秦國  (前329年～前307年)

姓：	嬴
名：	蕩
網筆號：	悼武王
陵墓：	永陵
開端 終結 在位 前310年 前307年 秦悼武王 前310年 前307年 

　　秦悼武烈王（前329年—前307年），秦惠文王之子，又稱為秦武王、秦悼武王或秦武烈王，本名贏蕩。公元前311年，秦惠文王死，太子蕩即位，他就是秦武王。秦武王身高體壯，勇力超人，重武好戰，常以鬥力為樂，凡是勇力過人者，他都提拔為將，置於身邊。烏獲和任鄙以勇猛力大聞名，秦武王就破例提拔為將，給予高官厚祿。齊國人孟賁，力大無窮，勇冠海岱：陸行不怕虎狼，水行不避蛟竜，一人同時可製服兩頭野牛。聽說秦武王重用天下勇士，孟西赴鹹陽面見秦武王，被任用為將，與烏獲、任鄙享受一樣的待遇。
　　早在秦惠文王時，張儀就入秦獻計：秦軍東進中原，先取韓國軍事重鎮、周都洛陽的門戶——宜陽，以宜陽為跳板，控製東西二周和周天子，以據有九鼎為象徵，挾天子而令諸侯，建立中原霸主之業。由於當時秦惠文王為鞏固後方而集中兵力滅蜀，暫把張儀之計擱置一旁。秦武王即位後，已經滅蜀，後方鞏固，國力正盛，秦武王欲對外徵伐，自然想起了張儀前言。他對右丞相樗裏疾、左丞相甘茂說：“寡人生在西戎，沒有到過周都洛陽，不知中原怎樣繁華。寡人渴望有一天，駕車進入周王畿遊歷，親眼一睹天子重器九鼎。若能如願，死也心甘。不知二位，誰能為寡人伐宜陽，進中原?”樗裏疾回答：“韓國宜陽城堅兵精，路遠道險，倘若魏、趙二國出兵救宜陽，秦軍孤軍深入險境，一旦失利，後果不堪設想”。
　　秦武王聽了，很不高興。這時，甘茂說：“伐韓宜陽，必先破韓魏聯盟，衹要魏國助秦，趙國就不可能越魏救韓，韓被孤立，宜陽城就可能被秦軍攻破。”秦武王大喜，即派甘茂出使魏國。甘茂以共享伐韓之利相引誘，與魏王建立了秦魏共伐韓國的聯盟。甘茂怕秦武王在伐宜陽期間，聽信樗裏疾之言而變卦，特派副使嚮壽報告武王：“魏王已經同意與秦國共伐韓國。雖然得到魏國支持，還是不伐宜陽為好。”武王聽了，很不理解，親自趕到息壤召見甘茂，問甘茂為何改變伐韓計劃。甘茂說：“宜陽城池堅固，兵精糧足。秦軍冒千裏之險攻宜陽，决非短時能夠奏效。如果攻宜陽時間延長，必然有人在大王面前誹謗，大王聽信小人之言，臣攻宜陽不僅失敗，還要身敗名裂。”武王堅定地說：“寡人不聽小人之言，願與你定息壤之盟，為你解後顧之憂。”於是君臣當面簽訂盟約。接着以甘茂為大將，領兵五萬伐宜陽。甘茂攻宜陽，長達五個月，沒有見效。這時，右丞相樗裏疾對武王說：“秦軍攻打宜陽城已經五個月，精疲力盡，銳氣大喪，再挺下去，恐怕形勢要發生變化，不如班師為好。”武王聽了，就派人召甘茂班師回朝。甘茂寫信一封，讓來人帶給武王。武王拆信一看，衹有“息壤”二字，恍然大悟。於是派出五萬援兵，令烏獲帶領往助甘茂。甘茂得到生力軍，兵力大增，遂以烏獲為先鋒，擊退韓國援兵，攻陷了宜陽孤城，斬殺韓軍七萬人。韓國元氣大傷，急忙嚮秦國求和。
　　秦軍占領宜陽，周都洛陽門戶洞開。秦武王親率任鄙、孟賁精兵強將大舉進攻洛陽。周天子無力抵禦，衹好出迎秦軍。秦武王直奔周室太廟，往觀九鼎。衹見九個寶鼎一字排列在殿堂之內。這九鼎本是大禹收取天下九州的貢金鑄成，每鼎代表一州，共有荊、梁、雍、豫、徐、青、揚、兗、冀九州，上刻本州山川人物、土地貢賦之數。武王逐個審視，看到雍州鼎時，對衆臣說：“這鼎有人舉過嗎?”守鼎人回答：“自從有鼎以來，沒有聽說也沒有人見過舉鼎，這鼎重達千鈞，誰能舉得起呀!”武王問任鄙、孟賁二將：“兩個人，能舉起嗎?”任鄙知道武王恃力好勝，婉言辭謝：“臣衹能舉百鈞之物。這鼎重千鈞，臣不能胜任。”孟賁伸出兩臂走到鼎前，說：“讓臣試舉，若舉不起來，不要怪罪。”說罷，緊束腰帶，輓起雙袖，手抓兩個鼎耳，大喝一聲“起!”，衹見鼎離地面半尺高，就重重地落下，孟賁感到一陣暈眩，站立不住，幸被左右拉住，沒有倒在地上。武王看了發笑：“你能把鼎舉高地面，寡人還不如你嗎?”任鄙勸道：“大王萬乘之軀，不要輕易試力”。武王固執不聽，卸下錦袍玉帶，束緊腰帶，大踏步上前，任鄙拉着武王苦苦勸阻，武王生氣地說：“你不能舉，還不願意寡人舉嗎?”任鄙不敢再勸。武王伸手抓住鼎耳，心想：“孟賁衹能舉起地面，我舉起後應移動幾步，才能顯出高低”。於是，深吸一口氣，使出全身力氣，喝聲： “起!”。鼎被舉起半尺，武王接着移動左腳，不料右腳獨力難支，身子一歪，鼎落地面，正砸到右腳上，武王慘叫一聲，倒在地上。衆人慌忙上前，把鼎搬開，衹見武王右腳足骨被壓碎，鮮血流了一灘。等到太醫趕來，武王已昏迷不省人事，仍然自言自語；“心願已了，雖死無恨。”入夜，武王氣絶而薨。周赧王聞報大驚，親往哭吊。右丞相樗裏疾護棺回鹹陽，立正在燕國為人質的異母弟趙稷為王，是為秦昭襄王。安葬之後，樗裏疾追究責任，將孟賁五馬分屍，誅滅其族；奬勵任鄙勸諫之能，升為漢中太守；同時諫議秦昭襄王，追究甘茂慫恿武王入周觀鼎之罪。甘茂聽到風聲，害怕治罪而逃到魏國，至死不敢還秦。
　　醫扁鵲見秦武王
　　【提要】
　　我們熟知的許多人物都在《戰國策》上留下了自己的印記，諸如魯班、扁鵲、墨子、荊軻等等，不過這裏記述的是他們在口才、政治謀略上的事跡和貢獻，也很值得人玩味。
　　【原文】
　　醫扁鵲見秦武王，武王示之病，扁鵲請除。左右曰：“君之病，在耳之前，目之下，除之未必已也，將使耳不聰，目不明。”君以告扁鵲。扁鵲怒而投其石：“君與知之者謀之，而與不知者敗之。使此知秦國之政也，而君一舉而亡國矣。”
　　【譯文】
　　醫生扁鵲去見秦武王，武王把他的病情告訴了扁鵲，扁鵲建議及早醫治，可是左右大臣提出異議： “君王的病在耳朵的前面，眼睛的下面，未必能治好，弄不好反而會使耳朵聽不清，眼睛看不明。”武王把這話告訴了扁鵲，扁鵲聽了很生氣，把治病的砭石一丟，說：“君王同懂醫術的人商量治病，又同不懂醫道的人一道討論，幹擾治療，就憑這，可以瞭解到秦國的內政，如此下去，君王隨時都有亡國的危險。”
　　【評析】
　　醫人和醫國雖然不同，但在聽取專傢意見，不胡亂采納紛擾的意見上是一致的。我們行事施政時最忌諱不能果斷决策，而果斷决策的前提就是要聽取最合理的各種建議，如果有正確的、有針對性的建議，那麽我們决策起來就比較容易，最可怕的是亂聽建議、聽一些專業不對口、對問題知之不詳的人的鬍說八道，那麽問題是得不到解决的。專傢有專傢的資歷和優勢，他們是花了數十年的工夫在一個問題上研究，他們在這一問題上最有發言權。可笑的是在我們周圍，一旦一個人成名了，他就什麽都通了。電影明星就應該演電影，但社會上叫他處理國傢大事的有之、搞地産開發的有之、教學育人的有之，可見非理性因素在人們處理問題時影響的確很大。

　　Qin Emperor Wu heard, very upset. At this time, Gan Mao said: "Cutting Han Yiyang, we must first break Han Wei Union, as long as help Qin Wei, Zhao Wei is impossible to save South Korea and Vietnam, South Korea has been isolated and can be Qin Yangcheng should break." Qin Wu Da-Xi Wang to dispatch envoy Gan Mao Wei. Gan Mao cutting and Korea to share profits with temptations, and the king and established the Qin Wei of cutting South Korea alliance. Gan Mao afraid of King Wu of Qin during the cutting Yiyang, believed accompanied the words and changed their mind in illness, life mission report to the King Wu Fu Shi: "The King of Qin has agreed with South Korea were cutting. Although Wei received support, or not cutting Yiyang for the good. "Emperor Wu heard, did not understand himself rushed to the Living Soil Gan Mao summoned and asked why the change in cutting Han Gan Mao plan. Gan Mao said: "Yiyang city strong, fine grain foot soldiers. Qin Yiyang attack risk taking of a thousand miles, is definitely not short their effectiveness. Yiyang if prolonged attack is bound to slander someone in before the king, the king to listen to bad people words, Chen Yiyang attack not only failed, but also ruin. "Wu Wangjian be said:" Gua Ren do not listen to the words of villains willing to work with your soil of the Union fixed rate, solution for you to worry about. "monarch and his subjects face to face then signed the Covenant. Next to Gan Mao as the great general, to lead the troops 50 000 cutting Yiyang. Gan Mao attack Yiyang, as long as five months, not effective. Then, right in the prime minister accompanied the disease on the King Wu said: "Qin Yangcheng attack should have been five months, exhausted, and your spirit they lose, then keep going, I am afraid the situation to change, not as a triumphant return to the good." Wu Wang hearing, called Gan Mao triumphant return to send troops to the capital. Gan Mao wrote a letter, to come to bring King Wu. King Wu of tearing the envelope and saw only "Living Soil" word, and suddenly. So send 50,000 reinforcements, so to help Gan Mao Wu was led. Gan Mao by force, strength greatly increased, then submitted by the pioneer Ukrainian defeat the South Korean reinforcements, captured the Yiyang isolate them, beheaded Han Jun 7 million. South Korea battered, hurried to the Qin sum.
　　Qin occupation of Yiyang, Luoyang door open all week. Qin King Wu personally led Ren Bi, Ben Meng crack massive attack Luoyang. Unable to resist the Zhou, Qin had to Out in Compliment. King Wu of Zhou Tai Miao Qin straight, to the concept of Jiuding. Baoding saw nine ranked in the hall within the word. This Jiuding This is Yu Kun Kim received the world Kyushu cast, each representing a state of Ding, a total of Jing, Liang, Yong, Yu, Xu, Qing, Yang, Yan, Ji Kyushu, on the mountain states edition figures, the land tribute the number. King Wu examined one by one, to see Yongzhou tripod when on his court, said: "This ding was held before?" Shou Ding replied that: "Since a tripod has been seen not heard and no one held tripod, the tripod weighs supremely, who can afford to give ah! "King Wu asked any vulgar, Meng Ben 2 to:" Two people can lift it? "relies on force any vulgar that King Wu aggressive, politely decline with thanks:" I can only give 100 Jun of material. This heavy duty tripod, Chen can not do. "Meng Ding Ben out of his arms went before, said:" Let the minister cite, if not lift it, do not blame. "he finished, Jin Shu belt, roll up, double sleeve , grasping the two tripod ear, shouted "play!" Ding saw high off the ground Banchi, it falls heavily, Meng Ben felt a dizziness, stand, or so lucky to be pulled, not poured on the ground. King Wu looked laugh: "You can hold the high ground Ding, Gua Ren is not like you?" Ren Bi advised: "The King Wan Cheng footer, Do not try force." King Wu stubbornly refuse to listen to, remove the cam bao jade belt, tighten their belts, striding forward, any vulgar pulled hard to dissuade King Wu King Wu said angrily: "You can not move, but also not willing to give you Gua Ren?" Not any vulgar Zaiquan. King Wu Ding and grabbed ears, thinking: "Meng Ben can only hold up the ground, I was lifted to be moved a few steps to show high and low." So, take a deep breath, the energy of despair, He Sheng: "play!." Ding lifted Banchi, King Wu then move left foot, right foot alone is difficult for unexpectedly, a distorted body, tripod off the ground, being missed right foot, screams soon as King Wu, fell to the ground. Everyone hurriedly came up, the tripod to move away, I saw King Wu foot bones were crushed right foot, had a pool of blood flow. Wait until the imperial doctor arrived, King Wu had been unconscious unconscious, still to himself; "wish has been, and will die without hate." Night, King Wu ghost, and pass away. Zhou Nan Wang Wen reportedly shocked, personally hung crying. Disease care in the right prime minister accompanied the coffins back to Xianyang, legislation is being held hostage by the State of Yan Zhao half brother to the king, is the Qin king Zhaoxiang. After the funeral, accompanied the blame where disease will be meng Ben Wumafenshi, Zhumie his family; award any vulgar admonition that it can, promoted to Hanzhong Prefecture; while Jian Yi Qin king Zhaoxiang, investigate into the Zhouguan Ding King Wu Gan Mao instigated the crime. Gan Mao heard the rumors, fear fled Code Wei, death can not still Qin.
　　We are familiar with many of the characters are in the "Warring States" have left their mark, such as the Luban, Bian Que, Mo, Jing Ke and so on, but here is the account of their eloquence, the political strategy on the deeds and contributions to are worthy of pondering.
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