| François-Auguste-René Rodin | |
| 羅丹 | |
| 弗朗索瓦-奧古斯特-雷尼·羅丹 | |
| | |
奥古斯特·罗丹
夏尔·戴高乐生平
他出生於巴黎的普通家庭，是瑪麗·謝費（Marie Cheffer）和讓-巴蒂斯特·羅丹（Jean-Baptiste Rodin）的第二個孩子，父親是名警察。小時候他基本靠自學，14歲在一所學校裏隨著霍拉斯·勒科剋·德·波瓦柏丹（Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran）學畫，後來羅丹表示波瓦柏丹是一名好老師。
1857年，他嚮法國美術學院遞交了一份泥塑作品，以求入學，但遭到拒絶，隨後他又兩度被拒。當時學校門檻其實並不高，因此他很受打擊。1862年，大他兩歲的姐姐瑪利亞因腹膜炎在一傢女修道院內去世，羅丹和姐姐的關係很好，姐姐的去世導致他放棄了藝術，投身宗教，加入了聖餐會（Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament）。該會創始人彼得·朱利安·埃馬爾（Peter Julian Eymard）認為羅丹確實是一個天才雕塑傢，但不適合宗教，因此鼓勵他繼續創作。因此羅丹開始和雕塑傢安東-路易·巴列（Antoine-Louis Barye）學習，巴列對動物雕塑的精細處理對羅丹産生了很大的影響。
1864年，他開始和女裁縫羅斯·伯雷同居，1866年伯雷為他生下一子奧古斯特-歐仁·伯雷（Auguste-Eugène Beuret）。同樣在1866年，他的作品首次參展，並進入阿爾伯特-歐內斯特·卡裏耶-貝魯斯（Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse）的工作室當助手，設計房頂裝飾和樓梯。1870年普法戰爭爆發，羅丹入伍，但因為近視很快就離開了軍隊。
卡裏耶-貝魯斯叫羅丹去比利時找他，不久羅丹和卡裏耶-貝魯斯産生齟齬，但羅丹設法在布魯塞爾找到了別的工作，在幾個沙竜裏展出了一些作品。1875年，他前往意大利旅遊，開始對多納泰羅和米開朗基羅産生興趣。羅丹曾說是米開朗基羅把他從學院派的束縛中解放了出來。回到比利時後，他開始創作《青銅時代》，這份作品展出引起激烈的反應，有人甚至斷言這是用真實人體翻製的。
後來他的作品發展出自己的風格，強調光影的作用，尤其他的作品穿着睡衣、披頭散發的“巴爾紮剋像”引起極大的騷動，直到他去世多年後的1939年纔在巴黎市區立起來。他的巨型浮雕“地獄之門”從1880年開始製作，直到去世也沒有完成。地獄門以但丁的《神麯》為主題，羅丹之所以以其為主題或許是因為羅丹的悲觀剛好與此章節中對人類在地獄受苦難折磨的景象描寫相通，互映之下而産生這件偉大的雕塑作品。1884年應加來市的委托，製作了雕像“加來義民”，紀念在英法百年戰爭期間，為了防止英軍屠城，而將自己作為人質交給英王愛德華三世的六位加來市民。1913年在英國國會公園復製了同樣一座。 1900年巴黎世界博覽會上，羅丹展出了150件作品，1916年羅丹將全部作品捐贈給法國政府，以換取政府為他提供住房和工作室，為此政府建造了“羅丹博物館”。法國政府享有對羅丹作品復製的專有權。1917年羅丹去世。
羅丹善於用豐富多樣的繪畫性手法塑造出神態生動富有力量的藝術形象。除雕塑外，他還創作了許多插圖、銅板畫和素描，他還寫過幾部著作，主要著作有《藝術論》，主要雕塑作品有“沉思者”，“維剋多·雨果像”，“阿根廷總統薩米恩托像”等。
羅丹生前和他的學生，同為雕塑傢的卡蜜兒·剋勞黛同居，羅丹和剋勞黛生出了兩個孩子，但羅丹拒絶承擔撫養義務。有的歷史學家認為是剋勞黛為羅丹提供了大量的構思，有的羅丹作品甚至是出於剋勞黛之手。
參考文獻
- ^ William Tucker, Early Modern Sculpture: Rodin, Degas, Matisse, Brancusi, Picasso, Gonzalez, 16.
- ^ Hale, 76.
- ^ Schjeldahl, Peter. The Stubborn Genius of Auguste Rodin. The New Yorker. [7 October 2017].
Rodin was a child of the working class. (His father was a police clerk.)
- ^ "(François) Auguste (René) Rodin." International Dictionary of Art and Artists. St. James Press, 1990. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006.
- ^ Jianou & Goldscheider, 31.
- ^ Morey, C. R. The Art of Auguste Rodin. The Bulletin of the College Art Association of America. 1918, 1 (4): 145–54. JSTOR 3046338. doi:10.2307/3046338.
- ^ Auguste Rodin – Biography. rodin-web.org. [14 March 2017].
- ^ Jianou & Goldscheider, 34.
- ^ Taillandier, 91.
參考書目
- Crone, Rainer; Salzmann, Siegfried (編). Rodin: Eros and Creativity. Munich: Prestel. 1992. ISBN 3-7913-1809-8.
- Elsen, Albert E. Rodin. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. 1963. LCCN 63014847.
- Getsy, David. Rodin: Sex and the Making of Modern Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2010. ISBN 0-300-16725-3.
- Hale, William Harlan. World of Rodin, 1840–1917 Time-Life Library of Art. New York: Time-Life Books. 1973 . LCCN 70105511.
- Janson, H.W. History of Art 3rd. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 1986. ISBN 0-8109-1094-2.
- Jianou, Ionel & Goldscheider, C. Rodin. Paris: Arted, Editions d'Art. 1967. LCCN 68084071.
- Lampert, Catherine. Rodin: Sculpture and Drawings. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-7287-0504-4.
- Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette. The Bronzes of Rodin. Paris: Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux. 2007.
- Ludovici, Anthony. Personal Reminiscences of Auguste Rodin. London: John Murray. 1926.
- Morseburg, Jeffrey. The Indefatigable Miss Hallowell. 2010. (Online Essay)[需要完整來源]
- Taillandier, Yvon. Rodin. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks. 1977. ISBN 0-517-88378-3.
- Tucker, William. Early Modern Sculpture. New York: Oxford University Press. 1974. ISBN 0-19-519773-9.
- Weisberg, Gabriel. The Documented Image, Visions in Art History. New York: Syracuse University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0815624103.
- Rodin, Auguste. Art: Conversations with Paul Gsell. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1984. ISBN 0-520-05887-9.
- Royal Academy of Arts. Rodin. London: Royal Academy of Arts. 2006.
François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell.
Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Although Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, he refused to change his style, and his continued output brought increasing favor from the government and the artistic community.
From the unexpected naturalism of Rodin's first major figure – inspired by his 1875 trip to Italy – to the unconventional memorials whose commissions he later sought, his reputation grew, and Rodin became the preeminent French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Wealthy private clients sought Rodin's work after his World's Fair exhibit, and he kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. His student, Camille Claudel, became his associate, lover, and creative rival. Rodin's other students included Antoine Bourdelle, Constantin Brâncuși, and Charles Despiau. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives. His sculptures suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917, but within a few decades his legacy solidified. Rodin remains one of the few sculptors widely known outside the visual arts community.