳都三年，吳軍失敗，越國就又把吳王圍困在姑蘇山上。吳王派公孫雄脫去上衣露出胳膊跪着嚮前行，請求與越王講和說：“孤立無助的臣子夫差冒昧地表露自己的心願，從前我曾在會稽得罪您，我不敢違背您的命令，如能夠與您講和，就撤軍回國了。今天您投玉足前來懲罰孤臣，我對您將唯命是聽，但我私下的心意是希望象會稽山對您那樣赦免我夫差的罪過吧！”勾踐不忍心，想答應吳王。范蠡說：“會稽的事，是上天把越國賜給吳國，吳國不要。今天是上天把吳國賜給越國了，越國難道可以違背天命嗎？再說君王早上朝晚罷朝，不是因為吳國嗎？謀劃伐吳已二十二年了，一旦放棄，行嗎？且上天賜予您卻不要，那反而要受到處罰。‘用斧頭砍伐木材做斧柄，斧柄的樣子就在身邊。’忘記會稽的苦難了嗎？”勾踐說：“我想聽從您的建議，但我不忍心他的使者。”范蠡就鳴鼓進軍，說：“君王已經把政務委托給我了，吳國使者趕快離去，否則將要對不起你了。”吳國使者傷心地哭着走了。勾踐憐憫他，就派人對吳王說：“我安置您到甬東！統治一百傢。”吳王推辭說：“我已經老了，不能侍奉您了！”說完便自殺身亡，自盡時遮住自己的面孔說：“我沒臉面見到子胥！”越王安葬了吳王，殺死了太宰嚭。
When the Gou dominate just Conquest of Wu, Fan Li tribute sealed generals, but the Fan Li aware that "the name under difficult living in the" "long respected name by the ominous," it served its purpose and wisely chosen, "since its private Christians are Shengzhou floating sea-to-line, it shall not be opposed. " Fan Li had Qianren To book lingual, said: "birds do, the good bow; Jiaotu dead, stooges cooking. Yuewang man beak long neck, and common trouble can not and common music, sub why not go?" Man kind of failure listen, and soon gave fruit Gou Jian was suicide. Fan Li Tao Zhu Legend renamed, after the business wealth.
Pronunciation wò xīn cháng dǎn
Sample out of the Asian Football To be ~, and train hard.
Interpretation cooking: cooking. The rabbit died, dogs being cooked on food. Analogy to the ruler after the service of personnel into abandoned or killed.
Cast aside the bow once the birds are gone
Source of "family Goujian Records": "gadfly (flying) birds, the good bow; Jiaotu dead, stooges cooking."
There is nothing permanent, most drastic, the end is a hundred and Qinchuan Chu; painstaking person, day live, Great Revival, 3000 Miss Vietnam i can swallow.
Chu king lu defeat became dominant south. Yue Wu with nearby countries (capital of Zhejiang Shaoxing in this) has always been discord. 496 BC, the Yue King Gou throne. The more countries take advantage of just being king funeral, to send more troops to fight the country. Wu Yue Zhi Li and China (now the southwest of Zhejiang Jiaxing, Zhi tone zuì) where a battle took place.
Fusako tears, said: "No, Bugan Wang." He called another minister of Wu and Bo-Pi (Audio pǐ) drilling soldiers and horses, ready to attack more countries. Two years later, King Wu personally led troops fight Vietnam country. Vietnamese state-owned two very capable doctor, a species called Man, a man named Fan Li (voice lǐ). Fan Li on Gou said: "Wu training almost three years. This time determined to avenge ferocious. We better defend the city, do not fight with them."
Man kind of go back and inquired into the state of Wu Po-Pi is a greedy lustful villain, took a group of beauties and treasures, send private Bo Pi, Bo Pi, please speak good words in the king did before. Bo Pi after some persuasion before the king did, King Wu of Wu despite the objections, agreed to a sum of more countries, but to Gou Wu in person to go.
Gou decided to make the country more prosperous and strong, he personally involved in farming, weaving himself called his wife to encourage production. Yue was perished as a disaster, population is greatly reduced, he set out for reward reproductive system. He called the article kind of management of state affairs, called the Fan Li training troops, their open-minded listen to the views of others and relieve the poor of the people. The country's people are anxious harder, so that the oppressed countries to change to power.
Historical records
Goujian, the first Yu of the Branch, and the Xiahou Di Shaukang the Bastard also. Sealed in Kuaiji to adheres to the Si-Yu. Tattoo broken hair, Phi Lay and Yap Yan grass. After 20 YU Shi, As always allowed. Chang Yun-time, and King Helu fighting and resentment cutting. Death usually allowed, sub-Gou Li, is a king of Yue.
Yuewang that Fan Li said: "to not listen to it As for this child, whom do nothing?" Argued replied: "Man who held and days and the people who will dip, festivals were to land. Humble words and generous gifts to the left, not allowed , while the body with City. "Gou said:" Snow. "Nailing the doctor kind of line into the Wu, Xi Xing obeisance, saying:" kings of death to Pei Chen Chen Gou'm kind of notice under the Deacon: Gou Please Morrison, wife concubine. "will be the promised king. Zixu made in the king said: "The more days to give Miss, do not promise too." Species also to report Gou. Gou Yu Sha wife, burnt treasure device, touch to the war dead. Species only Gou said: "Cardiff Wu Tai Zaipi greed, can induce the benefit, please line between the words." So are based on beauty Gou Bao Xian Wu device that species Tai Zaipi. Pi by, is see the doctor kind of the king. Kind of obeisance Yan Yue: "Let the sin of King Gou amnesty, to make devices into their treasure. Unfortunately, not amnesty, Gou will do to kill his wife, burned his treasure devices, noted the 5000 war there must be when people touch too." Pi for that king said: "Vietnam to serve as the minister that if amnesty of this country benefit too." king will be promised. Zixu remonstrances said: "The more this is immortal, will regret the post. Gou virtuous emperor, species, calabash of W. If the anti-State, will be chaos." King Vladimir hear more pawn amnesty, Dismissed from Military and go.
Gou Kuaiji return from seven years, pat through its manifested people, want to report Miss. Every doctor said, with the remonstrance: "the new exile, this Naifu Yin to the transcript of decorative equipment benefit, Wu will fear, fear will be difficult to. And also hit a bird of prey, will hide their shape. Ghazi today Bing Wu, Jin , complain deep in Chu, Vietnam, were the high world, real harm of Zhou, Germany few and power and more will be prostitution Zijin. is more dollars, Morrow knot Qi, pro-Chu, attached to Jin, with thick Wu. WU Zhiguang, will Light war. I even its right to the three cutting, the more carry on the Bie, can Croatia. "Gou said:" Good. "
Home two years, king will Faqi. Zixu admonished said: "sure of the outcome, Chen Wen Gou food is not heavy flavor, and the people with joy. This man die, will the country suffer. Wu has more, the hinterland of the disease, Qi and Wu, scabies also. Willing to release Qi Wang first the more. "king Vladimir listening, then Fa Qi, defeat of Ai Ling, Krupp height, the country to return. Let Zixu. Zixu said: "King Wu hi!" Wrath of the king, Zixu want to commit suicide, the king heard the shelling ceased. The more the doctor kind of saying: "View of Wu Wangzheng arrogant men, and try the taste of the loan to Su to BU being to." Please credit, king with the desire, Zixu admonished not to and, with Standpoint, the more is a private hi. Zixu Yan Yue: "the king does not listen to the bridge, almost three years after the WU Hui!" Tai Zaipi heard of this, the more the number of disputes with Zixu proposed, for slander Zixu said: "Members of appearance Wu Zhong and real tolerance of people, regardless of their husbands and brothers, Ann look after the king? Wang ago For Fa Qi, member of strong remonstrance, Yier active, with an anti-king complain. Wang Wu members are not prepared, the staff will be as chaotic. "and closed with conspiracy, slander of the king . Wang did not start from, Naishi Zixu Yu Qi, Wen its Tuozih in Powell, five are furious, said: "Gua Ren Ng, bully members of fruit!" Anti-labor, people give an engraving Zixu sword to commit suicide. Zixu laughed, saying: "I made the father Pa, if I stand, if the first half and I want to sub-Wu, I do not have, have, if this anti-Slander and punish me. Jie Hu, Jie Hu, one solid can not be independent! "newspaper envoy said:" I will take the eyes of Miss East Gate home to view more soldiers into the too! "So any Pi Wu government.
Until next spring, king in yellow pond north dukes, Wu crack troops from the king, but only the elderly and the Prince left behind. Fan Li Gou Fu Q, calabash said: "You carry on." Xi is the fat flow 2000, priests four million people, a gentleman 6000 people, all Royal thousand, Wu. Shi Wu defeated, then killed Wutai Zi. Wu emergency on the king side the dukes in the yellow pool, fear of the world heard of it, is the secret of. King has yellow pool league, is a generous gift to please as the more people. Conquest of Wu since the degree is not more, is with Wu Ping.
Four years later, the more complex Wu. Wu Shimin stop harm, do light died Qi Rui, Jin. The larger the break NG, so stay around for three years, the Miss division defeat, then the more complex habitat of the mountain king in Suzhou. Wu Wanggong Sun Hung Routanxixing and before you become king of Yue said: "Chen Fusako dare cloth alone hinterland, different day to try to offend in Huiji, the king not Ni Ming, was with the king into a return. And punish this king give Yu-zhi Chen isolated, solitary life is the only minister to listen to, such as the Italian who Yiyu Chen Kuaiji of amnesty the crime almost alone? "Gou could not bear, For promised. Fan Li said: "Kuaiji things, day to give more of Wu and Wu did not take. Today, the more the Wu Chi, the more it could Nitian Down? Ju Fu Yan strike towards the King fleas, not for Miss evil? Plan of two years, once and discarded, or Down? Jufu days and Vladimir take, under its anti-blame. 'cutting Ke who were near his, and helped almost Kuaiji Jun forget? "Gou said:" Wu Yu hearing children made, I could not bear it messenger. "Fan Li is the drum into the soldiers, said:" Wang is already a power to the deacon, angels, and not those who offend. "envoy Wu weep away. Gou pity for, Naishi into that king said: "I buy Wang Yong Dong, Jun 100." King, saying: "I old men, and can not do the King!" Then committed suicide. Is the cover of their face, saying: "We have no face to see Zixu!" King of Yue Tai Zaipi is buried king without prior warning.
① tattoo: tattooed painted in the pattern. Their hair: cut your hair short. ② Prix: open. Levin: weeds. ③ 20 Hindrance: "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" for 10 world. ④ According to "set the public 14 years Zuo •" contains: "Wu attacked Yue, Goujian Yu, Chen Yu Pi Li. Gou Wu of the whole is also suffering, so that the slain birds and then Yan, fixed, so that sinners three lines , is a sword on the neck, while the speech, saying: 'Erjun a rule, Chen rape reviving. unscented trip in before the monarch, not to escape punishment, the courage to go dead.' Suizi cut the throat also. "visible, the slain of the to the birds and the war criminals are also two things, the mixed and the. Slain: battles of the persons. ⑤ three lines: arranged in three rows. ⑥ Chen: links "array."
① system: arrest offenders. ② Zhai: Link "Di." ③ sit: links "Block." Seat. ④ Orifushi: QU has servants. ⑤ vibration: relief. ⑥ fill (zhèn, town) ask: calm comfort. ⑦ are: pass, "Well." Commissioned. ⑧ "national language", "Han Zi", "more must book", "Wu Yue Chun Qiu" Fan Li Jie Yan Gou and Wu in person into the Morrison in three years, sending back. Is different.
① home three years: "commented" said: "as a 'home two years'." ② guide flattering: to flatter the person. ③ learning flow: to familiarize themselves with water, that is, a skilled sailor. ④ priest: trained local soldier. ⑤ gentleman: close with Don King's Guards. ⑥ Zhu Yu: Responsibilities in the military officers there. ⑦ level: to make peace.
【Description】
Goujian descendants of ancestors of the emperor Yu, Xia Shaukang is the son of the emperor's concubine. Shaukang Emperor's son was sealed in Huiji, respectfully dedicated to inherit the worship of the emperor Yu. Them a tattoo, bobbed hair, remove grass, built the cities. More than 20 generations, spread to allow regular. Often, when allowed to reign, and the King Helu create resentment, each attack the. Yun Chang's death, his son Gou throne, this is the king of Yue.
Yuewang on Fan Li said: "Because not hear your advice before fall this far, then how to do?" Fan Li said: "It fully exploits the people to keep, will follow the example of Heaven's surplus without overflow; to put down overturned people must know humanity is advocating humility; to control reasonable person would follow the tunnel and the light of local conditions. Now, your humble and courteous king sent to the king to send generous gift, if he does not agree, you person to serve him, and to mortgage itself to the Wu. "Gou said:" All right! "then sent the doctor kind of movement of Wu sum, kind of kneeling on the ground on top and move forward edge kowtow said:" The King of subjugation subjects Gou Let me tell you a bold act by: Gou ask you to allow him to do your servant, to allow his wife to do your Shiqie. "king species to be agreed. Zixu on the king said: "The houses of the reward to the Wu Yue State, not to promise him." Kind of back to Vietnam, will tell the Gou. Gou want to kill his wife and children, burning treasure device, went to the battlefield fight a fight to the death. Species to prevent Gou said: "Wu's Tai Zaipi (pī, blank) is very greedy, we can lure him with a heavy fiscal, please allow me to secretly go to Miss accommodate him." So let seed to Taizai Pi Gou offer beautiful jade jewelry . Pi is pleased to accept, so he took the doctor kind of introduced to the king. Species kowtow said: "I hope King can pardon sins Gou, the more countries that we will all give their precious Shi-Chuan You. If not lucky to have the pardon, his wife and children will kill all Gou, Bao burning device, led to his five Thousands of soldiers fight to the death with you, you will pay a considerable price. "Taizai Pi took the opportunity to persuade the king:" King Yue as the courtiers had been submissive, if pardoned him, and will benefit our country. "king then species to be agreed. Zixu it plain speaking, said: "Today did not die of the country, will certainly regret. Gou is a wise monarch, doctor species, Fan Li are the elite of the Minister, if Jujian to return to the country, the will for chaos." King do not listen to the remonstrance made Zixu finally pardoned King Yue, pull back.
Two years later, king will crusade against Qi. Zixu plain speaking, said: "No way. I have never heard of fried Gou eat different dishes, and the people through thick and thin. This man die, must become a hardship. Wu has of the country, it is serious trouble, but Sarkozy's Wu to said, only as a piece of scabies. want to give up attacking the King of Qi, first cutting the more country. "king did not listen, they sent troops to attack Qi, Ai Ling defeated in the Qi, Qi captured the high, the country's return to WU . King blame Zixu, Zixu said: "You should not be too happy!" King was angry, Zixu wanted to commit suicide, stop the king heard him. Yue doctor kind of said: "I have observed too arrogant king was in power, please allow me to check this out to him for grain, and speculating about the attitude of king of the Yue." Kinds of requests for grain to the king. King would like to lend, Zixu proposal did not hesitate, king, or to lend more, and Yuewang secretly very pleased. Zixu said: "The king does not listen to my admonition, Wu few years will be in ruins!" Tai Zaipi After hearing this, they repeated arguments on Fu Yueguo Zixu the plan, opportunity to slander child Xu said: "Members of surface Wu honest, very cruel practice, he did not spare even his own father and brother, how can you spare king then? king last wish to attack Qi, Wu members strong in plain speaking, then your combat meritorious, he had You therefore resent. you do not prepare for him, he will be chaos. "Pi also and every joint planning, and again, in front of defamation Zixu kings. King began to not listen to slanderous talk, so he sent envoys Zixu Qi, heard Zixu entrusted to Martin's son, King was furious and said: "Wu members really fool me!" Qi Zixu mission to return home , king sent people to give Zixu 1 "is a hard steel" sword let him commit suicide. Zixu laughed: "I am your father adjuvant to dominate, they crowned you king, you had to tell me equally Wu, I did not accept little later today, but you kill me because of calumny. Alas, alas, You must not own one founding! "Zixu told envoys said:" My eyes must hang out in the Wu capital honor, so I was able to see the Vietnamese troops enter the capital "was king helm reuse Pi national policy.
The next four years, his country to attack Wu. Wu Guojun people tired and elite soldiers with Qi, Jin killed in battle. So Yue defeated the Wu Jun, which are three-year siege Wu, Wu Jun defeat, his country again as king trapped on the mountain in Suzhou. King sent off shirt showing his arm Gongsun male knees move forward the request to make peace with the king of Yue said: "The helplessness of his feudal king did take the liberty to express your wishes, I used to have in Huiji offend you, I dare not go against your commands, such as the ability to make peace with you, on withdrawal of troops back home. Today you voted Yuzu punishment alone minister to come, I will obey you listen to, but I hope that as the private mind will pardon me, as you Jishan Fusako the sins of it! "Gou not bear, like promised king. Fan Li said: "Huiji thing is God gave to Yue Wu, Wu do not. Today is the heaven to give Yue Wu, and Yue Can you go against destiny? Say the King towards late morning stop North Korea, not because Wu it? Wu has two years of planning and cutting, and if they give up, right? and God has given you to do that but to be punished. 'cutting wood with an ax handle of an ax, the handle looks like on the side. 'forget the suffering of Kuaiji it? "Gou said:" I want to hear from your suggestions, but I do not have the heart to his messenger. "Fan Li Ming drum on the march, said:" The king has entrusted to me the government, Wu Messenger leave quickly, otherwise you will be sorry. "Wu messenger sad she went. Gou mercy on him, sent to the king, said: "I put you to the Ningbo East! Rule 100." King turned down, said: "I'm getting old, can not serve you!" Then they committed suicide cover their faces when suicide, said: "I did not see Zixu face!" buried the king king of Yue, killing Taizai Pi.