shāng dài  (?～qián1201nián)

xìng：	zǐ
míng：	zhāo
wǎngbǐhào：	shāng gāo zōng
kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi qián1259nián qián1201nián 武丁 qián1259nián qián1201nián 

　　shāng cháo guó jūn（ gōng yuán qián 1259 héng 1200 nián zài wèi）， jūn shì tǒng shuài。 zǐ xìng， míng zhāo。 shāng wáng xiǎo yǐ zhī zǐ。 xiāng chuán shàonián shí qī zūn fù mìng xíng yì yú wài , yǔ píng mín yī tóng láo zuò , dé yǐ liǎo jiě mín zhòng jí kǔ hé jià sè jiān xīn。 jì wèi hòu , qín yú zhèng shì , rèn yòng gōng jiàng chū shēn de fù shuō jí gān pán、 zǔ jǐ děng xián néng zhī rén fǔ zhèng， lì jīng tú zhì， shǐ shāng cháo zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 jūn shì、 wén huà dé dào kōng qián fā zhǎn。 chū tǔ de wǔ dīng shí qī jiá gǔ bǔ cí yòu “ zhōng shī ” zhī míng， dāng shì kāi chuàng jūn duì yǐ“ shī” wéi zuì gāo jiàn zhì dān wèi， yě yòu rèn wéi shì chū jiàn yòu、 zhōng、 zuǒ sān shī。 jiàn yú fāng、 tǔ fāng jīng cháng qīn rǎo shāng cháo biān dì hé shǔ guó， shèn zhì lián hé wēi xié shāng xī běi biān 'ān quán， nǎi cǎi qǔ gè gè jī pò zhī cè， duō cì qiǎn jiāng fā bīng jìn gōng， yòu qīn zì tǒng bīng chū zhēng， zhōng jiāng fāng、 tǔ fāng zhēng fú。 yòng cháng dá sān nián shí jiān píng dìng guǐ fāng。 fā zhòng bīng jī bài qiāng fāng， fú huò dà pī qiāng rén chōng wéi nú lì ( jiàn wǔ dīng gōng xī běi bù zú zhī zhàn )。 tǒng bīng nán zhēng , shēn rù jīng chǔ zhī dì， jī bài jīng chǔ jūn， fú huò shèn duō。 hái chū bīng zhēng fá yí fāng、 bā fāng、 shǔ jí hǔ fāng děng。 duì zhōu biān fāng guó、 bù zú de zhàn zhēng , tuò zhǎn liǎo shāng cháo bǎn tú hé shì lì fàn wéi , cù jìn liǎo zhōng yuán dì qū yǔ zhōu biān bù zú de jīng jì、 wén huà jiāo liú， shǐ shāng cháo chéng wéi xī qǐ gān sù , dōng zhì hǎi bīn， běi jí dà mò， nán yú jiāng、 hàn liú yù , bāo hán zhòng duō bù zú de yāng yāng dà guó， shǐ chēng“ wǔ dīng zhōng xīng”。 zài wèi 59 nián 'ér zú， bèi zhuī shì wéi gāo zōng。
　　
　　 shēng píng shì jì
　　 zhōng guó wén míng jiū jìng qǐ yuán yú hé shí， zhè shì yī gè zhì jīn réng zhēng lùn bù yǐ de wèn tí。 guó jì shǐ xué jiè yī zhí bù chéng rèn zhōng guó gǔ shū wén xiàn zhōng de dì yī gè cháo dài héng héng xià cháo de cún zài。 wǒ rèn wéi shāng dài yǐ qián kě néng yǐ jīng yòu wén míng， dàn zhì duō shì yī xiē bù chéng shú， quē fá lián xù xìng de wén míng， mù qián kǎo gǔ xué suǒ néng zhèng shí de dì yī gè bǐ jiào chéng shú de wén míng shì wǒ men cóng yīn xū de gǔ jì zhōng kàn dào de， yě xǔ， zhè xiē qīng tóng qì、 jiá gǔ wén、 shāng dài jiàn zhù tǐ xiàn chū lái de wén huà， zhèng shì zhōng guó jǐ qiān nián chuán tǒng wén huà de yuán diǎn。
　　 zài zhè qí zhōng， yī wèi dì wáng de dì wèi xiǎn dé gé wài tū chū。 zài xù shù tā zhī qián， wǒ men xiān lái kàn kàn shāng cháo de fā zhǎn。 zì wén xiàn jìzǎi zhōng de shāng tānɡ kāi guó hòu， shāng cháo céng jīng lì guò yī duàn shí jiān de wěn dìng fā zhǎn， dàn cóng zhòng dīng shí dài kāi shǐ shāng cháo de tǒng zhì jiē céng duō cì fā shēng“ dì zǐ huò zhēng xiāng dài lì” de shì jiàn， shǐ chēng“ jiǔ shì zhī luàn”。 dào pán gēng jì wèi， jué dìng yǐ qiān dū lái huà jiě zhèng zhì wēi jī， tā xuǎn zé liǎo“ zuǒ mèng mén 'ér yòu zhāng、 fǔ， qián dài hé， hòu bèi shān” de yīn（ zài xiàn zài de hé nán 'ān yáng jiāo qū） zuò wéi xīn dū suǒ zài。 cóng cǐ， shāng cháo de shǒu dū gù dìng liǎo xià lái， jìn rù liǎo lì shǐ shàng de“ yīn xū shí dài” ……
　　 jīng guò pán gēng、 xiǎo xīn、 xiǎo yǐ sān dài de duǎn zàn tǒng zhì zhī hòu， shāng cháo jìn rù liǎo tā lì shǐ shàng de dǐng fēng héng héng wǔ dīng shí dài（ lì shǐ shàng chēng wéi“ wǔ dīng zhōng xīng”， dàn shí jì shàng， zhè gè shí dài de chéng jiù yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò zhī qián de rèn hé yī gè shí dài）。 shāng wáng wǔ dīng ， miào hào gāo zōng， zài wèi 59 nián（ zhè zài píng jūn shòu mìng bù gāo de shāng dài， què shí shì gè qí jì）。 tā nián qīng shí dài bèi fù qīn xiǎo yǐ pài dào mín jiān láo dòng tǐ yàn shēng huó， dé yǐ liǎo jiě mín jiān jí kǔ hé jià qiáng jiān xīn。 gōng yuán qián 1250 nián jì wèi， dàn jí wèi hòu qián sān nián yī zhí bù lǐ cháo zhèng，“ tiān xià dū tīng bù dào jūn zhù de shēng yīn”（ yòu yī zhǒng shuō fǎ， rèn wéi tā“ sān nián bù míng” de yuán yīn shì wéi fù fúsāng， dàn zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ pō bù kě xìn）。
　　 gōng yuán qián 1247 nián， jù shuō wǔ dīng dé dào yī gè mèng de qǐ shì， zài mín jiān zhǎo dào yī gè zhù qiáng de nú lì， jiāng tā rèn mìng wéi zǎixiàng， zhè gè rén jiù shì lì shǐ shàng dǐng dǐng yòu míng de fù shuō。 wǔ dīng zài fù shuō hé gān pán děng xián chén de fǔ zhù xià， lì jīng tú zhì， lì qiú gǒng gù tǒng zhì ﹐ zēng qiáng guó lì﹐ shǐ shāng wáng cháo dé yǐ dà zhì。 zài wǔ dīng shí dài， kāi shǐ xíng chéng liǎo yī gè páng dà de guān liáo jī gòu， bìng zǔ chéng liǎo yī zhī xiāng duì gù dìng 'ér páng dà de jūn duì。
　　 nèi zhèng gǒng gù zhī hòu， wǔ dīng jiù kāi shǐ liǎo dà guī mó de zhēng fú。 shǒu xiān shì pò shǐ zhōu biān shí pàn shí fú de xiǎo bāng wán quán chén fú， jiē zhe gōng dǎ jīn shān xī nán bù、 hé nán xī bù yī dài de xiǎo bāng fǔ、 xián、 ràng děng， kuò dà liǎo bǎn tú。 zhè shí xī běi de shǎo shù mín zú guǐ fāng、 qiāng fāng hé tǔ fāng rì yì qiáng dà qǐ lái， chéng wéi zhōng yuán wáng cháo de xīn fù zhī huàn， yě chéng wéi wǔ dīng duì wài yòng bīng de zhòng diǎn， qí zhōng duì guǐ fāng de zhàn zhēng jiù chí xù liǎo sān nián。 jīng guò duō nián de zhàn zhēng， zhōng yú dǎ bài liǎo zhè xiē guó jiā， jiě chú liǎo wēi xié。 wǔ dīng hái kāi tuò nán jiāng zhēng fú liǎo jīng chǔ dì qū de yí fāng、 bā fāng、 hǔ fāng děng。 dào wǔ dīng mò nián， shāng cháo yǐ chéng wéi xī qǐ gān sù， dōng dào hǎi bīn， běi jí dà mò， nán yú jiāng hàn， bāo hán zhòng duō bù zú de yāng yāng dà guó， shí jì shàng diàn dìng liǎo qín shǐ huáng zhī qián huá xià zú dà tǐ shàng de jiāng yù。
　　 wèile kòng zhì guǎng dà bèi zhēng fú de dì qū， wǔ dīng bǎ zì jǐ de qī、 zǐ、 gōng chén yǐ jí chén fú de shǎo shù mín zú shǒu lǐng fēn fēng zài wài dì， bèi fēn fēng zhě chēng wéi hóu huò bó， kāi liǎo zhōu dài fēn fēng zhì de xiān hé。 qí zhōng zhōu rén de zǔ xiān jiù shì zài wǔ dīng shí dài bèi zhēng fú bèi jiē shòu liǎo shāng de fēng hào。
　　 zhōng huá wén huà de xiǎn zhù tè zhēng héng héng zǔ xiān chóng bài zài zhè gè shí dài yǐ jīng dìng xíng。 ér duì bǔ cí de mí xìn， yě fā zhǎn dào liǎo jí zhì。 zhè gè shí dài liú xíng yòng huó rén jì sì（ zhù yào lái yuán kě néng shì zhàn fú）， yī cì jì sì yí shì yòng shàng bǎi rén zuò xī shēng de jìzǎi jiù yòu duō cì。
　　 zài mù qián yīn xū suǒ fā xiàn de shāng dài jiá gǔ wén hé qīng tóng qì zhōng， xiāng dāng dà bù fēn shì lái zì wǔ dīng shí dài，“ qīng tóng qì zhī guān” sī mǔ wù dà fāng dǐng jiù shì wǔ dīng shí dài de jié zuò。 zài zhè xiē gǔ wù zhōng， yī wèi chuán qí nǚ xìng héng héng fù hǎo suǒ zhàn de fènliàng yě bù xiǎo。 tā shì wǔ dīng de dì yī gè wáng hòu， duō cì qīn zì dài bīng chū zhēng， zhēng fú liǎo 20 duō gè xiǎo guó， shì wǔ dīng shí dài kāi jiāng tuò tǔ de tóu hào gōng chén。 wǔ dīng wǎn nián hòu fēi zhòng duō， yǐ zhì yǐn qǐ gōng tíng nèi luàn， bī sǐ tā de 'ér zǐ xiào jǐ， gōng yuán qián 1192 nián， wǔ dīng qù shì， yóu zǐ zǔ gēng jì wèi。 zài wǔ dīng zhī qián， shāng cháo de wáng wèi jì chéng yǐ xiōng sǐ dì jì wéi zhù， cóng wǔ dīng kāi shǐ， zhú jiàn què lì liǎo fù sǐ zǐ jì de zhì dù ．
　　 zài zhōng guó lì dài wén xiàn zhōng， wǔ dīng zhǐ shì shāng dài hòu qī yī gè bǐ jiào zhòng yào de wáng。 dàn dào mù qián wéi zhǐ， yán huáng、 yáo、 shùn、 yǔ、 tānɡ bì jìng dū zhǐ shì gǔ shū zhōng yǐng yǐng chuò chuò de rén wù。 xià cháo hé shāng cháo qián qī de wáng dū qiān yí bù dìng， pán gēng qiān yīn dì yī cì què lì liǎo cháng qī de wáng dū， dào wǔ dīng shí qī， jiá gǔ wén fā zhǎn chéng shú， qīng tóng shí dài jìn rù tā de shèng qī， wǔ dīng jiàn lì liǎo yī tào chéng xíng de guān liáo jī gòu hé yī zhī wěn dìng de jūn duì， tā de nán zhēng běi zhàn wéi huá xià chū bù diàn dìng liǎo jiāng yù， bìng zài cǐ jī chǔ shàng wán shàn liǎo fēn fēng zhì dù。 ér wǔ dīng cháng dá 59 nián de wěn dìng de tǒng zhì shì zhè gè fán huá shí dài de zhèng zhì jī chǔ。 yī qiē sì hū dōuzài biǎo míng， wǔ dīng shí dài shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng yī gè guān jiàn shí qī， shì zhōng huá wén míng xǔ duō tè zhēng de yuán tóu。 suí zhe kǎo gǔ xué fā xiàn de zēng jiā， zhè gè shí dài de zhòng yào xìng yuè lái yuè bèi rén rèn shí dào。
　　 wǔ dīng shì pán gēng zhī dì xiǎo yǐ zhī zǐ， jí pán gēng zhī zhí。 tā nián yòu shí， xiǎo yǐ céng ràng tā dào mín jiān shēng huó liǎo yī duàn shí jiān， shēn zhī mín zhòng shēng huó de jiān nán kùn kǔ。 tā jí wèi yǐ hòu， jīng jīng yè yè、 bù gǎn huāng níng， lì jīng tú zhì， jué yì zhèn xīng dà yè。 tā sì chū zhēng fá， duì guǐ fāng、 tǔ fāng、 qiāng fāng、 rén fāng、 hǔ fāng děng fāng guó jìn xíng zhēng tǎo， zhàn zhēng de guī mó bù xiǎo， wǎng wǎng dòng yòng shù qiān bīng lì， zuì dà de yī cì fā bīng yī wàn sān qiān rén。 zài zhè xiē zhēng zhàn zhōng， shāng wáng zhēng fú liǎo xǔ duō xiǎo guó， kuò dà liǎo lǐng tǔ， yě zhuō huò liǎo dà liàng fú lǔ。 wǔ dīng shí qī de wén huà yí cún xiāng dāng fēng fù， gōng diàn、 mù zàng、 zuōfáng děng yí cún dōuyòu fā xiàn。 dài biǎo dāng shí shè huì shēng chǎn lì fā zhǎn shuǐ píng de qīng tóng yè， yòu liǎo tū pò xìng jìn zhǎn， rú tóng、 qiān、 xī sān yuán hé jīn chū xiàn liǎo； fēn zhù jì shù yǐ bèi guǎng fàn yùn yòng； qīng tóng qì shēng chǎn shù liàng dà zēng， hái chū xiàn liǎo sī mǔ wù dà fāng dǐng、 ǒu fāng yí、 sān lián zhè yàng de zhòng qì。 wǔ dīng zhī shì zài qīng tóng yè fāng miàn qǔ dé de chéng jiù， biǎo míng zhōng guó qīng tóng shí dài jìn rù fán róng shí qī。 cǐ wài， zài fǎng zhì、 yī xué、 jiāo tōng、 tiān wén děng fāng miàn， yědōu qǔ dé bù xiǎo chéng jiù。 wǔ dīng kāi chuàng de shèng shì jú miàn， wéi shāng dài wǎn qī shè huì shēng chǎn de fā zhǎn nǎi zhì xī zhōu wén míng de fán shèng， dǎ xià liǎo hěn hǎo de jī chǔ。 fù hǎo shì shāng wáng wǔ dīng 60 duō wèi qī zǐ zhōng de yī wèi， jí zǔ gēng、 zǔ jiá de mǔ bèi“ mǔ xīn”， shēng huó yú gōng yuán qián 12 shì jì de qián bàn yè wǔ dīng zhòng zhěng shāng wáng cháo shí qī， shì wǒ guó zuì zǎo de nǚ zhèng zhì jiā hé jūn shì jiā。 zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng dì yī wèi yòu jù kě chá de nǚ yīng xióng。
　　 jì tiān sì zǔ zài zhōng guó yòu zhe yōu jiǔ de lì shǐ， zài shǐ qián shí qī de kǎo gǔ zhōng céng yī zài fā xiàn zhè lèi yí cún。 suí zhe nóng yè de chū xiàn， rén men wéi qí qiú fēngtiáo yǔ shùn de hǎo nián jǐng 'ér chǎn shēng duì tiān chóng bài。 tā shì zì rán chóng bài zhōng de yī zhǒng。 zǔ xiān chóng bài yòu jiào líng hún chóng bài。 tā yuán zì duì xiān rén huái niàn， bǎ mèng zhōng de qíng jǐng lǐ jiě wéi xiān rén de líng hún zuò suì 'ér chǎn shēng。 rén men jì sì zǔ xiān， wéi de shì qiú dé xiān rén de bǎo yòu。 xià dài kāi shǐ de jiā tiān xià jú miàn， shǐ yuán shǐ zōng jiào de nèi róng fā shēng hěn dà biàn huà。 yóu yú dì wáng shì shì shàng zuì gāo de tǒng zhì zhě， wèile wéi hù tā de tǒng zhì， jiù bǎ zǔ xiān chóng bài yǔ zì rán chóng bài jié hé qǐ lái， chuàng zào liǎo tiān huò shàng dì zhè yàng de zhì shàng shén。 cóng wén xiàn zhōng kě yǐ zhī dào shāng dài yòu“ tiān” zhè gè shén， 1899 nián yīn yī gè 'ǒu rán de jī huì fā xiàn de shāng dài jiá gǔ wén， bǎ yān mái liǎo sān qiān yú nián de gǔ lǎo wén zì chóngxīn chéng xiàn zài shì rén de miàn qián bìng ràng rén men shí dú。 jiá gǔ wén de fā xiàn， shǐ shāng dài de cún zài wú kě zhēng yì， bìng shǐ shāng dài lì shǐ chéng wéi xìn shǐ。 ān yáng yīn xū chū tǔ de shí wǔ wàn piàn jiá gǔ bǔ cí， jì lù liǎo shāng dài shè huì zhōng fā shēng de xǔ duō shì qíng。 jīng guò jǐ dài rén de zhěng lǐ hé yán jiū， jiē shì liǎo tā suǒ bāo cáng de fēng fù nèi róng， wéi yán jiū shāng dài lì shǐ kāi tuò liǎo zhòng yào de tú jìng。 jiá gǔ wén zhōng zé yòu“ dì” huò“ shàng dì”。 suǒ yǐ shāng tānɡ fá xià jié shí shuō，“ yòu xià duō zuì， tiān mìng jí zhī”、“ xià shì yòu zuì， zǐ wèi shàng dì， bù gǎn bù zhèng”， dǎ chū“ tiān mìng” de qí hào， gǔ dòng jūn shì hé tóng méng zhě qù zhí xíng shàng dì de yì zhì， fèn yǒng tǎo fá。 dàn tiān shàng de shàng dì yǔ dì shàng de xià dì ( shāng wáng ) shì xiāng duì de。 wèile zhí xíng shàng dì de yì zhì， xià dì tōng guò wū yǔ shàng dì gōu tōng。 shāng wáng zài jì sì zǔ xiān shí， yòng wǔ zhǒng sì diǎn， duì shàng jiá yǐ hòu de zǔ xiān lún fān dì、 zhōu 'ér fù shǐ dì jìn xíng。 ān yáng yīn xū wáng líng qū de jì sì chǎng zhōng fā xiàn liǎo shàng qiān gè jì sì kēng， wǔ dīng shí yī cì shǐ yòng rén shēng dá shù bǎi rén。 zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng fǎn yìng liǎo shāng wáng duì zǔ xiān chóng bài de zhòng shì， yīn wéi shàng dì jì shì zhì shàng shén， yòu shì zōng zǔ shén。
　　 wǔ dīng sǐ hòu， tā kāi chuàng de tài píng shèng shì， méi néng cháng jiǔ yán xù xià qù。 zǔ gēng、 zǔ jiá yǐ hòu zhū wáng， tè bié shì dì yǐ dì xīn shí qī， guó nèi máo dùn shí fēn jiān ruì， sì fāng zhū hóu yě qǐ lái fǎn pàn。 miàn duì zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng， shāng wáng dì xīn（ zhòu） bù sī gǎi biàn， bù tīng zhōng jiàn， yī wèi zhuī qiú jiāo shē yín yì de shēng huó， jìn yī bù jī huà liǎo guó nèi máo dùn。 tóng shí， tā qióng bīng dú wǔ， diào jí dà jūn zhēng fá dōng yí， jiā zhòng liǎo mín zhòng de fù dān， yě shǐ guó nèi bīng lì kōng xū。 zhōu wǔ wáng de dà jūn dǎ dào shāng jiāo mù yě， shāng zhòu wáng cái zǔ zhì lì liàng， cāng cù yìng zhàn。 jiēguǒ， shāng wáng de jūn duì háo wú dǒu zhì，“ qián tú dǎo gē”， wéi wǔ wáng de jūn duì kāi dào。 dì xīn kàn dào dà shì yǐ qù， táo dào lù tái， ná chū zhū yù bǎo huò zì fén 'ér sǐ。 shāng wáng cháo jiù cǐ miè wáng。
　　
　　 shāng lì dài guó wáng
　　 shāng tānɡ héng wài bǐng héng zhòng rén héng tài jiá héng wò dīng héng tài gēng héng xiǎo jiá héng yōng jǐ héng tài wù héng zhòng dīng héng wài rén héng hé dàn jiá héng zǔ yǐ héng zǔ xīn héng wò jiá héng zǔ dīng héng nán gēng héng yáng jiá héng pán gēng héng xiǎo xīn héng xiǎo yǐ héng wǔ dīng héng zǔ gēng héng zǔ jiá héng lǐn xīn héng kāng dīng héng wǔ yǐ héng wén dīng héng dì yǐ héng shāng zhòu
　　
　　 shāng zhèng zhì zhì dù
　　 shāng wáng cháo de zhí guān yòu zhōng cháo rèn zhí de nèi fú guān hé bèi fēng yú wáng jī yǐ wài de wài fú guān zhī bié。 nèi fú guān zhōng yòu fènwài tíng zhèng wù guān hé nèi tíng shì wù guān。 zuì gāo de zhèng wù guān， shì xié zhù shāng wáng jué cè de“ xiāng”， yòu chēng“ ā”、“ bǎo”、“ yǐn”。 wáng cháo gāo jí guān lì tǒng chēng qīng shì。 sān gōng， zé shì yīn rén 'ér shè de yī zhǒng zūn guì zhí chēng、 bìng bù cháng shè。 lìng wài yòu： zhǎng zhàn bǔ、 jì sì、 jìzǎi de shǐ， zhǎng zhàn bǔ de bǔ、 zhǎng qí dǎo guǐ shén de zhù， zhǎng jìzǎi hé bǎo guǎn diǎn jí de zuò cè（ yòu chēng shǒu cáng shǐ、 nèi shǐ）， wǔ guān zhī cháng de shī cháng， yuègōng zhī cháng de tài shī、 shàoshī。 nèi tíng shì wù guān shì zhuān wéi wáng shì fú wù de guān yuán， zhù yào shì zǒng guǎn de zǎi hé qīn xìn de chén。 chén guǎn lǐ wáng shì gè xiàng jù tǐ shì wù， yòu bǎi gōng zhī cháng de sī gōng， zhǎng liáng shí shōu cáng de sè， zhǎng xùmù de mù zhèng， zhǎng shòu liè de shòu zhèng， zhǎng jiǔ de jiǔ zhèng， zhǎng wáng chē de chē zhèng， wéi shāng wáng yù chē de fú（ yòu chēng pú、 yù）， shì wèi wǔ guān yà， wèi shì yà lǚ， zhǎng jiào yù guì zú zǐ dì de guó lǎo， zhǎng wài dì jí tián de tián lǎo。 wài fú guān zhù yào yòu fāng guó shǒu lǐng de hóu、 bó， yòu wéi wáng cháo fú yì de nán、 yòu shǒu wèi biān jìng de wèi。
　　 shāng dài zài shí xíng gòng nà zhì dù de tóng shí， hái yòu láo yì zū“ zhù”， jiù shì yào qiú nóng rén zhù gēng gōng tián（ jí tián）， shōu huò jiē wéi tǒng zhì zhě suǒ dé， qí bǐ lì yuē zhàn nóng rén shōu huò de shí fēn zhī yī。 yīn zhòu wáng jiā zhēng fù shuì， yòng yǐ chōng shí lù tái hé jù qiáo。
　　 shāng cháo de zhèng zhì lǐ niàn shì shén quán guān niàn lǒngzhào xià de zhèng zhì sī xiǎng， shāng dài tǒng zhì zhě 「 shàng guǐ 」、「 zūn shén」。 suǒ fèng xíng de zuì gāo zhèng zhì yuán zé， jiù shì yǐ jù shàng dì guǐ shén de yì zhì zhì lǐ guó jiā。
　　
　　 shāng jīng jì wén huà
　　 shāng rén cóng yī kāi shǐ jiù shì yī nóng yè wéi zhù de mín zú， shāng tānɡ céng pài háo rén bāng zhù gé rén zhǒng dì。 jiá gǔ bǔ cí zhōng duō cì jiàn dào“ qí shòu nián”（ néng huò dé fēng shōu má） de wèn yǔ， fǎn yìng shāng cháo tǒng zhì zhě duì nóng yè de zhòng shì。 zài xùmù yè zài shāng dài chū tǔ de chú liǎo yòu liù chù de yí hái wài， hái yòu xiàng gǔ， shuō míng dāng shí běi fāng hái yòu xùn xiàng。 bìng qiě zhǎng wò liǎo zhū de yān gē jì shù， kāi shǐ liǎo rén gōng yǎng dàn shuǐ yú。 shǒu gōng yè quán bù yóu guān fǔ guǎn lǐ， fēn gōng xì， guī mó jù， chǎn liàng dà， zhǒng lèi duō， gōng yì shuǐ píng gāo， yóu yǐ qīng tóng qì de zhù zào jì shù fā zhǎn dào gāo fēng。 chéng wéi shāng dài wén míng de xiàng zhēng。 ér qiě shāng cháo rén yǐ jīng fā míng liǎo yuán shǐ de cí qì， jié bái xì nì de bái táo pō jù shuǐ píng， zào xíng bī zhēn， kè gōng jīng xì de yù shí qì biǎo xiàn liǎo shāng dài yù gōng de gāo chāo jì yì。 sī zhì wù yòu píng wén de wán， jiǎo shā zǔ zhì de shā luó， qiān wén zhòu shā de hú， yǐ jīng zhǎng wò liǎo tí huā jì shù。
　　 shāng dài nóng yè hé shǒu gōng yè de jìn bù cù jìn liǎo shāng pǐn jiāo huàn de fā zhǎn， chū xiàn liǎo xǔ duō qiān zhe niú chē hé chéng chuán cóng shì cháng tú fàn yùn de shāng jiǎ。 dào shāng dài hòu qī， dū yì lǐ chū xiàn liǎo zhuān mén cóng shì gè zhǒng jiāo yì de shāng fàn， lǚ shàng jiù céng zài zhāogē yǐ zǎi niú wéi yè， yòu céng zài mèng jīn mài fàn。
　　 zì shāng dài qǐ， zhōng guó yīnyuè jìn rù liǎo xìn shǐ shí dài。 mín jiān de yīnyuè hé gōng tíng de yīnyuè， dōuyòu cháng zú de jìn bù。 yóu yú nóng、 mù ˋ shǒu gōng yè de fā zhǎn， qīng tóng yě zhù dá dào liǎo hěn gāo de shuǐ píng， cóng 'ér shǐ yuèqì de zhì zuò shuǐ píng fēi yuè， dà liàng jīng měi háo huá de yuèqì chū xiàn liǎo。 yuèwǔ shì gōng tíng yīnyuè de zhù yào xíng shì。 kě kǎo zhèng de yòu《 sāng lín》、《 dà hù》， xiāng chuán wéi shāng tānɡ de yuèwǔ， wéi dà chén yī yǐn suǒ zuò。 cóng shì yīnyuè zhuān yè gōng zuò de， zhù yào yòu“ wū”、 yīnyuè nú lì hé“ gǔ” sān zhǒng rén。 yòu guān shāng cháo de mín jiān yīnyuè de cái liào hěn shǎo，《 zhōu yì · guī mèi shàng liù》 hé《 yì · tún liù 'èr》 jiù shì shāng dài de mín gē。
　　 shāng dài jiá gǔ wén jiān yòu xiàng xíng、 huì yì、 xíng shēng、 jiǎ jiè、 zhǐ shì děng duō zhǒng zào zì fāng fǎ， yǐ jīng shì chéng shú de wén zì。 zài chū tǔ de jiá gǔ bǔ cí zhōng， zǒng gòng fā xiàn yòu sì qiān liù bǎi qī shí 'èr zì， xué zhě rèn shí de yǐ yòu yī qiān líng qī shí 'èr zì。 jiá gǔ wén yīn kè xiě cái liào jiān yìng， gù zì tǐ wéi fāng xíng。 ér tóng shí de jīn wén， yīn xì zhù zào， gù zì tǐ wéi yuán xíng。
　　
　　 shāng kē xué fā zhǎn
　　 tiān wén： shāng dài rì lì yǐ jīng yòu dà xiǎo yuè zhī fēn， guī dìng sān bǎi liù shí liù tiān wéi yī gè zhōu qī， bìng yòng nián zhōng zhì guī lái diào zhěng shuò wàng yuè hé huí guī nián de cháng dù。 shāng dài jiá gǔ wén zhōng yòu duō cì rì shí、 yuè shí hé xīn xīng de jì lù。
　　 shù xué： shāng dài jiá gǔ wén zhōng yòu dà zhì sān wàn de shù zì， míng què de shí jìn zhì， jīshù、 ǒu shù hé bèi shù de gài niàn， yòu liǎo chū bù de jì suàn néng lì。
　　 guāng xué zhī shí zài hěn zǎo jiù dé dào yìng yòng， shāng dài chū tǔ de wēi tū miàn jìng， néng zài jiào xiǎo de jìng miàn shàng zhào chū zhěng gè rén miàn。
　　
　　 qī
　　 sī mǔ xīn fù hǎo（ zhōng guó de nǚ yuán shuài jiànglǐng， yě shì yī fāng zhū hóu， shì wǔ dīng de zuǒ yòu shǒu， yǔ wǔ dīng gǎn qíng liáng hǎo。）
　　 fù xíng
　　
　　 zǐ
　　 xiào jǐ jí zǔ jǐ
　　 zǔ gēng
　　 zǔ jiá
　　
　　 nǚ
　　 zǐ tuǒ
　　 zǐ mèi

　　Shang Dynasty emperor (reigned 1259-1200 BC), military commander of. Sub-name, name of Zhao. Wang B Commerce son. According to legend, his childhood outside of compliance Fuming line to serve, together with the civilian labor, to understand the suffering of the people and with farming difficult. The throne, the diligent conduct of public affairs, appointment of a former craftsmen and Gan Fu plate, ancestors who have been so wise and competent Colonial, good, so that the Shang political, economic, military, culture has been an unprecedented development. Wu Ding period oracle bones unearthed inscriptions of "normal school" in name, when the army is to create a "division" as the highest organizational units, but also the beginning of the construction that is right, the left third division. Given  side, Turkish borderland and often intrusive Shang vassal, and even joint business northwest of security threats, are all taken to break the policy, many Qianjiang his troops attacked and personally Commission soldiers set off, eventually  side, Turkish conquest. With up to three years to put down a ghost party. Fat heavily defeated Qiang Fang, sufficient to capture a large number of slaves Qiang (see Wu Ding attack northwest of family warfare). Bing Nanzheng system, in-depth Chu place, beat Jingchu Jun, captured many. Also sent troops to conquest Yi Fang, Pakistan, Shu and Hu Fang. Peripheral side of the country, tribal wars, expanding territory and spheres of influence in the Shang Dynasty, and promote the Central Plains and neighboring tribal economic and cultural exchanges, to the Shang Dynasty to become the west of Gansu, east beach, the desert north and south over river , Han River, including the great country of many tribes, known to history, "Wu Ding Zhongxing." Reigned 59 years Ercu was chasing posthumous title for Zong.
　　Whether the origin of Chinese civilization, when it is a question still endless debate. International historians have not recognized in the literature of Chinese ancient books the first dynasty - the existence of the Xia Dynasty. I think that may have been before the Shang civilization, but most are immature, lack of continuity of civilization, archaeologists can now confirm that the first mature civilization is that we see the monuments from the Yin Ruins, perhaps, these Bronze, Oracle, Shang building reflected the culture, is thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture of origin.
　　1247 BC, King Wu Ding said to be a dream revelation in the civil construction of the wall to find a slave, he was appointed prime minister, that person is the history of Dingdingyouming of Fu. Wu Ding Fu and willing to drive in aid of such upright ministers, good, and strive to consolidate the rule, enhance national strength, so that the Shang dynasty to peace and order. In the era of Wu Ding, began to form a huge bureaucracy, and formed a relatively fixed and huge army.
　　The salient features of Chinese culture - ancestor worship has been finalized at this time. The superstition of the inscriptions, but also to the extreme development. Popular with this age living sacrifice (the main source may be prisoners of war), a ritual sacrifice to do with the hundreds of people have repeatedly documented.
　　Pan Geng's younger brother, Wu Ding is the son of a small B, that Pangeng nephew. When he was young, small B once told him to civil life for some time, well aware of the hardships of the people live. He ascended the throne after the hard, not waste rather, good, determined to revitalize the great cause. His four expeditions, the spirits side, earth, Qiang Fang, Fang, Hu Fang Fang States crusade, the war is not a small scale, often spend thousands of troops, the biggest his troops 13 000 people. In these expeditions, the Shang conquest of many small countries, to expand the territory, but also a large number of prisoners captured by. Wu Ding period of abundant cultural relics, palaces, tombs, workshops and other remains are found. At that time the level of development of social productive forces on behalf of the bronze industry, a breakthrough was made, such as copper, lead, tin alloy occurred; sub-cast technology has been widely used; bronze production increase in number, also appeared in the Division E generous mother Ding , even side Yi, triple that of weighing equipment. Wu Ding of the world bronze industry in the achievements that China entered the Bronze Age period of prosperity. In addition, textile, medicine, transportation, astronomy, etc., also have made no small achievement. Wu Ding to create the Golden Age of the situation, as the late Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty and even the development of social production and prosperous civilization, laid a good foundation. Wang Wuding good business women over 60 wife of one, that ancestral G, Zu Jia's mother's generation, "the mother Xin", living in the first half of the 12th century BC, Ye Wuding restructuring business dynasty, the first woman in China politicians and military strategists. A well documented history of China's first heroine.
　　Heaven Sizu has a long history in China, in prehistoric times have been repeatedly found in archaeological remains such. With the emergence of agriculture, people to pray for good weather the good times and produce on the day of worship. It is a kind of nature worship in. Ancestor worship is also called the soul of worship. It comes from the memory of ancestors, the dream scenario to understand the mischief caused by the deceased's soul. People worship their ancestors, is obtained for the ancestors bless. The home of the world on behalf of the beginning of summer, enabling the contents of the original religion has greatly changed. As the king was supreme ruler of the world, in order to maintain his rule, ancestor worship and nature worship put together to create a Heaven or God this supreme god. Shang can know from the literature of "days" is God, because in 1899 a chance discovery of the Shang Dynasty Oracle, the submerged and buried 3,000 years of ancient text to re-present in front of the world and allow people to literacy. Oracle's found, so the existence of the Shang Dynasty undisputed, and to become a messenger of history the Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins in Anyang oracle bones unearthed 150 000 inscriptions, recording the Shang society, many things happened. After the collation and study of several generations, revealed that it concealed the richness for the study of Shang history of developing an important way. Oracle is the "Emperor" or "God." So cutting Xia Jie Shang Dynasty, said, "There Chardonnay crime, bearing in mind the mandate of heaven", "Summer's guilt, the child afraid of God, not straight," playing "Fate" banner, encouraging non-commissioned officers and allies to carry out God will courageously crusade. But the God of heaven and earth under the Emperor (Shang) is relative. In order to implement the will of God, under the Emperor Wu with God through communication. Shang ancestors in the sacrifice, the sacrificial rites with five of the ancestors of a future turns, the cycle of fashion. Yin Ruins in Anyang area of the sacrificial field mausoleum discovered thousands of sacrificial pits, Wu Ding the first use of human sacrifice when hundreds of people. This situation reflects the importance of worship Commerce Wang Duizu first, because God is the supreme god, is Zongzu God.
　　Business kings
　　Officials with the Shang dynasty Oral serving China and the DPRK officials and outside was closed to foreign service officers Ji apart. Oral official in another exceptionally Mountain Administrative Officers and the inner court services officer. The highest government official, is to assist the Shang decision-making "phase", also known as "A", "guarantee", "Yin." Senior officials collectively dynasty Qing Shi. Excellencies, it is designed for people of a noble title, is not permanent. Another: palm divination, sacrifice, documented history of divination of the Pu palm, palm pray the gods wish, fortune and custody of books of records for books (or keep possession of history, in history), military attache of the length of teachers, musicians Grand Preceptor of the long and less division. Inner Court Services Officers are the officials for royal service, primarily Explorer slaughter and confidant of the minister. Management of the royal minister of the specific issues the Secretary has entertainment industry for decades long work, food collection charge of Ho, the pastoral charge of livestock being, fortune hunting of animals is, palm wine is wine, palm Wang vehicles, are, for the business Wang Yu car service (also known as servants, Royal), guards military attache in Asia, health Shi-ya trip, telling the children with the old aristocratic education, palm foreign nationals old Tin Tin. Foreign Service officer well-State the major leaders of the Hou, Bo, promising dynasty service men have guarded border health.
　　Business Economic and Cultural
　　From the Shang Dynasty, China's access to the messenger of the times. Folk music and court music, have made great progress. As agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft development, bronze smelting reached a high level, so that the level of musical instrument making a leap, a large number of exquisite luxury of instruments there. Dance is the main form of court music. Can research for "mulberry", "Great care", according to legend as the Shang Dynasty of music and dance, as the minister Yi Yin. Professional work in music, mainly the "witch", music, slavery and the "blind" three kinds of people. The Shang Dynasty that very little folk music, "sister in the sixth and Autumn" and "Yi Tuen 62" is the Shang Dynasty folk.
　　Astronomy: the size of the Shang Dynasty on the calendar has been divided to provide for a period of 366 days, and used to adjust the year-end home women's apartment in New Moon, and return the length. Shang Dynasty Oracle has many solar and lunar eclipses and star of the record.
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