| Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre | |||
| 让-亨利·卡西米尔·法布尔 | |||
| 让-亨利·法布尔 | |||
阅读J·H·法布尔 Jean Henri Fabre在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||
J·H·法布尔让-亨利·卡西米尔·法布尔[注 1]（法语：Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre，1823年12月22日－1915年10月11日），法国博物学家、昆虫学家、科普作家，以《昆虫学回忆录》（Souvenirs entomologiques，或译《昆虫记》）一书留名后世，该书在法国自然科学史与文学史上都具重要地位，已译成多种不同语言。
身为现代昆虫学与动物行为学的先驱，法布尔以膜翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目的研究而闻名，维克多·雨果称他为“昆虫世界的荷马”（d'Homère des insectes）。除了昆虫，也热衷研究蕈类，他以水彩绘画的700多幅真菌图（现在只成功保存一半，其他至今仍“下落不明”），深受普罗旺斯诗人米斯特拉尔的赞赏。他也为漂染业作出贡献，曾获得三项有关茜素的专利权。
因家庭收入拮据，被逼辍学，当过铁路工人、柠檬小贩。虽然生活艰辛，法布尔并没有放弃追求知识，坚持自学。在19岁那年，他考进了阿维尼翁师范学校，获得奖学金，并获得教师文凭，之后展开他漫长的教学生涯。在教学、著书之余，他继续自学，先后获得数学以及物理的学士学位。1855年，法布尔获得巴黎科学院的博士学位。渐渐在科学界赢得名声，1865年巴斯德专程到阿维尼翁，向法布尔请教蚕的问题。
1866年，他当上阿维尼翁勒坎博物馆（Musée Requien d'Avignon）的馆长，英国经济学家穆勒两次造访，二人成为好友。翌年法布尔到巴黎谒见拿破仑三世，获颁骑士勋章。1870年，法布尔先进的教学方法，惹来了保守宗教人士的批评（例如指摘他在夜校课程中向妇女讲解花的授粉过程），被迫辞去教职，一家七口的生活顿时陷入困境，幸得穆勒的周济，得以渡过难关。举家搬到奥朗日（Orange），埋首撰写科普书、教科书，以博取微薄的收入。
1877年，跟他一般热爱大自然的次子朱尔（Jules）以16岁之龄过世，令法布尔伤心欲绝。两年后，搬到沃克吕兹省的塞里尼昂（Sérignan），在那里买下一所房子与一块毗连的荒地，将园子命名为荒石园（普罗旺斯语：L'Harmas，荒地之意），在那里专心观察、实验、著述，同年《昆虫记》首卷面世，同时为纪念早逝的朱尔，法布尔于第一册的最后写下对朱尔的思念之情，并将三种蜂类冠上其名，分别为：
- 朱尔节腹泥蜂（Cerceris julii，确认为 Cerceris rubida）
- 朱尔泥蜂（Bembix julii，确认为 Bembix sinuata）
- 朱尔沙泥蜂（Ammophila julli，确认为 Ammophila terminata 的亚种 A. t. mocsaryi）
隐居荒石园后不久，法布尔的妻子病逝。他于60岁时续弦，育有三名子女。在生命的最后几年．各种荣誉不断降临在法布尔身上：小村子里树立了他的雕像，共和国的总统亲自探访他，向他发年金，欧洲各国的科学院纷纷邀他作名誉院士，罗曼罗兰、梅特林克等文豪向他致敬，还有人发起运动让他提名诺贝尔文学奖。法布尔以91岁的高龄，在荒石园辞世。
法布尔一生清贫，大部分时间都是在乡间度过，著述丰富，跟不少同时代的学者友好。虽然他不支持进化论，但达尔文对他尊敬有加，称他为“无可追摹的观察者”（inimitable observer）。科学研究以外，法布尔也爱编些小曲，并以普罗旺斯语做诗，生前出版过一部诗集（Oubreto Provençalo）。
法布尔在中国
日本很早已译介法布尔，首个译本由著名的无政府主义者大杉荣译出。留学日本的鲁迅、周作人从日译本认识了法布尔，因而法布尔的名字也很早传到中国。1923年，周作人在报章上发表了〈法布尔《昆虫记》〉一文，并从英、日文转译了数篇《昆虫记》的文章。鲁迅在晚年有意转译《昆虫记》，但不果。中国自1920年代起不断有《昆虫记》的节译本、转译本面世，但到了2001年首套从原文翻译的足本《昆虫记》，才由广州花城出版社出版，并于2003年推出修订版（繁体字版于2002年由台湾远流出版社发行，对专有名词作了校定）。
参考资料
- 法布尔著，王光译，《昆虫记》。北京：作家出版社，1998。ISBN 978-7-5063-1282-0。[选译本，92年初版，如单篇不计，此为首个从法文翻译的汉译本]
- 法布尔著，多人合译，《昆虫记》（全10册）。广州：花城出版社，2001。ISBN 978-7-5360-3359-7。
- Jean-Henri Fabre. Souvenirs entomologiques: étude sur l'instinct et les moeurs des insectes, Tome 1 et 2. Robert Laffont : Bouquins. 2000. ISBN 978-2-221-05462-8, ISBN 978-2-221-05463-5.[包括德朗日（Yves Delange）写的长篇序文]
注释
- ^ 鲁迅称他为发勃耳，见〈春末闲谈〉一文。
Life
Fabre was born in Saint-Léons in Aveyron, France. Fabre was largely an autodidact, owing to the poverty of his family. Nevertheless, he acquired a primary teaching certificate at the young age of 19 and began teaching in Carpentras whilst pursuing further studies. In 1849 he was appointed to a teaching post in Ajaccio (Corsica), then in 1849 moved on to the lycée in Avignon.
Fabre went on to accomplish many scholarly achievements. He was a popular teacher, physicist, chemist and botanist. However, he is probably best known for his findings in the field of entomology, the study of insects, and is considered by many to be the father of modern entomology. Much of his enduring popularity is due to his marvelous teaching ability and his manner of writing about the lives of insects in biographical form, which he preferred to a clinically detached, journalistic mode of recording. In doing so he combined what he called "my passion for scientific truth" with keen observations and an engaging, colloquial style of writing. Fabre noted:
Others again have reproached me with my style, which has not the solemnity, nay, better, the dryness of the schools. They fear lest a page that is read without fatigue should not always be the expression of the truth. Were I to take their word for it, we are profound only on condition of being obscure.
Over the years he wrote a series of texts on insects and arachnids that are collectively known as the Souvenirs Entomologiques. Fabre's influence is felt in the later works of fellow naturalist Charles Darwin, who called Fabre "an inimitable observer". Fabre, however, remained sceptical about Darwin's theory of evolution, as he always restrained from all theories and systems. His special force was exact and detailed observation, field research as we would call it today, always avoiding premature general conclusions from his observations.
In one of Fabre's most famous experiments, he arranged processionary caterpillars to form a continuous loop around the edge of a pot. As each caterpillar instinctively followed the silken trail of the caterpillars in front of it, the group moved around in a circle for seven days.
Jean-Henri Fabre's last home and office, the Harmas de Fabre in Provence, stands today as a museum devoted to his life and works.
The site of his birth, at St Léons, near Millau is now the site of Micropolis, a tourist attraction dedicated to popularising entomology and a museum on his life.
Work
Scène de la vie des insecte
Chimie agricole (textbook) (1862)
La Terre (Jean Henri Fabre)|La Terre (1865)
Le Ciel (textbook) (1867) - Scanned text on Gallica
Catalogue des « Insectes Coléoptères observés aux environs d'Avignon » (1870)
Les Ravageurs (1870)
Les Auxiliaires (1873)
Aurore (textbook) (1874) Scanned text on Gallica
Botanique (textbook) (1874)
L'Industrie (textbook) (1875)
Les Serviteurs (textbook) (1875)
Sphériacées du Vaucluse (1878)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 1st series (1891) – (1879) – Scanned text on Gallica
Etude sur les moeurs des Halictes (1879)
Le Livre des Champs (1879)
Lectures sur la Botanique (1881)
Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques – 2nd series (1882) – Scanned text on Gallica
Lectures sur la Zoologie (1882)
Zoologie (Jean Henri Fabre)|Zoologie (textbook) (1884)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 3rd series (1886) – Scanned text on Gallica
Histoire naturelles (textbook) (1889)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 4th series (1891) – Scanned text on Gallica
La plante: leçons à mon fils sur la botanique (livre scolaire) (1892) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 5th series (1897) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 6th series (1900) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 7th series (1901) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 8th series (1903)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 9th series (1905)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 10th series (1909)
Fabre's Book of Insects retold from Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Fabre's Souvenirs entomologiques Scanned book
Oubreto Provençalo dou Felibre di Tavan (1909) Text on Jean-Henri Fabre, e-museum
La Vie des insectes (1910)
Mœurs des insectes (1911)
Les Merveilles de l'instinct chez les insectes (1913)
Le monde merveilleux des insectes (1921)
Poésie françaises et provençales (1925) (final edition)
La Vie des araignées (1928)
Bramble-Bees and Others Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Life of the Grasshopper. Dodd, Mead, and company, 1917. ASIN B00085HYR4
Insect Adventures. Dodd, Mead, 1917. Selections from Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Fabre's Souvenirs entomologiques, retold for young people.
The Life of the Caterpillar. Dodd, Mead, 1919. ASIN B00089FB2A
Field, Forest, and Farm: Things interesting to young nature lovers, including some matters of moment to gardeners and fruit-growers. The Century Company, 1919. ASIN B00085PDU4
This Earth is Ours: Talks about Mountains and Rivers, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Geysers & Other Things. Albert & Charles Boni, 1923. ASIN B000EHLE22
The Life of The Scorpion. University Press of the Pacific, 2002 (reprinted from the 1923 edition). ISBN 0-89875-842-4
The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles. Dodd, Mead, 1919. ASIN B000882F2K
The Mason Bees (Translated) Garden City, 1925. ASIN B00086XXU0; Reprinted in 2004 by Kessinger Publishing; ISBN 1417916761; ISBN 978-1417916764 Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Curiosities of Science. The Century Company, 1927. ASIN B00086KVBE
The Insect World of J. Henri Fabre. Introduction and Interpretive Comments by Edwin Way Teale; Foreword to 1991 edition by Gerald Durrell. Published by Dodd, Mead in 1949; Reprinted by Beacon Press in 1991; ISBN 0-8070-8513-8
The Life of the Spider (Translated) Preface by Maurice Maeterlinck; Introduction by John K. Terres. Published by Horizon Press, 1971; ISBN 0-8180-1705-8 (First published by Dodd, Mead, and company in 1913, ASIN B00085D6P8) Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Life of the Fly. (Translated) Fredonia Books, 2001. ISBN 1589630262; ISBN 978-1589630260 Scanned book
The Hunting Wasps. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. ISBN 1410200078; ISBN 978-1410200075
More Hunting Wasps Scanned book Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Wonders of Instinct: Chapters in the Psychology of Insects. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. ISBN 0898757681; ISBN 978-0898757682 Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Social Life in the Insect World Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Insect life Scanned book
Collection
Fabre's insect collection is in Musée Requien Avignon.
Biographie
G.V. Legros, (Bernard Miall, translator), Fabre, Poet of Science. T. Fisher Unwin, 1913. (Reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002, ISBN 0898759455; ISBN 978-0898759457) Scanned book
E.L. Bouvier, The Life and Work of J.H. Fabre. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1916, pages 587-597.
Augustin Fabre, The Life of Jean Henri Fabre. Dodd, Mead, 1921. Scanned version on the Internet Archive
Percy F. Bicknell, The Human Side of Fabre. The Century Company, 1923.
Tribute
The French post office commemorated Fabre in 1956 with a stamp depicting a portrait of him.
Fabre makes an appearance in the Original Video Animation Read or Die is among as one of eight clones of historical figures that served as the villains in the animation.
Blood of the Mantis, a 2009 Fantasy novel by British author Adrian Tchaikovsky (and set in a fictional universe where different human races are modeled on different insects) is dedicated to Fabre.