| Stephen William Hawking | |||
| 斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金 | |||
阅读史蒂芬·霍金 Stephen Hawking在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||
史蒂芬·霍金史蒂芬.霍金(Stephen Hawking) 的研究工作在科学界远不及他的畅销书《时间简史》(A Brief History Of Time) 出名。他这本销售量达2,500万份的畅销书对量子物理学和相对论作了大量介绍。
史蒂芬.霍金(Stephen Hawking)
1942年1月8日 出生于英国的牛津。
1962年 在牛津大学完成物理学学位课程，搬到剑桥大学攻读研究生，英国天文学家福雷德.霍伊尔(1915-)，霍金青少年时代心目中的一位英雄，是这里的天文学教授。霍金被诊断患有运动神经元疾病。
1965年 霍金被授予博士学位。他的研究表明：用来解释黑洞崩溃的数学方程式，也可以解释从一个点开始膨涨的宇宙。
1970年 霍金研究黑洞的特性。他预言，来自黑洞(现在叫霍金辐射)的射线辐射及黑洞的表面积永远也不会减少。
1974年 被选为皇家学会会员。他继续证明，黑洞有温度，黑洞发出热辐射，以及气化导致质量减少。
1980年 任剑桥大学数学鲁卡斯教授(艾萨克.牛顿曾任此职)。
1988年 出版《时间简史》，成为关于量子物理学与相对论最畅销的书。
1996年 继续在剑桥大学工作。
Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.
Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doctors. Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in physics. He began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in October 1962, where he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology in March 1966. During this period—in 1963—Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades. After the loss of his speech, he was able to communicate through a speech-generating device—initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.
Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.