阅读约翰·托兰 John Toland在小说之家的作品!!! |
是美国著名历史作家。1912年,托兰生于威斯康辛州一个传统的基督教科学派教徒家庭。中国读者熟悉的《日本帝国的衰亡》、《从乞丐到元首》、《漫长的战斗》、《占领日本》等书均出自他手。1997年,八十五岁高龄的托兰出版了他的自传《历史捕影:一个历史学家眼中的混乱世纪》,回忆了他的创作生涯。
青年时代的托兰根本没有想过会成为历史学家,他那时的梦想是成为百老汇的剧作家。在大学中,托兰学的就是戏剧创作。大学毕业后,他背起行囊走遍了美国,独自独闯世界。四十二岁以前,他是一个事业上不成功的剧作家、官场里得不到赏识的军官、家庭生活中的失败者。1954年,有人约托兰写一部有关大飞艇的书。他利用在空军服役时的关系,走访了众多飞艇时代的亲历者,掌握了大量独家的第一手材料。这本书使他一举成名。
在此之前,他一共写过一二百个短篇小说、25个剧本和5部小说,而除了几个短篇外都没有被刊载过。正是《天空中的船只》一书的写作,使他找到的真正适合自己的职业。用托兰自己的话说,从这一年起,他开始了“在历史中的生活”。托兰认为,好的历史(著作)就是“活的历史”。童年时,波特·布朗曾经在他家里住过一段时间。那时,布朗经常带着小托兰去附近的总督剧院看电影。每当电影演到一半时,布朗便把小托兰带回家。回家后,他们两个商量着把这部电影的结尾写出来,两天后再回来看它究竟是怎么发展的。每一次,由他们改编的剧本都比原作来得更为精彩。托兰后来回忆,布朗对他影响最大的一句话就是:“不管你写什么,别讲出来,而要表演出来”。托兰对此的理解就是“不应当以自己的观点来讲述,而是像一出戏那样,让实际上发生过的事情重演,这才是所谓活的历史”。而这,也正是托兰写作所遵循的信条。托兰写书,摒弃了传统史学著作的生涩与枯燥,代之以丰富的细节描写和对话,使读者有如身临其境。他的书有独立创见、富有文学性和感染力。因此,每有新作问世,必能引起轰动。
约翰·托兰 - 写作经历
托兰的书既重传统史料,更重对当事人的采访。在他的书中,他会把他所知道的一切告诉读者。为写作《战斗:突击部的故事》,他采访过美国将军克拉克、德国将军曼妥菲尔男爵、传奇般的突击队长斯克尔策尼……还有四百余名战争幸存者、七十五名经历战争的平民等。为收集材料,他先后在美、英、法、德、比利时、西班牙和卢森堡跑了十万英里,去过国会议员的办公室、美国国家档案馆、西点军校和五角大楼、阿登地区的大大小小的城堡、比利时的废矿井、达豪集中营的毒气室、西班牙海滩,还有无数的昔日战场……这本书奠定了他在二战史学界的地位。1965年,托兰以独特的眼光,写作出版了《最后100天》一书。此书以1945年初苏联红军逼近德国东部边界、苏美英三国首脑雅尔塔会议开篇,向人们展示了在二战后期欧洲战场一幅幅惊心动魄的场面。为了写这本书,托兰和他的日本籍妻子寿子驾车穿越铁幕,去了当时还很少有西方人涉足的东欧各国。再后来,为了写作《阿道夫·希特勒》(即中国读者熟悉的《从乞丐到元首》),他再次道访德国。刚到德国时,托兰买了一辆崭新的汽车。而十个月后,它已经经过了无数次大修,不成样子了。这一次,接受托兰采访的有德国海军上将卡尔·邓尼兹,希特勒私人医生、秘书和司机,险些死于希特勒手中的他的救命恩人鲁兹(威廉·夏伊勒所著之《第三帝国的兴亡》对此人有精彩描写),爱娃·布劳恩的女友斯妮德,希特勒的堂兄汉斯……甚至还找到了战时美国情报部门为希特勒所作的精神病学分析报告。正是这些第一手材料使得这本书引人入胜、极富质感。《纽约时报书刊评论》称赞它是“一本精彩的、吸引人的通俗历史著作,在我们所读过的关于希特勒的书中,它是描写得最为充分的一本”。
也许是因为娶了一位日本妻子的关系,在托兰的著作中有一股挥之不去的亚洲情结。而有关亚洲的几部著作正是托兰作品的精华所在。早在1961年,他就创作过叙述太平洋战争初期的著作《问心无愧》。后来,又先后创作过《升起的太阳:日本帝国的兴起与衰落》(中译本译为《日本帝国的衰亡》)、《战争之神》、《丑闻:珍珠港事件及其后果》、《占领日本》和《漫长的战斗:美国人眼中的朝鲜战争》。其中,《升起的太阳》使他获得了1971年度美国出版业最高奖项——普利策新闻奖。在为《问心无愧》一书收集素材时,托兰在美军遭受耻辱的珍珠港、麦克阿瑟藏身的菲律宾山洞、香港的贫民区、日本前海军将领的会客厅、冲绳和塞班的小屋和山洞里留下了他的足迹。同时,环绕太平洋的旅行也让他结识了许多新朋友,其中还有年轻的托尼·阿基诺(阿基诺夫人的丈夫)和后来的菲律宾总统拉莫斯。这些朋友帮助托兰寻访到了几位长期缄口不言的知情者。在台北,托兰会见了蒋介石的“副总统”陈诚。当采访进行到一小时的时候,陈诚主动问托兰是否要使用一下他的卫生间。在这间狭小的屋子里,陈诚交给他一份厚重的文件,并轻声说:这是他的自传,在台湾是永远不可能出版的。在菲律宾,行将就木的前总统奥斯梅利亚眼含热泪告诉了托兰一个深埋心中二十年的秘密:那是在1942年,当菲律宾总统奎松即将撤离马尼拉的前夕,他命令劳里尔和托尼的父亲贝尼尼奥·阿基诺两人伪装成卖国者留下等待日本人,并且发誓永远不说出真相。奥斯梅利亚希望托兰在全世界人民面前还劳里尔和阿基诺以清白,他们是将生死置之度外保护民族和同胞的英雄。
托兰写书的另一个特点就是标榜所谓“客观主义”,始终站在一个“世界公民”的角度,力图使作品不带意识形态色彩。早年托兰拜见过斯诺,并参加了美国共产党,立志做斯诺第二。后来,因为不满美共在战争问题上追随苏联,政策摇摆不定而脱党。在空军服役时,又因将一名黑人军官带到军官食堂用餐而受到排挤。年轻时的这些遭遇使他在作品中往往只利用叙述的手法,不直接发表自己的看法。但是人们仍旧可以从他对事件的叙述过程中窥其好恶。这也正是托兰始终受到美国传统史学界批评为“缺乏道德感”、“客观主义”的原因所在。1982年,托兰根据确凿材料写作的《丑闻:珍珠港及其后果》便是这一特点的生动范例。在这部书中,托兰首先提出:罗斯福、马歇尔等人根据破译的日本密码,至少在珍珠港事件爆发前五天就已知晓日本联合舰队正向珍珠港方面运动,美国情报部也已判断出日本舰队此行的目标就是珍珠港。但罗斯福为了打破美国内的孤立主义情绪,加之情报判断失误,有意让珍珠港遭受打击,最终使得几千名美国官兵死于日军飞机的狂轰滥炸之下。此书出版后,在美国内引起了轩然大波,知识界对该书的评价近乎尖刻。
晚年的托兰曾经两次来到中国。他对这片古老的土地和这里的人民充满了敬意。在中国,托兰结识了众多史学界同行,其中包括南开大学著名美国史专家华庆昭教授。在托兰的极力帮助下,华庆昭得以赴美查阅杜鲁门时期美国政府档案资料。这一工作的成果便是被视为这一领域的扛鼎之作——《从雅尔塔到板门店》。在美国出版的《当代作家传略》这样评价托兰和他的著作:“在他的每一本书中,托兰都要采访那个历史事实的实际参与者,有时是采访好几百个。以便从这些最了解这件事的人中得到这一事件的不同方面。他尽可能地对这些被采访者持一种客观态度。‘我相信这是我的责任,’他说,‘把一切都告诉你,让你自己得出结论。我把自己的意见控制在最小限度。’”这正是对托兰最恰当的评价。
Toland was a graduate of Williams College, and he also attended the Yale School of Drama for a time. His original goal was to become a playwright. In the summers between his college years, he travelled with hobos and wrote several plays with hobos as central characters, none of which achieved the stage. In 1961, Toland said that in his early years as a writer he had been "about as big a failure as a man can be". He claimed to have written six complete novels, 26 plays, and a hundred short stories before successfully completing his first sale, a short story he sold to The American Magazine in 1954 for $165. At one point he managed to publish an article on dirigibles in Look magazine; it proved extremely popular and led to his career as a historian. Dirigibles were also the subject of his first full published book, entitled Ships in the Sky and published in 1957.
Perhaps his most important work, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1971, is The Rising Sun. Based on original and extensive interviews with high Japanese officials who survived the war, the book chronicles Imperial Japan from the military rebellion of February 1936 to the end of World War II. The book won the Pulitzer because it was the first book in English to tell the history of the war in the Pacific from the Japanese point of view, rather than from an American perspective.
The stories of the battles for the stepping stones to Japan, the islands in the Pacific which had come under Japanese domination, are told from the perspective of the commander sitting in his cave rather than from that of the heroic forces engaged in the assault. Most of these commanders committed suicide at the conclusion of the battle, but Toland was able to reconstruct their viewpoint from letters to their wives and from reports they sent to Tokyo.
Toland tried to write history as a straightforward narrative, with minimal analysis or judgment. One exception to his general approach is his Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath about the Pearl Harbor attack and the investigations of it, in which he wrote about evidence that President Franklin Roosevelt knew in advance of plans to attack the naval base but remained silent. The book was widely criticized at the time. Since the original publication, Toland added new evidence and rebutted early critics. Also, an anonymous source, known as "Seaman Z" (Robert D. Ogg) has since come forth to publicly tell his story.
While predominantly a non-fiction author, Toland also wrote two historical novels, Gods of War and Occupation. He says in his autobiography that he earned little money from his Pulitzer Prize-winning, The Rising Sun, but was set for life from the earnings of his biography of Hitler, for which he also did original research.
Toland died of pneumonia on January 4, 2004, at Danbury Hospital in Connecticut.
Book
Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography, 1976, ISBN 0-385-42053-6.
Battle: The Story of the Bulge, 1959, ISBN 0-8032-9437-9.
But Not in Shame: The Six Months After Pearl Harbor
Captured by History: One Man's Vision of Our Tumultuous Century
The Dillinger Days, 1963, ISBN 0-306-80626-6.
Gods of War, 1985, ISBN 0-385-18007-1.
The Great Dirigibles: Their Triumphs & Disasters, 1972, ISBN 0-486-21397-8.
In Mortal Combat: Korea 1950-1953
Infamy: Pearl Harbor And Its Aftermath
The Last 100 Days: The Tumultuous and Controversial Story of the Final Days of World War II in Europe
No Man's Land: 1918, The Last Year of the Great War
Occupation
The Flying Tigers - Copyrighted 1963 First Printing From Laurel-Leaf Books 1979. Published by Dell Publishing 0-440-92621-1
The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945, ISBN 0-8129-6858-1.
Ships in the Sky", 1957