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生平
蒙田生於波爾多附近的佩裏戈爾(現在的多爾多涅省),為傢中長子。傢族為殷實商人,從事魚、酒的國際貿易。傢中信奉天主教,蒙田一生堅持舊教信仰,但有幾個弟妹後改奉新教。其父在意大利當過兵,吸收了一些新穎的教育思想。六歲以前寄宿在農村家庭,以農民夫婦為教父母,並由衹說拉丁文的老師教導,因此以拉丁文為母語。少年時代,在吉耶訥學院(Collège de Guyenne)習希臘文、法文、修辭術,因拉丁語流利,多在拉丁劇中擔任主角;後來到圖盧茲(一說巴黎)習法律。
1557年起蒙田在波爾多最高法院(Parlement de Bordeaux)任職,並認識博埃希(Étienne de la Boétie),成為莫逆。1561年至1563年在查理九世的宮廷出入。1563年博埃希離世,大受打擊。1565年成婚,兒女多夭折,唯一女長成。1568年父親離世,襲其封號與領地,成一傢之主。1571年起退居蒙田堡(Château de Montaigne),潛心寫作。
宗教內戰期間,蒙田為舊教的亨利三世和新教的納瓦拉的亨利居間調停。1578年起為腎石所睏擾,1580年至1581年遊法國、德國、奧地利、瑞士、意大利等地,散心之餘,尋找療法。回國後出任波爾多市長直至1585年,並繼續增修《隨筆集》。59歲病逝於蒙田堡。
作品
為完成父親的遺願,蒙田將西班牙神父兼醫生塞朋德(Raymond Seybond)的著作《自然神學》(Theologia naturalis)由拉丁文譯成法文。1564年該書的序文被教會列為禁書,但蒙田將序文部分大幅修改,譯本也在1569年順利出版,後來被多次翻印。
蒙田的首兩捲《隨筆集》在1580年出版,三捲版付梓於1588年,死前蒙田還在病榻上增訂該書。學者習慣將蒙田的思想分為三個階段(儘管未必準確):斯多噶時期(1572─74年)、懷疑主義危機(1576年)、伊壁鳩魯時期(1578-92年)。三個階段的思想也粗略反映在三捲《隨筆集》中,捲二的〈為塞朋德辯護〉(Apologie de Raymond Sebond)一文,被認為代表了蒙田的懷疑主義思想,該篇也是《隨筆集》裏最長的一篇(後世很多出版商將這一篇獨立成書)。
後人也將蒙田的《旅遊日志》(Journal de voyage)和書信(現存39封)整理、出版。
評價
- 愛默生在日記中提到《隨筆集》:“剖開這些字,會有血流出來;那是有血管的活體。” (Cut these words, and they would bleed; they are vascular and alive.)
- 尼采談到蒙田:“世人對生活的熱情,由於這樣一個人的寫作而大大提高了。” (Dass ein solcher Mensch geschrieben hat, dadurch ist wahrlich die Lust auf dieser Erde zu leben vermehrt worden.)
註釋
- ^ Robert P. Amico, The Problem of the Criterion, Rowman & Littlefield, 1995, p. 42. Primary source: Montaigne, Essais, II, 12: "Pour juger des apparences que nous recevons des subjets, il nous faudroit un instrument judicatoire ; pour verifier cet instrument, il nous y faut de la demonstration ; pour verifier la demonstration, un instrument : nous voilà au rouet [To judge of the apparances that we receive of subjects, we had need have a judicatorie instrument: to verifie this instrument we should have demonstration; and to approve demonstration, an instrument; thus are we ever turning round]" (transl. by Charles Cotton).
- ^ FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago" 頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館. "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."
- ^ 全名為蒙田領主米歇爾‧埃康(Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne),“米歇爾”為名,“埃康”為姓,“蒙田領主”則是世襲封號。
- ^ 或譯為《試筆》,但中文世界一般譯為《隨筆》。
- ^ 見《隨筆集》開捲的“緻讀者”("au lecteur")。
- ^ Bliss Perry, ed., The Heart of Emerson's Journals, p.54.
- ^ Friedrich Nietzsche, "Schopenhauer als Erzieher", in Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen.
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (/mɒnˈteɪn/ mon-TAYN; French: [miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ]; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592), also known as Lord of Montaigne, was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight. His massive volume Essais contains some of the most influential essays ever written.
Montaigne had a direct influence on Western writers including Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Virginia Woolf, Albert Hirschman, William Hazlitt, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Friedrich Nietzsche, Stefan Zweig, Eric Hoffer, Isaac Asimov, and possibly, on the later works of William Shakespeare.
During his lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that, "I am myself the matter of my book", was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne came to be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt that began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as Que sais-je? in modern French).