| Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre | |||
| 讓-亨利·卡西米爾·法布爾 | |||
| 讓-亨利·法布爾 | |||
閱讀J·H·法布爾 Jean Henri Fabre在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||
J·H·法布尔讓-亨利·卡西米爾·法布爾[註 1]（法語：Jean-Henri Casimir Fabre，1823年12月22日－1915年10月11日），法國博物學家、昆蟲學傢、科普作傢，以《昆蟲學回憶錄》（Souvenirs entomologiques，或譯《昆蟲記》）一書留名後世，該書在法國自然科學史與文學史上都具重要地位，已譯成多種不同語言。
身為現代昆蟲學與動物行為學的先驅，法布爾以膜翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目的研究而聞名，維剋多·雨果稱他為“昆蟲世界的荷馬”（d'Homère des insectes）。除了昆蟲，也熱衷研究蕈類，他以水彩繪畫的700多幅真菌圖（現在衹成功保存一半，其他至今仍“下落不明”），深受普羅旺斯詩人米斯特拉爾的贊賞。他也為漂染業作出貢獻，曾獲得三項有關茜素的專利權。
因家庭收入拮据，被逼輟學，當過鐵路工人、檸檬小販。雖然生活艱辛，法布爾並沒有放棄追求知識，堅持自學。在19歲那年，他考進了阿維尼翁師範學校，獲得奬學金，並獲得教師文憑，之後展開他漫長的教學生涯。在教學、著書之餘，他繼續自學，先後獲得數學以及物理的學士學位。1855年，法布爾獲得巴黎科學院的博士學位。漸漸在科學界贏得名聲，1865年巴斯德專程到阿維尼翁，嚮法布爾請教蠶的問題。
1866年，他當上阿維尼翁勒坎博物館（Musée Requien d'Avignon）的館長，英國經濟學家穆勒兩次造訪，二人成為好友。翌年法布爾到巴黎謁見拿破侖三世，獲頒騎士勳章。1870年，法布爾先進的教學方法，惹來了保守宗教人士的批評（例如指摘他在夜校課程中嚮婦女講解花的授粉過程），被迫辭去教職，一傢七口的生活頓時陷入睏境，幸得穆勒的周濟，得以渡過難關。舉傢搬到奧朗日（Orange），埋首撰寫科普書、教科書，以博取微薄的收入。
1877年，跟他一般熱愛大自然的次子朱爾（Jules）以16歲之齡過世，令法布爾傷心欲絶。兩年後，搬到沃剋呂茲省的塞裏尼昂（Sérignan），在那裏買下一所房子與一塊毗連的荒地，將園子命名為荒石園（普羅旺斯語：L'Harmas，荒地之意），在那裏專心觀察、實驗、著述，同年《昆蟲記》首捲面世，同時為紀念早逝的朱爾，法布爾於第一册的最後寫下對朱爾的思念之情，並將三種蜂類冠上其名，分別為：
- 朱爾節腹泥蜂（Cerceris julii，確認為 Cerceris rubida）
- 朱爾泥蜂（Bembix julii，確認為 Bembix sinuata）
- 朱爾沙泥蜂（Ammophila julli，確認為 Ammophila terminata 的亞種 A. t. mocsaryi）
隱居荒石園後不久，法布爾的妻子病逝。他於60歲時續弦，育有三名子女。在生命的最後幾年．各種榮譽不斷降臨在法布爾身上：小村子裏樹立了他的雕像，共和國的總統親自探訪他，嚮他發年金，歐洲各國的科學院紛紛邀他作名譽院士，羅曼羅蘭、梅特林剋等文豪嚮他致敬，還有人發起運動讓他提名諾貝爾文學奬。法布爾以91歲的高齡，在荒石園辭世。
法布爾一生清貧，大部分時間都是在鄉間度過，著述豐富，跟不少同時代的學者友好。雖然他不支持進化論，但達爾文對他尊敬有加，稱他為“無可追摹的觀察者”（inimitable observer）。科學研究以外，法布爾也愛編些小麯，並以普羅旺斯語做詩，生前出版過一部詩集（Oubreto Provençalo）。
法布爾在中國
日本很早已譯介法布爾，首個譯本由著名的無政府主義者大杉榮譯出。留學日本的魯迅、周作人從日譯本認識了法布爾，因而法布爾的名字也很早傳到中國。1923年，周作人在報章上發表了〈法布爾《昆蟲記》〉一文，並從英、日文轉譯了數篇《昆蟲記》的文章。魯迅在晚年有意轉譯《昆蟲記》，但不果。中國自1920年代起不斷有《昆蟲記》的節譯本、轉譯本面世，但到了2001年首套從原文翻譯的足本《昆蟲記》，纔由廣州花城出版社出版，並於2003年推出修訂版（繁體字版於2002年由臺灣遠流出版社發行，對專有名詞作了校定）。
參考資料
- 法布爾著，王光譯，《昆蟲記》。北京：作傢出版社，1998。ISBN 978-7-5063-1282-0。[選譯本，92年初版，如單篇不計，此為首個從法文翻譯的漢譯本]
- 法布爾著，多人合譯，《昆蟲記》（全10册）。廣州：花城出版社，2001。ISBN 978-7-5360-3359-7。
- Jean-Henri Fabre. Souvenirs entomologiques: étude sur l'instinct et les moeurs des insectes, Tome 1 et 2. Robert Laffont : Bouquins. 2000. ISBN 978-2-221-05462-8, ISBN 978-2-221-05463-5.[包括德朗日（Yves Delange）寫的長篇序文]
註釋
- ^ 魯迅稱他為發勃耳，見〈春末閑談〉一文。
Life
Fabre was born in Saint-Léons in Aveyron, France. Fabre was largely an autodidact, owing to the poverty of his family. Nevertheless, he acquired a primary teaching certificate at the young age of 19 and began teaching in Carpentras whilst pursuing further studies. In 1849 he was appointed to a teaching post in Ajaccio (Corsica), then in 1849 moved on to the lycée in Avignon.
Fabre went on to accomplish many scholarly achievements. He was a popular teacher, physicist, chemist and botanist. However, he is probably best known for his findings in the field of entomology, the study of insects, and is considered by many to be the father of modern entomology. Much of his enduring popularity is due to his marvelous teaching ability and his manner of writing about the lives of insects in biographical form, which he preferred to a clinically detached, journalistic mode of recording. In doing so he combined what he called "my passion for scientific truth" with keen observations and an engaging, colloquial style of writing. Fabre noted:
Others again have reproached me with my style, which has not the solemnity, nay, better, the dryness of the schools. They fear lest a page that is read without fatigue should not always be the expression of the truth. Were I to take their word for it, we are profound only on condition of being obscure.
Over the years he wrote a series of texts on insects and arachnids that are collectively known as the Souvenirs Entomologiques. Fabre's influence is felt in the later works of fellow naturalist Charles Darwin, who called Fabre "an inimitable observer". Fabre, however, remained sceptical about Darwin's theory of evolution, as he always restrained from all theories and systems. His special force was exact and detailed observation, field research as we would call it today, always avoiding premature general conclusions from his observations.
In one of Fabre's most famous experiments, he arranged processionary caterpillars to form a continuous loop around the edge of a pot. As each caterpillar instinctively followed the silken trail of the caterpillars in front of it, the group moved around in a circle for seven days.
Jean-Henri Fabre's last home and office, the Harmas de Fabre in Provence, stands today as a museum devoted to his life and works.
The site of his birth, at St Léons, near Millau is now the site of Micropolis, a tourist attraction dedicated to popularising entomology and a museum on his life.
Work
Scène de la vie des insecte
Chimie agricole (textbook) (1862)
La Terre (Jean Henri Fabre)|La Terre (1865)
Le Ciel (textbook) (1867) - Scanned text on Gallica
Catalogue des « Insectes Coléoptères observés aux environs d'Avignon » (1870)
Les Ravageurs (1870)
Les Auxiliaires (1873)
Aurore (textbook) (1874) Scanned text on Gallica
Botanique (textbook) (1874)
L'Industrie (textbook) (1875)
Les Serviteurs (textbook) (1875)
Sphériacées du Vaucluse (1878)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 1st series (1891) – (1879) – Scanned text on Gallica
Etude sur les moeurs des Halictes (1879)
Le Livre des Champs (1879)
Lectures sur la Botanique (1881)
Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques – 2nd series (1882) – Scanned text on Gallica
Lectures sur la Zoologie (1882)
Zoologie (Jean Henri Fabre)|Zoologie (textbook) (1884)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 3rd series (1886) – Scanned text on Gallica
Histoire naturelles (textbook) (1889)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 4th series (1891) – Scanned text on Gallica
La plante: leçons à mon fils sur la botanique (livre scolaire) (1892) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 5th series (1897) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 6th series (1900) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 7th series (1901) – Scanned text on Gallica
Souvenirs entomologiques – 8th series (1903)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 9th series (1905)
Souvenirs entomologiques – 10th series (1909)
Fabre's Book of Insects retold from Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Fabre's Souvenirs entomologiques Scanned book
Oubreto Provençalo dou Felibre di Tavan (1909) Text on Jean-Henri Fabre, e-museum
La Vie des insectes (1910)
Mœurs des insectes (1911)
Les Merveilles de l'instinct chez les insectes (1913)
Le monde merveilleux des insectes (1921)
Poésie françaises et provençales (1925) (final edition)
La Vie des araignées (1928)
Bramble-Bees and Others Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Life of the Grasshopper. Dodd, Mead, and company, 1917. ASIN B00085HYR4
Insect Adventures. Dodd, Mead, 1917. Selections from Alexander Teixeira de Mattos' translation of Fabre's Souvenirs entomologiques, retold for young people.
The Life of the Caterpillar. Dodd, Mead, 1919. ASIN B00089FB2A
Field, Forest, and Farm: Things interesting to young nature lovers, including some matters of moment to gardeners and fruit-growers. The Century Company, 1919. ASIN B00085PDU4
This Earth is Ours: Talks about Mountains and Rivers, Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Geysers & Other Things. Albert & Charles Boni, 1923. ASIN B000EHLE22
The Life of The Scorpion. University Press of the Pacific, 2002 (reprinted from the 1923 edition). ISBN 0-89875-842-4
The Glow-Worm and Other Beetles. Dodd, Mead, 1919. ASIN B000882F2K
The Mason Bees (Translated) Garden City, 1925. ASIN B00086XXU0; Reprinted in 2004 by Kessinger Publishing; ISBN 1417916761; ISBN 978-1417916764 Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Curiosities of Science. The Century Company, 1927. ASIN B00086KVBE
The Insect World of J. Henri Fabre. Introduction and Interpretive Comments by Edwin Way Teale; Foreword to 1991 edition by Gerald Durrell. Published by Dodd, Mead in 1949; Reprinted by Beacon Press in 1991; ISBN 0-8070-8513-8
The Life of the Spider (Translated) Preface by Maurice Maeterlinck; Introduction by John K. Terres. Published by Horizon Press, 1971; ISBN 0-8180-1705-8 (First published by Dodd, Mead, and company in 1913, ASIN B00085D6P8) Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Life of the Fly. (Translated) Fredonia Books, 2001. ISBN 1589630262; ISBN 978-1589630260 Scanned book
The Hunting Wasps. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. ISBN 1410200078; ISBN 978-1410200075
More Hunting Wasps Scanned book Project Gutenberg Full Text
The Wonders of Instinct: Chapters in the Psychology of Insects. University Press of the Pacific, 2002. ISBN 0898757681; ISBN 978-0898757682 Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Social Life in the Insect World Scanned book, Project Gutenberg Full Text
Insect life Scanned book
Collection
Fabre's insect collection is in Musée Requien Avignon.
Biographie
G.V. Legros, (Bernard Miall, translator), Fabre, Poet of Science. T. Fisher Unwin, 1913. (Reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002, ISBN 0898759455; ISBN 978-0898759457) Scanned book
E.L. Bouvier, The Life and Work of J.H. Fabre. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1916, pages 587-597.
Augustin Fabre, The Life of Jean Henri Fabre. Dodd, Mead, 1921. Scanned version on the Internet Archive
Percy F. Bicknell, The Human Side of Fabre. The Century Company, 1923.
Tribute
The French post office commemorated Fabre in 1956 with a stamp depicting a portrait of him.
Fabre makes an appearance in the Original Video Animation Read or Die is among as one of eight clones of historical figures that served as the villains in the animation.
Blood of the Mantis, a 2009 Fantasy novel by British author Adrian Tchaikovsky (and set in a fictional universe where different human races are modeled on different insects) is dedicated to Fabre.