| Stephen William Hawking | |||
| 斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金 | |||
閱讀史蒂芬·霍金 Stephen Hawking在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||
史蒂芬·霍金史蒂芬.霍金(Stephen Hawking) 的研究工作在科學界遠不及他的暢銷書《時間簡史》(A Brief History Of Time) 出名。他這本銷售量達2,500萬份的暢銷書對量子物理學和相對論作了大量介紹。
史蒂芬.霍金(Stephen Hawking)
1942年1月8日 出生於英國的牛津。
1962年 在牛津大學完成物理學學位課程，搬到劍橋大學攻讀研究生，英國天文學家福雷德.霍伊爾(1915-)，霍金青少年時代心目中的一位英雄，是這裏的天文學教授。霍金被診斷患有運動神經元疾病。
1965年 霍金被授予博士學位。他的研究表明：用來解釋黑洞崩潰的數學方程式，也可以解釋從一個點開始膨漲的宇宙。
1970年 霍金研究黑洞的特性。他預言，來自黑洞(現在叫霍金輻射)的射綫輻射及黑洞的表面積永遠也不會減少。
1974年 被選為皇傢學會會員。他繼續證明，黑洞有溫度，黑洞發出熱輻射，以及氣化導致質量減少。
1980年 任劍橋大學數學魯卡斯教授(艾薩剋.牛頓曾任此職)。
1988年 出版《時間簡史》，成為關於量子物理學與相對論最暢銷的書。
1996年 繼續在劍橋大學工作。
Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.
Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doctors. Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in physics. He began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in October 1962, where he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology in March 1966. During this period—in 1963—Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades. After the loss of his speech, he was able to communicate through a speech-generating device—initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using a single cheek muscle.
Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.