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道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟(英語:Douglas MacArthur,1880年1月26日-1964年4月5日)是美國的五星上將、菲律賓陸軍元帥,在1930年代任美國陸軍參謀長,在二戰太平洋戰爭期間亦功勳顯赫。他因菲律賓戰役獲得榮譽勳章,與其父小亞瑟·麥剋阿瑟成為同獲此榮譽的首對父子。麥剋阿瑟是美國陸軍中軍銜達到五星上將的五人之一,也是菲律賓陸軍唯一一位陸軍元帥。
麥剋阿瑟出生在美國舊西部的一個軍人家庭裏,從西得剋薩斯軍事學院畢業時獲選為畢業生代表。1903年他以拔尖的成績從西點軍校畢業,榮獲“大隊長”的稱號(First Captain)。1914年美國占領韋拉剋魯斯期間,他執行了一次偵察任務,並為此獲榮譽勳章的提名。1917年,他從少校升銜為上校,並出任第42彩虹步兵團參謀長。在第一次世界大戰西方戰綫期間,他升至准將,並再次獲得榮譽勳章的提名,此外獲傑出服役十字勳章2次、銀星勳章7次。
1919年至1922年間,麥剋阿瑟出任西點軍校校長,進行了多項改革。隨後他被派駐菲律賓,並在1924年鎮壓了菲律賓偵查部叛亂。1925年,他再度升銜,成為美軍史上最年輕的少將。他在威廉·米切爾准將所屬的軍事法庭工作,在1928年夏季奧林匹剋運動會期間還擔任了美國奧委會主席。1930年,他成為了美國陸軍的參謀長,並因此捲入了1932年酬恤金進軍事件,驅逐了華盛頓特區抗議者,並組建了平民保育團。1937年,他卸下了美國陸軍的軍職,轉而出任菲律賓自由邦軍事顧問。
麥剋阿瑟在1941年被召回軍中,擔任美國遠東軍指揮官。他任內出現了一連串災難,先是1941年12月8日其空軍遭到重創,而後日本又入侵了菲律賓。很快,麥剋阿瑟的軍隊被迫撤至巴丹並防守到了1942年5月。1942年3月,麥剋阿瑟協其傢眷和部下登上PT艇,從附近的科雷希多島撤往澳大利亞,並在澳大利亞獲任西南太平洋部隊盟軍最高司令。抵達後,麥剋阿瑟發表了演講,當中他發誓“我一定會返回菲律賓”。在太平洋打拼兩年後,他實現了這一諾言,也因其防守菲律賓的功勞而獲榮譽勳章。1945年9月2日,他在東京灣正式接受了日本投降,並監督了同盟國在1945年-1951年占領日本的經過。作為日本的實際領導人,他控製了日本的經濟、政治、社會變化。朝鮮戰爭期間,他領導的聯合國軍初戰告捷,但他進軍朝鮮的舉措不但屢遭爭議,也招致了中國的介入,並導致一係列的落敗。1951年4月11日,時任美國總統哈裏·S·杜魯門革除了麥剋阿瑟的軍職。卸任後,他擔任了雷明頓蘭德公司董事長。
早期生活與教育情況
1880年1月26日,道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟出生在美國阿肯色州小岩城小岩城軍營的一個軍人家庭。爺爺是蘇格蘭裔法官兼政治傢老亞瑟·麥剋阿瑟。他父親是陸軍上尉小亞瑟·麥剋阿瑟。母親是瑪麗·平剋尼·哈迪·麥剋阿瑟(Mary Pinkney Hardy “Pinky” MacArthur),出生於舊詹姆士敦時代之弗吉尼亞州舊族:14。1875年5月19日父母完婚,1876年生亞瑟·麥剋阿瑟三世,1878年生馬爾康:15。1883年,馬爾康夭折:16。
1903年,道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟自西點軍校以第一名的成績畢業,成績是西點軍校創辦一百年來最好的,總平均成績為98.14分。後被任命為少尉軍官。
遠征韋拉剋魯斯
1914年4月21日,伍德羅·威爾遜總統下令占領韋拉剋魯斯。麥剋阿瑟跟着被派往該地區的司令部參謀前往,並於1914年5月1日抵達。隨後他發現,若想從韋拉剋魯斯的先頭部隊那獲取後勤支援,就得使用鐵路。他在韋拉剋魯斯發現了大量的火車廂,卻找不到一節火車頭,於是便核實起一份稱阿爾瓦拉多有許多節火車頭的報告。他花費價值150美元的黃金買來一輛臺車,雇來三個墨西哥人作幫手,又把三人的槍械繳了。來到阿爾瓦拉多後,麥剋阿瑟和他的隊伍找到了五臺機車,雖然其中兩臺衹是調車機車,但是另外三臺正是所需的火車頭。在返回韋拉剋魯斯的路上,隊伍遭到了五名武裝人員的襲擊,連忙逃之夭夭,終於甩開了那些人,不過,麥剋阿瑟卻在逃跑時射殺了兩名武裝人員。不久後,隊伍再次被十五名騎兵襲擊。在戰鬥中,麥剋阿瑟的衣服上被打出了三個彈孔,自己卻毫發無傷,一名同伴則受了輕傷。最終在麥剋阿瑟射殺四名騎兵後,其餘的騎兵撤退了。然而,此後隊伍又遭到了三名騎兵的襲擊,令麥剋阿瑟的衣服又挨了一槍。隊伍乘坐臺車甩開了其中兩名騎兵,但還有一名騎兵仍在窮追不捨,結果連人帶馬被麥剋阿瑟射死在鐵軌上。隊伍不得不在繼續前進前把馬的屍體從鐵軌上移走。
一位軍官同僚給伍德寫信,建議提名麥剋阿瑟為榮譽勳章的候選人。伍德這樣做後,參謀休·L·斯科特召集了一個委員會來審議該提名。委員會質疑道:“他的行動是在地區主將不知情的情況下實施的,這樣的行動是否明智?”這時,弗雷德裏剋·芬斯頓准將(也是榮譽勳章的獲得者)表示,頒發勳章給麥剋阿瑟“完全恰當合理”。然而,委員會還是擔心“授予所建議的奬勵恐將鼓勵其他參謀在類似條件下忽視當地的司令官,而這可能使後者的計劃遭受幹擾”,因此,麥剋阿瑟最終並未獲奬。
第一次世界大戰時任美軍第四十二師師長,1919年被任命為美國西點軍校第三十一任校長,是美國陸軍史上最年輕的西點軍校校長,之後出任陸軍參謀長。1935年,菲律賓自由邦獲得半獨立地位時,其總統曼努埃爾·奎鬆邀請麥剋阿瑟監督建立菲律賓陸軍。麥剋阿瑟於1937年退役,並獲得奎鬆授予的陸軍元帥頭銜。
第二次世界大戰
1941年第二次世界大戰爆發時,麥剋阿瑟被徵召回到菲律賓,擔任美國遠東軍總司令;珍珠港事變後,1941年由於低估日軍力量,菲律賓的盟軍遭受嚴重打擊。1942年2月,隨着日軍收緊對菲律賓的控製,羅斯福總統命令麥剋阿瑟撤退至澳大利亞。1942年3月12日晚,麥剋阿瑟和妻子瓊妮、兒子亞瑟、亞瑟的廣東阿嬤阿秋(音譯)和一些職工(包括薩瑟蘭、理查德·馬歇爾和赫夫)等一組特定人員離開了科雷希多島。他們乘坐PT艇穿越日本軍艦巡邏的暴風海域,抵達位於棉蘭老島的德爾蒙機場,然後乘坐B-17轟炸機飛往澳大利亞。麥剋阿瑟最終於3月21日乘火車抵達墨爾本。3月20日,他在南澳大利亞的特勞伊火車站發表了著名的演講,說:“我從巴丹出來,我會再回去。”華府要求他把這句承諾改成“我們會再回去”,他卻置若罔聞。巴丹於4月9日投降,科雷希多島於5月6日投降。
在澳大利亞的麥剋阿瑟建立了西南太平洋地區盟軍總司令部,部署所屬的盟軍部隊抵抗日軍南進並組織反攻。當時麥剋阿瑟屬下軍隊主要由澳軍和美軍組成,但也包括少量撤退荷屬東印度部隊、英軍和其他部隊。1944年12月麥剋阿瑟晉升五星上將。太平洋戰爭後期,指揮美軍在西南太平洋執行“跳島戰略”,選擇性攻占有利於美軍推進的島嶼,包括菲律賓群島及衝繩島,直到大日本帝國於1945年8月無條件投降。
駐日盟軍總司令
戰後自1945年8月至1951年間擔任駐日盟軍總司令,統籌對日本的軍事占領。在戰後處置方針上,麥剋阿瑟反對廢除天皇製或將裕仁交付遠東國際軍事法庭審判,認為這可能導致日本人民激烈反抗,麥剋阿瑟為此對杜魯門總統表示,若是一定要追究天皇的戰爭責任,請再調派100萬名士兵的部隊來日本維持局勢。
最終麥剋阿瑟領導的盟軍總司令部得以在保存君主立憲製、並確定天皇為象徵元首、不追究天皇的戰犯責任的客觀條件下,對日本政府進行改造,包括製定《日本國憲法》及確立現行日本政府組織架構的基礎,也廢除日本的建軍權、宣戰權。此外,駐日盟軍總司令部(General Headquarters,GHQ)一度下令自日本政治官僚體係中全面肅清戰前協助軍國主義者、解散財閥,但是因美國與蘇聯的冷戰對抗升高,美國需要既存政經勢力合作以迅速重建日本的策略性考量而未徹底實施。
朝鮮戰爭
1950年6月25日,在蘇共總書記斯大林默許下,朝鮮部隊越過三八綫,進攻韓國首都漢城(今首爾),三天後,漢城被攻下,6月27日,杜魯門下令美軍參加朝鮮作戰,7月7日聯合國安理會透過美國起草的决議,組織“聯合國軍”參加朝鮮戰爭,由五星上將麥剋阿瑟任總司令。年7月31日,麥剋阿瑟從東京飛到臺北。蔣介石兩度接見會談,並分別發表聲明,蔣發表談話謂與麥帥會談已奠定中美共同保衛臺灣與軍事合作之基礎。麥剋阿瑟在臺北上機前,宣佈他已經商定阻止共黨攻擊臺灣之辦法。他說:“我此次訪問臺灣的首要目的,是對臺灣(包括澎湖列島在內)防禦可能攻勢之潛力,作短促的考察。在目前情況下,不容對臺灣(包括澎湖列島在內)有軍事侵略的行為,這個政策是早就聲明了的,我的責任和堅决的目的是執行這一决定。我在此間與各級人員的會商,在各方面說來,都非常友好融洽。所討論的問題中,其一是中國政府迅速而慷慨地建議派軍參加朝陽的聯合國軍隊。可是,各有關方面均深信,這樣的行動在目前會嚴重地損及臺灣的防禦是不適宜的。現已完成我所指揮的美軍與中國政府的軍隊有效合作的辦法,以對付敵軍愚蠢到竟然企圖發動的任何攻擊。照我看來,這樣的企圖很少成功的機會。我有機會會見了我在上次大戰的多年戰友蔣介石委員長,心裏非常愉快。他的抗拒共産主義統治的不屈不撓的决心,引起我真誠的仰慕。他的决心,與美國人與太平洋區一切人民獲得自由,不為奴隸這一共同興趣和目的,是平行一致的。”
1950年6月25日,朝鮮入侵韓國,開始了朝鮮戰爭。聯合國安全理事會通過第82號决議,授權聯合國軍幫助韓國。1950年7月下旬朝鮮半島戰局對美國極為不利,麥剋阿瑟提議動用核武和直接攻入中國境內,1950年10月15日杜魯門總統在威剋島接見麥剋阿瑟,衹讓他打一場有限的戰爭。往後期間,麥剋阿瑟公開反對杜魯門的决定,派偵察機飛入中國領空。一天,麥剋阿瑟飛到沃剋的大本營,後來他寫道:
麥剋阿瑟駕駛着他的道格拉斯C-54天空大師動身飛往前綫,可卻壓根兒沒見到中國修築的工事,便决定先按兵不動。麥剋阿瑟之所以見不到中國軍隊的蹤影,是因為中方晚上行軍,白天躲在地下。不過,麥剋阿瑟還是因為偵查活動獲得了飛行優異十字勳章以及榮譽性的戰鬥機飛行員翼章。
第二天,1950年11月25日,沃剋的第八集團軍被中國軍隊襲擊,聯合國軍很快開始撤軍。麥剋阿瑟嚮參謀長約瑟夫·勞頓·科林斯提議了連續9段撤軍路綫。1951年4月11日,杜魯門以“未能全力支持美國和聯合國的政策”為由將他撤職,由李奇微接任。當麥剋阿瑟知道這件事時,悄悄的跟妻子說:“珍,我們終於可以回傢了。”
麥剋阿瑟回到美國後,在華府受到了萬人空巷的英雄式歡迎。許多大城市都爆發了支持麥剋阿瑟,反對杜魯門的遊行示威活動,杜魯門支持率下降到了26%。四個州的議會通過了决議,要求杜魯門總統收回成命。1951年4月19日,麥剋阿瑟在國會大廈發表了題為《老兵不死》的著名演講。
“ | 我即將結束五十二年的軍旅生涯。我從軍是在本世紀開始之前,而這是我童年的希望與夢想的實現。自從我在西點軍校的教練場上宣誓以來,這個世界已經過多次變化,而我的希望與夢想早已消逝,但我仍記着當時最流行的一首軍歌詞,極為自豪地宣示“老兵不死,衹會慢慢的凋零而已”。 | ” |
1952年麥剋阿瑟參與共和黨總統初選,唯未獲得提名,另一位獲得美國人尊崇的艾森豪將軍勝出。
麥剋阿瑟將軍是近代美軍將領中,文武雙全的高階將領之一,除了上述的《老兵不死》之外,在其著作的《麥帥回憶錄》(Reminiscences)中可見其用筆精煉的文句,此些文句常被以用見於各式報章雜志上。其中又以《麥帥為子祈禱文》(又稱《為子嚮主祈禱》)為其代表,亦被收錄於中華民國教育部的國中國文課本教材中。
在韓國仁川自由公園,立有1957年李承晚設立的麥剋阿瑟銅像,長期以來有韓國反戰團體倡議拆除銅像至今。
螢幕形象
在螢幕上扮演過麥剋阿瑟的演員:
- 《對比利·米切爾的軍事審判》(1955)中的代頓·拉米斯
- the television movie 《Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur》(1976)中的亨利·方達
- 《麥剋阿瑟傳》(1977)中的格裏高利·派剋
- 《仁川》(1981)中的勞倫斯·奧利維爾
- 《再見國王》(1989)中的約翰·貝內特·派瑞
- 《追求榮耀》(1995)中的詹姆斯·希金
- 《杜魯門》(1995)中的丹尼爾·馮·巴根
- 《太陽》(2005)中的Robert Dawson
- 《天皇》(2012)中的湯米·李·瓊斯
- 《仁川登陸戰》(2016)中的連恩·尼遜
- 《東京審判》(2016)中的邁剋爾·艾恩塞德
- 《奎鬆的遊戲》(2018)中的Miguel Faustmann
參見
註腳
- ^ MacArthur 1964, pp. 4–5.
- ^ MacArthur 1964, pp. 13–14.
- ^ 3.03.1 3.2 道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟. 《麥剋阿瑟回憶錄》 五版. 中華日報社出版部. 1984-07-01.
- ^ James 1970, pp. 115–120.
- ^ James 1970, pp. 121–125.
- ^ James 1970, p. 125.
- ^ James 1970, p. 124.
- ^ James 1970, pp. 125–127.
- ^ 麥剋阿瑟五進五出菲律賓:賠了夫人,賺了前程
- ^ James 1975, p. 98.
- ^ Morton 1953, pp. 359–360.
- ^ Rogers 1990, pp. 190–192.
- ^ 'I Came Through; I Shall Return'.. The Advertiser(Adelaide). 21 March 1942: 1 [22 July 2012] –通過National Library of Australia.
- ^ Morton 1953, pp. 463–467.
- ^ Morton 1953, p. 561.
- ^ 16.016.1 16.2 〈麥剋阿瑟飛臺灣搗鬼 大言不慚說要阻止解放臺灣〉. 《大公報》 (香港: 大公報社). 1950-08-02.
- ^ 馬全忠. 中華民國百年紀事. 聯經出版事業公司. 2011年6月24日: 296頁 . ISBN 978-957-083-825-1.:228
- ^ {{林正義、李明、鬍春惠、張恕、戴安石,<韓戰四十周年--杜魯門、麥剋阿瑟與韓戰>,《歷史月刊》,第28期,民79.05,頁33-34}}
- ^ James 1985, p. 387.
- ^ James 1985, p. 434.
- ^ 美國要往中國扔原子彈 毛澤東不吃這一套. [2013-04-19]. (原始內容存檔於2011-10-09).
- ^ 22.022.1 MacArthur 1964, pp. 372–373.
- ^ James 1985, pp. 537–538.
- ^ Douglas MacArthur. Reminiscences.
- ^ Korean war flick 'Operation Chromite' fails to hit any of its targets. Korea JoongAng Daily. 22 July 2016 [29 July2016].
參考文獻
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(幫助) - ——. Whan Jr, Vorin E, 編. A Soldier Speaks; Public Papers and Speeches of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur. New York: Praeger. 1965. OCLC 456849. 已忽略未知參數
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(幫助) - ——. Courage was the Rule: General Douglas MacArthur's Own Story (Juvenile audience) Abridged. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1965. OCLC 1307481. 已忽略未知參數
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(幫助) - ——. Duty, Honor, Country; a Pictorial Autobiography 1st. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1965. OCLC 1342695.
- ——. Willoughby, Charles A, 編. Reports of General MacArthur (4 Volumes). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. OCLC 407539.
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(幫助) - Vierk, Valerie Lee. Gold Stars and Purple Hearts: the War Dead of the Ravenna, Nebraska Area. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4208-7607-9. OCLC 70700519.
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拓展閱讀
- Barbey, Daniel E. MacArthur's Amphibious Navy: Seventh Amphibious Force Operations, 1943–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 1969. OCLC 52066. 已忽略未知參數
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(幫助) - Bartsch, William H. 8 December 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-1-58544-246-1. OCLC 50920708.
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- Schaller, Michael. Douglas MacArthur: The Far Eastern General. New York: Oxford University Press. 1964. ISBN 978-0-7351-0354-2. OCLC 18325485.
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- Sodei, Rinjirō. Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese During the American Occupation. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1964. ISBN 978-0-7425-1115-6. OCLC 47177004.
- Wainstock, Dennis D. Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War. Contributions in Military Studies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-313-30837-6. OCLC 261176470.
- Weintraub, Stanley. MacArthur's War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero. New York: Free Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-684-83419-1. OCLC 41548333.
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外部鏈接
- Template:Hall of Valor
- The MacArthur Memorial.
- The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History. City of Little Rock.
- Obituary: Commander of Armies That Turned Back Japan Led a Brigade in World War I. New York Times. 6 April 1964.
- MacArthur. PBS. (原始內容存檔於18 February 2017). 已忽略未知參數
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(幫助) - Douglas MacArthur. History.
- 短片 Big Picture: The Douglas MacArthur Story 可在互聯網檔案館自由下載
- Truman Fires MacArthur, Aftermath: Original Letters
- Senate joint resolution to authorize the appointment of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur as General of the Armies of the United States
- 道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟在互聯網電影數據庫(IMDb)上的資料(英文)
- FBI file on General Douglas MacArthur at vault.fbi.gov
- MacArthur Museum Brisbane. AMP Building, Cnr of Queen and Edward Sts, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- C-SPAN內的亮相頁面(英文)
- 有關道格拉斯·麥剋阿瑟在德國經濟學中央圖書館(ZBW)20世紀新聞檔案中的剪報。
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964) was an American five-star general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army. He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr. the first father and son to be awarded the medal. He was one of only five to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army, and the only one conferred the rank of field marshal in the Philippine Army.
Raised in a military family in the American Old West, MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy where he finished high school, and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated top of the class of 1903. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz, he conducted a reconnaissance mission, for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor. In 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I, he rose to the rank of brigadier general, was again nominated for a Medal of Honor, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times.
From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny. In 1925, he became the Army's youngest major general. He served on the court-martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army. As such, he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D.C. in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.
MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941 and the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. Upon his arrival, MacArthur gave a speech in which he famously promised "I shall return" to the Philippines. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled that promise. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. He officially accepted the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945 aboard the USS Missouri, which was anchored in Tokyo Bay, and he oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War with initial success; however, the controversial invasion of North Korea provoked Chinese intervention, and a series of major defeats. MacArthur was contentiously removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951. He later became chairman of the board of Remington Rand.