| François-Auguste-René Rodin | |
| 罗丹 | |
| 弗朗索瓦-奥古斯特-雷尼·罗丹 | |
| | |
奥古斯特·罗丹
夏尔·戴高乐生平
他出生于巴黎的普通家庭，是玛丽·谢费（Marie Cheffer）和让-巴蒂斯特·罗丹（Jean-Baptiste Rodin）的第二个孩子，父亲是名警察。小时候他基本靠自学，14岁在一所学校里随著霍拉斯·勒科克·德·波瓦柏丹（Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran）学画，后来罗丹表示波瓦柏丹是一名好老师。
1857年，他向法国美术学院递交了一份泥塑作品，以求入学，但遭到拒绝，随后他又两度被拒。当时学校门槛其实并不高，因此他很受打击。1862年，大他两岁的姐姐玛利亚因腹膜炎在一家女修道院内去世，罗丹和姐姐的关系很好，姐姐的去世导致他放弃了艺术，投身宗教，加入了圣餐会（Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament）。该会创始人彼得·朱利安·埃马尔（Peter Julian Eymard）认为罗丹确实是一个天才雕塑家，但不适合宗教，因此鼓励他继续创作。因此罗丹开始和雕塑家安东-路易·巴列（Antoine-Louis Barye）学习，巴列对动物雕塑的精细处理对罗丹产生了很大的影响。
1864年，他开始和女裁缝罗斯·伯雷同居，1866年伯雷为他生下一子奥古斯特-欧仁·伯雷（Auguste-Eugène Beuret）。同样在1866年，他的作品首次参展，并进入阿尔伯特-欧内斯特·卡里耶-贝鲁斯（Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse）的工作室当助手，设计房顶装饰和楼梯。1870年普法战争爆发，罗丹入伍，但因为近视很快就离开了军队。
卡里耶-贝鲁斯叫罗丹去比利时找他，不久罗丹和卡里耶-贝鲁斯产生龃龉，但罗丹设法在布鲁塞尔找到了别的工作，在几个沙龙里展出了一些作品。1875年，他前往意大利旅游，开始对多纳泰罗和米开朗基罗产生兴趣。罗丹曾说是米开朗基罗把他从学院派的束缚中解放了出来。回到比利时后，他开始创作《青铜时代》，这份作品展出引起激烈的反应，有人甚至断言这是用真实人体翻制的。
后来他的作品发展出自己的风格，强调光影的作用，尤其他的作品穿着睡衣、披头散发的“巴尔扎克像”引起极大的骚动，直到他去世多年后的1939年才在巴黎市区立起来。他的巨型浮雕“地狱之门”从1880年开始制作，直到去世也没有完成。地狱门以但丁的《神曲》为主题，罗丹之所以以其为主题或许是因为罗丹的悲观刚好与此章节中对人类在地狱受苦难折磨的景象描写相通，互映之下而产生这件伟大的雕塑作品。1884年应加来市的委托，制作了雕像“加来义民”，纪念在英法百年战争期间，为了防止英军屠城，而将自己作为人质交给英王爱德华三世的六位加来市民。1913年在英国国会公园复制了同样一座。 1900年巴黎世界博览会上，罗丹展出了150件作品，1916年罗丹将全部作品捐赠给法国政府，以换取政府为他提供住房和工作室，为此政府建造了“罗丹博物馆”。法国政府享有对罗丹作品复制的专有权。1917年罗丹去世。
罗丹善于用丰富多样的绘画性手法塑造出神态生动富有力量的艺术形象。除雕塑外，他还创作了许多插图、铜板画和素描，他还写过几部著作，主要著作有《艺术论》，主要雕塑作品有“沉思者”，“维克多·雨果像”，“阿根廷总统萨米恩托像”等。
罗丹生前和他的学生，同为雕塑家的卡蜜儿·克劳黛同居，罗丹和克劳黛生出了两个孩子，但罗丹拒绝承担抚养义务。有的历史学家认为是克劳黛为罗丹提供了大量的构思，有的罗丹作品甚至是出于克劳黛之手。
参考文献
- ^ William Tucker, Early Modern Sculpture: Rodin, Degas, Matisse, Brancusi, Picasso, Gonzalez, 16.
- ^ Hale, 76.
- ^ Schjeldahl, Peter. The Stubborn Genius of Auguste Rodin. The New Yorker. [7 October 2017].
Rodin was a child of the working class. (His father was a police clerk.)
- ^ "(François) Auguste (René) Rodin." International Dictionary of Art and Artists. St. James Press, 1990. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.
- ^ Jianou & Goldscheider, 31.
- ^ Morey, C. R. The Art of Auguste Rodin. The Bulletin of the College Art Association of America. 1918, 1 (4): 145–54. JSTOR 3046338. doi:10.2307/3046338.
- ^ Auguste Rodin – Biography. rodin-web.org. [14 March 2017].
- ^ Jianou & Goldscheider, 34.
- ^ Taillandier, 91.
参考书目
- Crone, Rainer; Salzmann, Siegfried (编). Rodin: Eros and Creativity. Munich: Prestel. 1992. ISBN 3-7913-1809-8.
- Elsen, Albert E. Rodin. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. 1963. LCCN 63014847.
- Getsy, David. Rodin: Sex and the Making of Modern Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2010. ISBN 0-300-16725-3.
- Hale, William Harlan. World of Rodin, 1840–1917 Time-Life Library of Art. New York: Time-Life Books. 1973 . LCCN 70105511.
- Janson, H.W. History of Art 3rd. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 1986. ISBN 0-8109-1094-2.
- Jianou, Ionel & Goldscheider, C. Rodin. Paris: Arted, Editions d'Art. 1967. LCCN 68084071.
- Lampert, Catherine. Rodin: Sculpture and Drawings. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-7287-0504-4.
- Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette. The Bronzes of Rodin. Paris: Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux. 2007.
- Ludovici, Anthony. Personal Reminiscences of Auguste Rodin. London: John Murray. 1926.
- Morseburg, Jeffrey. The Indefatigable Miss Hallowell. 2010. (Online Essay)[需要完整来源]
- Taillandier, Yvon. Rodin. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks. 1977. ISBN 0-517-88378-3.
- Tucker, William. Early Modern Sculpture. New York: Oxford University Press. 1974. ISBN 0-19-519773-9.
- Weisberg, Gabriel. The Documented Image, Visions in Art History. New York: Syracuse University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0815624103.
- Rodin, Auguste. Art: Conversations with Paul Gsell. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1984. ISBN 0-520-05887-9.
- Royal Academy of Arts. Rodin. London: Royal Academy of Arts. 2006.
François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell.
Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Although Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, he refused to change his style, and his continued output brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community.
From the unexpected naturalism of Rodin's first major figure – inspired by his 1875 trip to Italy – to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought, his reputation grew, and Rodin became the preeminent French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodin's work after his World's Fair exhibit, and he kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. His student, Camille Claudel, became his associate, lover, and creative rival. Rodin's other students included Antoine Bourdelle, Constantin Brâncuși, and Charles Despiau. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, but within a few decades his legacy solidified. Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community.