| 姓： | 子 | |||||||||
| 名： | 昭 | |||||||||
| 網筆號： | 商高宗 | |||||||||
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生平事跡
中國文明究竟起源於何時，這是一個至今仍爭論不已的問題。國際史學界一直不承認中國古書文獻中的第一個朝代——夏朝的存在。我認為商代以前可能已經有文明，但至多是一些不成熟，缺乏連續性的文明，目前考古學所能證實的第一個比較成熟的文明是我們從殷墟的古跡中看到的，也許，這些青銅器、甲骨文、商代建築體現出來的文化，正是中國幾千年傳統文化的原點。
在這其中，一位帝王的地位顯得格外突出。在敘述他之前，我們先來看看商朝的發展。自文獻記載中的商湯開國後，商朝曾經歷過一段時間的穩定發展，但從仲丁時代開始商朝的統治階層多次發生“弟子或爭相代立”的事件，史稱“九世之亂”。到盤庚繼位，决定以遷都來化解政治危機，他選擇了“左孟門而右漳、滏，前帶河，後背山”的殷（在現在的河南安陽郊區）作為新都所在。從此，商朝的首都固定了下來，進入了歷史上的“殷墟時代”……
經過盤庚、小辛、小乙三代的短暫統治之後，商朝進入了它歷史上的頂峰——武丁時代（歷史上稱為“武丁中興”，但實際上，這個時代的成就遠遠超過之前的任何一個時代）。商王武丁，廟號高宗，在位59年（這在平均壽命不高的商代，確實是個奇跡）。他年輕時代被父親小乙派到民間勞動體驗生活，得以瞭解民間疾苦和稼檣艱辛。公元前 1250年繼位，但即位後前三年一直不理朝政，“天下都聽不到君主的聲音”（有一種說法，認為他“三年不鳴”的原因是為父服喪，但這種說法頗不可信）。
公元前1247年，據說武丁得到一個夢的啓示，在民間找到一個築墻的奴隸，將他任命為宰相，這個人就是歷史上鼎鼎有名的傅說。武丁在傅說和甘盤等賢臣的輔助下，勵精圖治，力求鞏固統治﹐增強國力﹐使商王朝得以大治。在武丁時代，開始形成了一個龐大的官僚機構，並組成了一支相對固定而龐大的軍隊。
內政鞏固之後，武丁就開始了大規模的徵服。首先是迫使周邊時叛時服的小邦完全臣服，接着攻打今山西南部、河南西部一帶的小邦甫、銜、讓等，擴大了版圖。這時西北的少數民族鬼方、羌方和土方日益強大起來，成為中原王朝的心腹之患，也成為武丁對外用兵的重點，其中對鬼方的戰爭就持續了三年。經過多年的戰爭，終於打敗了這些國傢，解除了威脅。武丁還開拓南疆徵服了荊楚地區的夷方、巴方、虎方等。到武丁末年，商朝已成為西起甘肅，東到海濱，北及大漠，南逾江漢，包含衆多部族的泱泱大國，實際上奠定了秦始皇之前華夏族大體上的疆域。
為了控製廣大被徵服的地區，武丁把自己的妻、子、功臣以及臣服的少數民族首領分封在外地，被分封者稱為侯或伯，開了周代分封製的先河。其中周人的祖先就是在武丁時代被徵服被接受了商的封號。
中華文化的顯著特徵——祖先崇拜在這個時代已經定型。而對卜辭的迷信，也發展到了極至。這個時代流行用活人祭祀（主要來源可能是戰俘），一次祭祀儀式用上百人做犧牲的記載就有多次。
在目前殷墟所發現的商代甲骨文和青銅器中，相當大部分是來自武丁時代，“青銅器之冠”司母戊大方鼎就是武丁時代的傑作。在這些古物中，一位傳奇女性——婦好所占的分量也不小。她是武丁的第一個王後，多次親自帶兵出徵，徵服了20多個小國，是武丁時代開疆拓土的頭號功臣。武丁晚年後妃衆多，以至引起宮廷內亂，逼死他的兒子孝己，公元前1192年，武丁去世，由子祖庚繼位。在武丁之前，商朝的王位繼承以兄死弟繼為主，從武丁開始，逐漸確立了父死子繼的制度．
在中國歷代文獻中，武丁衹是商代後期一個比較重要的王。但到目前為止，炎黃、堯、舜、禹、湯畢竟都衹是古書中影影綽綽的人物。夏朝和商朝前期的王都遷移不定，盤庚遷殷第一次確立了長期的王都，到武丁時期，甲骨文發展成熟，青銅時代進入它的盛期，武丁建立了一套成型的官僚機構和一支穩定的軍隊，他的南徵北戰為華夏初步奠定了疆域，並在此基礎上完善了分封制度。而武丁長達59年的穩定的統治是這個繁華時代的政治基礎。一切似乎都在表明，武丁時代是中國歷史上一個關鍵時期，是中華文明許多特徵的源頭。隨着考古學發現的增加，這個時代的重要性越來越被人認識到。
武丁是盤庚之弟小乙之子，即盤庚之侄。他年幼時，小乙曾讓他到民間生活了一段時間，深知民衆生活的艱難困苦。他即位以後，兢兢業業、不敢荒寧，勵精圖治，决意振興大業。他四出徵伐，對鬼方、土方、羌方、人方、虎方等方國進行徵討，戰爭的規模不小，往往動用數千兵力，最大的一次發兵一萬三千人。在這些徵戰中，商王徵服了許多小國，擴大了領土，也捉獲了大量俘虜。武丁時期的文化遺存相當豐富，宮殿、墓葬、作坊等遺存都有發現。代表當時社會生産力發展水平的青銅業，有了突破性進展，如銅、鉛、錫三元合金出現了；分鑄技術已被廣泛運用；青銅器生産數量大增，還出現了司母戊大方鼎、偶方彝、三聯這樣的重器。武丁之世在青銅業方面取得的成就，表明中國青銅時代進入繁榮時期。此外，在紡織、醫學、交通、天文等方面，也都取得不小成就。武丁開創的盛世局面，為商代晚期社會生産的發展乃至西周文明的繁盛，打下了很好的基礎。婦好是商王武丁60多位妻子中的一位，即祖庚、祖甲的母輩“母辛”，生活於公元前12世紀的前半葉武丁重整商王朝時期，是我國最早的女政治傢和軍事傢。中國歷史上第一位有據可查的女英雄。
祭天祀祖在中國有着悠久的歷史，在史前時期的考古中曾一再發現這類遺存。隨着農業的出現，人們為祈求風調雨順的好年景而産生對天崇拜。它是自然崇拜中的一種。祖先崇拜又叫靈魂崇拜。它源自對先人懷念，把夢中的情景理解為先人的靈魂作祟而産生。人們祭祀祖先，為的是求得先人的保佑。夏代開始的傢天下局面，使原始宗教的內容發生很大變化。由於帝王是世上最高的統治者，為了維護他的統治，就把祖先崇拜與自然崇拜結合起來，創造了天或上帝這樣的至上神。從文獻中可以知道商代有“天”這個神，1899年因一個偶然的機會發現的商代甲骨文，把湮埋了三千餘年的古老文字重新呈現在世人的面前並讓人們識讀。甲骨文的發現，使商代的存在無可爭議，並使商代歷史成為信史。安陽殷墟出土的十五萬片甲骨卜辭，記錄了商代社會中發生的許多事情。經過幾代人的整理和研究，揭示了它所包藏的豐富內容，為研究商代歷史開拓了重要的途徑。甲骨文中則有“帝”或“上帝”。所以商湯伐夏桀時說，“有夏多罪，天命殛之”、“夏氏有罪，子畏上帝，不敢不正”，打出“天命”的旗號，鼓動軍士和同盟者去執行上帝的意志，奮勇討伐。但天上的上帝與地上的下帝(商王)是相對的。為了執行上帝的意志，下帝通過巫與上帝溝通。商王在祭祀祖先時，用五種祀典，對上甲以後的祖先輪番地、周而復始地進行。安陽殷墟王陵區的祭祀場中發現了上千個祭祀坑，武丁時一次使用人牲達數百人。這種情況反映了商王對祖先崇拜的重視，因為上帝既是至上神，又是宗祖神。
武丁死後，他開創的太平盛世，沒能長久延續下去。祖庚、祖甲以後諸王，特別是帝乙帝辛時期，國內矛盾十分尖銳，四方諸侯也起來反叛。面對這種情況，商王帝辛（紂）不思改變，不聽忠諫，一味追求驕奢淫逸的生活，進一步激化了國內矛盾。同時，他窮兵黷武，調集大軍徵伐東夷，加重了民衆的負擔，也使國內兵力空虛。周武王的大軍打到商郊牧野，商紂王纔組織力量，倉促應戰。結果，商王的軍隊毫無鬥志，“前徒倒戈”，為武王的軍隊開道。帝辛看到大勢已去，逃到鹿臺，拿出珠玉寶貨自焚而死。商王朝就此滅亡。
商歷代國王
商湯—外丙—仲壬—太甲—沃丁—太庚—小甲—雍己—太戊—仲丁—外壬—河亶甲—祖乙—祖辛—沃甲—祖丁—南庚—陽甲—盤庚—小辛—小乙—武丁—祖庚—祖甲—廩辛—康丁—武乙—文丁—帝乙—商紂
商政治制度
商王朝的職官有中朝任職的內服官和被封於王畿以外的外服官之別。內服官中又分外廷政務官和內廷事務官。最高的政務官，是協助商王决策的“相”，又稱“阿”、“保”、“尹”。王朝高級官吏統稱卿士。三公，則是因人而設的一種尊貴職稱、並不常設。另外有：掌占卜、祭祀、記載的史，掌占卜的卜、掌祈禱鬼神的祝，掌記載和保管典籍的作册（又稱守藏史、內史），武官之長的師長，樂工之長的太師、少師。內廷事務官是專為王室服務的官員，主要是總管的宰和親信的臣。臣管理王室各項具體事務，有百工之長的司工，掌糧食收藏的嗇，掌畜牧的牧正，掌狩獵的獸正，掌酒的酒正，掌王車的車正，為商王禦車的服（又稱僕、禦），侍衛武官亞，衛士亞旅，掌教育貴族子弟的國老，掌外地籍田的畋老。外服官主要有方國首領的侯、伯，有為王朝服役的男、有守衛邊境的衛。
商代在實行貢納制度的同時，還有勞役租“助”，就是要求農人助耕公田（籍田），收穫皆為統治者所得，其比例約占農人收穫的十分之一。殷紂王加徵賦稅，用以充實鹿臺和巨橋。
商朝的政治理念是神權觀念籠罩下的政治思想，商代統治者「尚鬼」、「尊神」。所奉行的最高政治原則，就是依據上帝鬼神的意志治理國傢。
商經濟文化
商人從一開始就是一農業為主的民族，商湯曾派毫人幫助葛人種地。甲骨卜辭中多次見到“其受年”（能獲得豐收嗎）的問語，反映商朝統治者對農業的重視。在畜牧業在商代出土的除了有六畜的遺骸外，還有象骨，說明當時北方還有訓象。並且掌握了豬的閹割技術，開始了人工養淡水魚。手工業全部由官府管理，分工細，規模巨，産量大，種類多，工藝水平高，尤以青銅器的鑄造技術發展到高峰。成為商代文明的象徵。而且商朝人已經發明了原始的瓷器，潔白細膩的白陶頗具水平，造型逼真，刻工精細的玉石器表現了商代玉工的高超技藝。絲織物有平紋的紈，絞紗組織的紗羅，千紋縐紗的縠，已經掌握了提花技術。
商代農業和手工業的進步促進了商品交換的發展，出現了許多牽着牛車和乘船從事長途販運的商賈。到商代後期，都邑裏出現了專門從事各種交易的商販，呂尚就曾在朝歌以宰牛為業，又曾在孟津賣飯。
自商代起，中國音樂進入了信史時代。民間的音樂和宮廷的音樂，都有長足的進步。由於農、牧ˋ手工業的發展，青銅冶鑄達到了很高的水平，從而使樂器的製作水平飛躍，大量精美豪華的樂器出現了。樂舞是宮廷音樂的主要形式。可考證的有《桑林》、《大護》，相傳為商湯的樂舞，為大臣伊尹所作。從事音樂專業工作的，主要有“巫”、音樂奴隸和“瞽”三種人。有關商朝的民間音樂的材料很少，《周易·歸妹上六》和《易·屯六二》就是商代的民歌。
商代甲骨文兼有象形、會意、形聲、假藉、指事等多種造字方法，已經是成熟的文字。在出土的甲骨卜辭中，總共發現有四千六百七十二字，學者認識的已有一千零七十二字。甲骨文因刻寫材料堅硬，故字體為方形。而同時的金文，因係鑄造，故字體為圓形。
商科學發展
天文：商代日曆已經有大小月之分，規定三百六十六天為一個周期，並用年終置閨來調整朔望月和回歸年的長度。商代甲骨文中有多次日食、月食和新星的記錄。
數學：商代甲骨文中有大至三萬的數字，明確的十進製，奇數、偶數和倍數的概念，有了初步的計算能力。
光學知識在很早就得到應用，商代出土的微凸面鏡，能在較小的鏡面上照出整個人面。
妻
司母辛婦好（中國的女元帥將領，也是一方諸侯，是武丁的左右手，與武丁感情良好。）
婦邢
子
孝己 即祖己
祖庚
祖甲
女
子妥
子媚
Whether the origin of Chinese civilization, when it is a question still endless debate. International historians have not recognized in the literature of Chinese ancient books the first dynasty - the existence of the Xia Dynasty. I think that may have been before the Shang civilization, but most are immature, lack of continuity of civilization, archaeologists can now confirm that the first mature civilization is that we see the monuments from the Yin Ruins, perhaps, these Bronze, Oracle, Shang building reflected the culture, is thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture of origin.
1247 BC, King Wu Ding said to be a dream revelation in the civil construction of the wall to find a slave, he was appointed prime minister, that person is the history of Dingdingyouming of Fu. Wu Ding Fu and willing to drive in aid of such upright ministers, good, and strive to consolidate the rule, enhance national strength, so that the Shang dynasty to peace and order. In the era of Wu Ding, began to form a huge bureaucracy, and formed a relatively fixed and huge army.
The salient features of Chinese culture - ancestor worship has been finalized at this time. The superstition of the inscriptions, but also to the extreme development. Popular with this age living sacrifice (the main source may be prisoners of war), a ritual sacrifice to do with the hundreds of people have repeatedly documented.
Pan Geng's younger brother, Wu Ding is the son of a small B, that Pangeng nephew. When he was young, small B once told him to civil life for some time, well aware of the hardships of the people live. He ascended the throne after the hard, not waste rather, good, determined to revitalize the great cause. His four expeditions, the spirits side, earth, Qiang Fang, Fang, Hu Fang Fang States crusade, the war is not a small scale, often spend thousands of troops, the biggest his troops 13 000 people. In these expeditions, the Shang conquest of many small countries, to expand the territory, but also a large number of prisoners captured by. Wu Ding period of abundant cultural relics, palaces, tombs, workshops and other remains are found. At that time the level of development of social productive forces on behalf of the bronze industry, a breakthrough was made, such as copper, lead, tin alloy occurred; sub-cast technology has been widely used; bronze production increase in number, also appeared in the Division E generous mother Ding , even side Yi, triple that of weighing equipment. Wu Ding of the world bronze industry in the achievements that China entered the Bronze Age period of prosperity. In addition, textile, medicine, transportation, astronomy, etc., also have made no small achievement. Wu Ding to create the Golden Age of the situation, as the late Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty and even the development of social production and prosperous civilization, laid a good foundation. Wang Wuding good business women over 60 wife of one, that ancestral G, Zu Jia's mother's generation, "the mother Xin", living in the first half of the 12th century BC, Ye Wuding restructuring business dynasty, the first woman in China politicians and military strategists. A well documented history of China's first heroine.
Heaven Sizu has a long history in China, in prehistoric times have been repeatedly found in archaeological remains such. With the emergence of agriculture, people to pray for good weather the good times and produce on the day of worship. It is a kind of nature worship in. Ancestor worship is also called the soul of worship. It comes from the memory of ancestors, the dream scenario to understand the mischief caused by the deceased's soul. People worship their ancestors, is obtained for the ancestors bless. The home of the world on behalf of the beginning of summer, enabling the contents of the original religion has greatly changed. As the king was supreme ruler of the world, in order to maintain his rule, ancestor worship and nature worship put together to create a Heaven or God this supreme god. Shang can know from the literature of "days" is God, because in 1899 a chance discovery of the Shang Dynasty Oracle, the submerged and buried 3,000 years of ancient text to re-present in front of the world and allow people to literacy. Oracle's found, so the existence of the Shang Dynasty undisputed, and to become a messenger of history the Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins in Anyang oracle bones unearthed 150 000 inscriptions, recording the Shang society, many things happened. After the collation and study of several generations, revealed that it concealed the richness for the study of Shang history of developing an important way. Oracle is the "Emperor" or "God." So cutting Xia Jie Shang Dynasty, said, "There Chardonnay crime, bearing in mind the mandate of heaven", "Summer's guilt, the child afraid of God, not straight," playing "Fate" banner, encouraging non-commissioned officers and allies to carry out God will courageously crusade. But the God of heaven and earth under the Emperor (Shang) is relative. In order to implement the will of God, under the Emperor Wu with God through communication. Shang ancestors in the sacrifice, the sacrificial rites with five of the ancestors of a future turns, the cycle of fashion. Yin Ruins in Anyang area of the sacrificial field mausoleum discovered thousands of sacrificial pits, Wu Ding the first use of human sacrifice when hundreds of people. This situation reflects the importance of worship Commerce Wang Duizu first, because God is the supreme god, is Zongzu God.
Business kings
Officials with the Shang dynasty Oral serving China and the DPRK officials and outside was closed to foreign service officers Ji apart. Oral official in another exceptionally Mountain Administrative Officers and the inner court services officer. The highest government official, is to assist the Shang decision-making "phase", also known as "A", "guarantee", "Yin." Senior officials collectively dynasty Qing Shi. Excellencies, it is designed for people of a noble title, is not permanent. Another: palm divination, sacrifice, documented history of divination of the Pu palm, palm pray the gods wish, fortune and custody of books of records for books (or keep possession of history, in history), military attache of the length of teachers, musicians Grand Preceptor of the long and less division. Inner Court Services Officers are the officials for royal service, primarily Explorer slaughter and confidant of the minister. Management of the royal minister of the specific issues the Secretary has entertainment industry for decades long work, food collection charge of Ho, the pastoral charge of livestock being, fortune hunting of animals is, palm wine is wine, palm Wang vehicles, are, for the business Wang Yu car service (also known as servants, Royal), guards military attache in Asia, health Shi-ya trip, telling the children with the old aristocratic education, palm foreign nationals old Tin Tin. Foreign Service officer well-State the major leaders of the Hou, Bo, promising dynasty service men have guarded border health.
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From the Shang Dynasty, China's access to the messenger of the times. Folk music and court music, have made great progress. As agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft development, bronze smelting reached a high level, so that the level of musical instrument making a leap, a large number of exquisite luxury of instruments there. Dance is the main form of court music. Can research for "mulberry", "Great care", according to legend as the Shang Dynasty of music and dance, as the minister Yi Yin. Professional work in music, mainly the "witch", music, slavery and the "blind" three kinds of people. The Shang Dynasty that very little folk music, "sister in the sixth and Autumn" and "Yi Tuen 62" is the Shang Dynasty folk.
Astronomy: the size of the Shang Dynasty on the calendar has been divided to provide for a period of 366 days, and used to adjust the year-end home women's apartment in New Moon, and return the length. Shang Dynasty Oracle has many solar and lunar eclipses and star of the record.
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