阅读埃萨·德·克罗兹 José Maria de Eça de Queiroz在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||
埃萨·德·克罗兹于1866年去里斯本，执行律师业务，但其主要兴趣在文学。1866至1867年间，在《葡萄牙新闻报》上发表了许多题材不同的短篇小说，后来编辑为短篇小说集《粗野的散文》(1903)，其中写的大多是神怪、奇闻、幻想故事，显然受了雨果、海涅、波德莱尔、爱伦·坡等人的影响。
1867年后，埃萨·德·克罗兹前往埃及和巴勒斯坦等地旅行,1870年回到里斯本,与一群进步青年知识分子交往,鼓吹社会改革,被称为“七十年代派”。他抨击当代葡萄牙文学“没有独创性,随波逐流，弄虚作假”,主张文艺应当描写现实，探讨现实问题。1871年与若泽·杜阿尔特·拉马略·奥尔蒂冈合作，出版社会评论杂志《投枪》。
1872年进入外交界工作，任驻古巴哈瓦那领事。在任期间，曾为保护从澳门来的中国劳工的利益作出努力。1874年调往英国任领事，所写关于英国情况的文章和书信，后来收集编为《英国书简》(1903)和《伦敦纪事》(1945)两本集子。1888年调往法国巴黎任领事，直至逝世。
埃萨·德·克罗兹的第一部现实主义小说《阿马罗神父的罪恶》(1876)讽刺和揭露了宗教教育的恶果和盲目迷信的危险。小说写青年教士阿马罗被派到莱里亚的大教堂充当神父，他的老师迪亚斯神父介绍他与寡妇桑胡亚内拉一家来往。这个家庭经常有许多迷信的妇女聚会。阿马罗诱惑了寡妇的女儿阿梅利塔，却发现寡妇是迪亚斯神父的情妇。师徒两人互相包庇。阿梅利塔怀孕后为阿马罗遗弃，后在分娩时死去。
1878年，他的第二部著名小说《堂兄巴济利奥》发表。这部小说暴露了从海外殖民地暴发归来的资本家的罪恶,笔锋冷峭,讽刺辛辣。主人公路易莎是里斯本中产阶级社会的一个年轻妇女，她的丈夫的堂兄巴济利奥刚从巴西发财归来，趁她丈夫外出经商之际勾引了她。他们有一封情书落到了女仆胡利亚娜手里，女仆以此要挟路易莎。巴济利奥又弃她而去巴黎。最后她在恐惧、悔恨、绝望中死去。
埃萨·德·克罗兹的一部最长的小说《马伊亚一家》(1888)写一个中产阶级家庭的庸俗生活，表明作者对这种生活的鄙弃。
从《满洲官员》(1880)开始，他的作品转而从幻想和想象中取材,流露出浓厚的异国情调。《遗物》(1887)即取材于一次中东旅行的经历。《短篇小说集》(1902)中的某些作品，也是描写巴勒斯坦、埃及、卡利普索岛等地的异国风物。
他的一些主要作品企图揭露葡萄牙资产阶级的罪恶和堕落,分析阻碍社会进步的原因,以促进社会变革。他的艺术风格是客观的、直率的，善于运用讽刺手法。
埃萨·德·克罗兹晚年对葡萄牙社会变革日益失望，作品偏重于形式和风格。他去世以后还出版了3部小说:《豪门拉米雷斯》(1900)、《弗拉迪克·门德斯的通讯》(1900)、《城与山》(1901)，其中流露出作者侨居国外时怀念祖国的伤感情绪。
He used the old-fashioned spelling "Eça de Queiroz" and this is the form that appears on many editions of his works; the modern standard Portuguese spelling is "Eça de Queirós".
Biography
Eça de Queirós was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of José Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queirós, a Brazilian judge, and of an unknown mother. Teixeira de Queirós soon afterwards married Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça, and it has been suggested that in reality the boy was her son by an unknown father, or even that he was instead both his and her son, as most genealogists and relatives contend.
At age 16, he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the Correspondence of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900.
Statue of Eça in Póvoa de Varzim; a couple of metres from his birthplace.
In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queirós travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. A Relíquia ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queirós wrote his first realist novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875.
Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, from late 1874 until April 1879. His diplomatic duties involved the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields - in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of O Crime de Padre Amaro in 1876 and another celebrated novel, O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece Os Maias ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888. There is a plaque to Eça in that city and another was unveiled in Grey Street, Newcastle, in 2001 by the Portuguese ambassador.
Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me - from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça’s traditionally Portuguese Francophilia.
In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (Ecos de Paris, "Echos from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of tuberculosis. His son António Eça de Queirós would hold government office under António de Oliveira Salazar.
[edit]Works by Eça de Queirós
Cover of the first edition of Os Maias
À Capital ("To the Capital")
A Cidade e as Serras ("The City and the Mountains", 1901)
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires ("The Noble House of Ramires", 1900)
A Relíquia ("The Relic", 1887)
A Tragédia da Rua das Flores ("The Rua das Flores Tragedy")
Alves & C.a ("Alves & Co.", published in English as "The Yellow Sofa", 1925)
As Minas de Salomão, a reworking of H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines
Cartas de Inglaterra ("Letters from England")
Cartas Familiares e Bilhetes de Paris ("Family Letters and Notes from Paris")
Contos ("Stories")
Correspondência de Fradique Mendes ("Correspondence of Fradique Mendes", 1900)
Ecos de Paris ("Echos from Paris")
Notas Contemporâneas ("Contemporary Notes")
O Conde d'Abranhos ("Count d'Abranhos")
O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Sin of Father Amaro", 1875, revised 1876, revised 1880)
O Egipto ("Egypt", 1926)
O Mandarim ("The Mandarin", 1880)
O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão)
O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Basílio", 1878)
Os Maias ("The Maias", 1888)
Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous Texts", 1903)
Últimas páginas ("Last Pages")
Uma Campanha Alegre ("A Cheerful Campaign")
[edit]Periodicals to which Eça de Queirós contributed
Gazeta de Portugal
As Farpas ("Barbs")
Diário de Notícias
[edit]Translations
His works have been translated into about 20 languages, including English.
Since 2002 English versions of six of his novels and a volume of short stories, translated by Margaret Jull Costa, have been published in the UK by Dedalus Books.
A capital (To the Capital): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press (UK), 1995.
A Cidade e as serras (The City and the Mountains): translation by Roy Campbell, Ohio University Press, 1968.
A Ilustre Casa de Ramires (The illustrious house of Ramires): translation by Ann Stevens, Ohio University Press, 1968.
A Reliquia (The Relic): translation by Aubrey F. Bell, A. A. Knopf, 1925. Also published as The Reliquary, Reinhardt, 1954.
A Reliquia (The Relic): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 1994.
A tragédia da rua das Flores (The Tragedy of the Street of Flowers): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2000.
Alves & Cia (Alves & Co.): translation by Robert M. Fedorchek, University Press of America, 1988.
Cartas da Inglaterra (Letters from England): translation by Ann Stevens, Bodley Head, 1970. Also published as Eça's English Letters, Carcanet Press, 2000.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (El crimen del Padre Amaro): Versión de Ramón del Valle - Inclan, Editorial Maucci, 1911
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Sin of Father Amaro): translation by Nan Flanagan, St. Martins Press, 1963. Also published as The Crime of Father Amaro, Carcanet Press, 2002.
O Crime do Padre Amaro (The Crime of Father Amaro): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2002.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Um Poeta Lírico (A Lyric Poet in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Peculiarities of a Fair-haired Girl in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Richard Frank Goldman, Ohio University Press, 1965. Also published by Bodley Head, 1966; and Hippocrene Books, 1993.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Hippocrene Books, 1983.
O Mandarim (The Mandarin in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
José Mathias (José Mathias in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Defunto (The Hanged Man in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
Singularidades de uma Rapariga Loura (Idiosyncrasies of a young blonde woman in The Mandarin and Other Stories): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2009.
O Primo Basílio (Dragon's teeth): translation by Mary Jane Serrano, R. F. Fenno & Co., 1896.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Roy Campbell, Noonday Press, 1953.
O Primo Basílio (Cousin Bazilio): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, Dedalus Books, 2003.
Suave milagre (The Sweet Miracle): translation by Edgar Prestage, David Nutt, 1905. Also published as The Fisher of Men, T. B. Mosher, 1905; The Sweetest Miracle, T. B. Mosher, 1906; The Sweet Miracle, B. H. Blakwell, 1914.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Ann Stevens and Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, St. Martin's Press, 1965.
Os Maias (The Maias): translation by Margaret Jull Costa, New Directions, 2007.
O Defunto (Our Lady of the Pillar): translation by Edgar Prestage, Archibald Constable, 1906.
Pacheco (Pacheco): translation by Edgar Prestage, Basil Blackwell, 1922.
A Perfeição (Perfection): translation by Charles Marriott, Selwyn & Blovnt, 1923.
José Mathias (José Mathias in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Pacheco (A man of talent in José Mathias and A Man of Talent): translation by Luís Marques, George G. Harap & Co., 1947.
Alves & Cia (The Yellow Sofa in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Um Poeta Lírico (Lyric Poet in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by John Vetch, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
José Mathias (José Mathias in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Pacheco (A man of talent in Yellow Sofa and Three Portraits): translation by Luís Marques, Carcanet Press, 1993. Also published by New Directions, 1996.
Adaptations
There have been two film versions of O Crime do Padre Amaro, a Mexican one in 2002 and a Portuguese version in 2005 which was edited out of a SIC television series, released shortly after the film (the film was by then the most seen Portuguese movie ever, though very badly received by critics, but the tv series, maybe due to being a slightly longer version of the same thing seen by a big share of Portuguese population, flopped and was rather ignored by audiences and critics).
Eça's works have been also adapted on Brazilian television. In 1988 Rede Globo produced O Primo Basílio in 35 episodes. Later, in 2007, a movie adaptation of the same novel was made by director Daniel Filho. In 2001 Rede Globo produced an acclaimed adaptation of Os Maias as a television serial in 40 episodes.
A movie adaptation of O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra was produced in 2007. The director had shortly before directed a series inspired in a whodunit involving the descendants of the original novel's characters (Nome de Código Sintra, Code Name Sintra), and some of the historical flashback scenes (reporting to the book's events) of the series were used in the new movie. The movie was more centered on Eça's and Ramalho Ortigão's writing and publishing of the original serial and the controversy it created and less around the book's plot itself.