| Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank | |||
| 安妮·弗朗克 | |||
阅读安妮·弗兰克 Anne Frank在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
安妮·弗兰克1942年，由于纳粹当局捕捉犹太人的行为日益严重，而且玛格特也收到纳粹当局的劳动通知，使得奥图决定移居到更为隐密且安全的居所；那年的7月9 日，安妮一家与范丹一家搬入奥图公司的三楼与四楼，以书柜挡住出入口以避人耳目，过着隐蔽的生活。后来他们的伙伴又多了一位牙医杜赛尔。所以隐密之家的居 住者共有八个人。
但是在1944年8月4日，安妮一家由于有人告密而被德国和荷兰警察逮捕。数日后所有人被转送到荷兰的威斯第包克集中营，一个月后隐密之家的八个人被转送到波兰的奥斯威辛集中营。之后，安妮与姐姐又被转送到贝尔根─贝尔森集中营，1945年3月姐妹都因伤寒死于营中，距离贝尔根─贝尔森集中营被英军解放不到两个月的时间。而其它隐密之家的成员除奥图之外，都死于集中营之中。
安妮的日记由于公司女职员的保存而留了下来，之后公司的女职员又转交给生存下来的奥图•法兰克，1947年安妮的日记便出版，成为珍贵的第一手资料。
安妮·弗兰克-早期的生活情况 1934年至1942年在荷兰阿姆斯特丹居住的公寓
安妮•法兰克家中成员还包括母亲艾迪斯（Edith Holländer）与姊姊玛格特（Margot Frank）。她出生时名为安内利泽•玛丽（Anneliese Marie），但家人和朋友都以昵称“安妮（Anne）”来称呼她. 有时其父也会叫她“小安妮（Annelein）”。
法兰克一家住在一个犹太人与非犹太人杂居的同化小区中，而安妮和其它在这种环境下生活的小孩一样，经常接触到不同信仰的人士（如天主教徒和新教徒），以及其它犹太裔人。法兰克一家信奉犹太教的一分支—犹太教改革派，此教只遵守部分原犹太教条，而忽略及摒弃了大量原犹太教传统。安妮的母亲艾迪斯是一个虔诚的教徒，而父亲奥图在第一次世界大战时曾出仕于德国政府，并且获授勋。性格上奥图热衷于追求知识，所以对安妮及其姊玛格特也经常鼓励她们多阅读。
1933年3月13日，在法兰克福进行了市议会选举，由希特勒领导的纳粹党胜出。反犹太主义在此时便迅速扩张起来，使法兰克一家开始担心继续留在德国会对自身安全构成危险。在接近年尾时，艾迪斯便带着安妮与玛格特到亚琛的外母家中居住，而奥图则继续留在法兰克福，直至他收到在荷兰阿姆斯特丹开设公司的邀请，便决定搬到那边去打理生意和为家人安排新住所。法兰克一家是1933年至1939年离开德国的300，000犹太人之一。
奥图开设了一家名为“Opekta Works”的公司，负责批发由各种水果提炼出来的果胶。他在阿姆斯特丹近郊的梅尔韦德广场（Merwedeplein）替家人找到了新住所。1934年2月，艾迪斯带着安妮与玛格特搬到新住所，而且也重新为两姊妹安排学校。姊姊玛格特入读了一所公立学校，而安妮则入读了蒙特梭利式教育学校（Montessori School）。 两姊妹在学业上各有专长，玛格特比较精于算术及数学，而安妮在读写上比较优异。其中一个当时安妮的朋友哈娜•戈斯拉（Hannah Goslar）忆述，安妮在作业时经常会用手盖着答案，以不被其它同侪借故抄袭，而且也不会跟其它同学一起讨论。但是这些作业后来却没有保留下来。同时， 安妮和玛格特在个性上也有着明显差别。玛格特在举止上较文雅，保守和勤奋，而安妮则较健谈，外向和充满活力。
1938年，奥图与一个由德国奥斯纳布吕克举家搬来，与名叫赫尔曼•云佩斯（Hermann van Pels）的肉贩合伙建立了另一家公司。1939年安妮的祖母也搬到阿姆斯特丹来居住，她之后一直住在这里直到1942年1月逝世。1940年5月，德军入侵并迅速占领荷兰，新成立的亲纳粹政府开始透过差别对待及严格的执法迫害犹太人。政府对犹太人实行了强制登记及隔离，所以即使玛格特与安妮在学校表现优异，但新制度却规定她们只可在指定的犹太学校读书，她们只好离开原校。之后，她们被编入犹太讲学所继续学习。
安妮·弗兰克-日记中的生活情况
躲藏在隐密之家前
纪念石像，于阿姆斯特丹西教堂
1942年6月12日，当安妮正庆祝她的13岁生日时，她收到一份之前在逛商店时，曾向父亲央求过的小簿作为生日礼物。这是一本配有红白彩格封面，并附上一个小锁的签名簿。但安妮之后还是决定把这本小簿作为日记使用。她 开始在日记中记载着在日常生活上的各种琐事，如自己，家人和朋友，校园生活，邻居，甚至与一些男孩嬉戏的情况。这些早期的日记都记录了她的生活，其实都像 其它同学一样大同小异。同时，安妮也把一些在德国占领下，周遭发生的变化记录下来。当中有些是在表面上难以察觉的。但在之后的日记，安妮也透露了纳粹对犹 太人的压迫正急速膨胀，而且也记录了一些详细数据。其中一个例子是日记中有关强迫犹太人在公众场合携带「黄星」的记录。她也列举了一系列在阿姆斯特丹风行，针对犹太人的禁制及迫害措施。同时，她也在日记中表示对年初祖母的离世感到难过。
1942年7月， 玛格特收到了一份由犹太移民局中央办公室（Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung）所发的征召通告，命令她到附近的劳动营报到。然后安妮便得知其父奥图在与自己公司的雇员"沟通"后，决定把她们藏到公司里去，而其母与其姊亦早得知此事。 于是一家人便搬到了位于阿姆斯特丹王子运河（Prinsengracht）河畔的公司内一间隐蔽的房间。
躲藏在隐密之家后
在1942年7月6日早上，安妮一家搬到隐密之家暂避。他们故意把房子弄得很乱，尝试营造他们已经离开的样子。奥图法兰克留下了一张字条，暗示他们要去瑞士。他们被逼留下了安妮的猫 「摩积」。因为犹太人不准乘坐公共交通工具，他们从家门走了几公里，每个人都穿了几层的衣服，因为害怕被人见到他们拿着行李。房子秘密增建的部分，在日记中叫「Achterhuis」，在荷兰文中意即后座。这是一个在房子后座三层高的空间，可以从地面进入。第一层有两间细房，相连的洗手间；楼上是一间大的开放式房间，旁边有一间细房。细房可以通往阁楼去。通往这隐密之家的门被一个书架盖住，保证不会被发现。主建筑在Westerkerk教堂的一个街口外，表面上跟阿姆斯特丹其它的房子没甚两样。
域陀古加、基尔文、美亚姬斯、禾古治是唯一几个知道这里有人隐藏的雇员，姬斯的丈夫、禾古治的父亲都是帮助他们藏身的人。他们是屋内的人和外界的唯 一联系，也会告知他们战争的情况和政局发展。他们保证屋内人的安全，照顾他们的起居饮食——一个随时间而变得艰难的任务。安妮写下了他们在最危险的时期对 提升屋内士气的贡献。他们都知道，一旦被发现，帮助犹太人都会令他们落得死刑的下场。
在七月尾，云佩斯一家加入了法兰克一家，他们包括：贺文、爱吉斯、十六岁的彼得，十一月时费兹•飞化，一位牙医和云佩斯家的朋友，也加入了。安妮写下了跟新朋友说话的兴奋，但很快，狭小的居住环境引起了冲突。安妮跟飞化同住一间房，她很快就觉得他很难以忍受；她又跟爱吉斯•云佩斯冲突，她认为她愚蠢。她跟她母亲的关系亦日渐紧张，安妮说她与她母亲没有甚么共通点。虽然她有时也跟玛格特吵架，但她最亲的还是父亲。过了一段日子以后，她跟彼得却堕入了爱河。
安妮大部分时间都花在读书和学习上，闲时也写日记。除了记下生活上经历的事情外，她也写下自己的感受，信念和希望，一些她觉得她不能再谈的东西。后来她对写作的信心增强了，人又成熟了，她开始写一些抽象的东西，例如对神的信念，又或是她怎么了解人性。她一直都在写，直至1944年8月1日的最后一篇为止。
被捕
1944年8月4日早上，德国警察闯入了他们的隐密之家，告密者的身分至今未明。在党卫队长官斯巴鲍华的带领下，当中总共有至少三个德国警察的成员。屋里的人都被货车带走问话。域陀古加和基尔文都被带走并收监，美亚姬斯和禾基治则没有被带走。其它所有人都被带到了盖世太保的基地，被盘问了一整晚。8月5日，他们被转送到拘留所，一个极度挤逼的监狱中。两日后八个犹太囚犯又被转送到荷兰的维斯坦堡。它表面上是一个暂时拘留营，在当时已经有超过十万犹太人曾经被囚在此处。因为被发现匿藏，他们被视为罪犯，要被送去做苦工。
域陀古加与基尔文被囚禁于一个位于阿默斯福特的战俘营。基尔文在七个星期后获释，但域陀古加则在不同的劳改营一直当苦工直到战争结束。美亚姬斯与禾基治曾被秘密警察迫问，但没有被带走。他们后来回到隐密之家，找到安妮散落在地上的纸张；他们把它们连同家庭相簿收起，姬斯打算在战后把它们还给安妮。在1944年8月7日，美亚姬斯曾找到斯巴鲍华，并希望贿赂他以换取释放囚犯，但遭拒绝。
被送入集中营与逝世
位于贝尔根－贝尔森集中营集中营旧址的纪念碑9月3日，他们被最后一次移转，由火车送到奥斯威辛集中营去。他们在三日后到达，以性别分开，再也无法会面。在1019个乘客当中，549个人（包括所有15岁以下的小孩）被直接送到毒气室杀害。安妮当时已经过了十五岁三个月，得以活命。虽然每个从隐密之家来的人都活下来了，但安妮相信她的父亲已经身亡。
安妮跟其它没被送进毒气室的女性一样，要脱光消毒，剃头，被纹上一个识别码。白天，她们被逼做奴隶式的苦工，晚上她们都挤在冷得要命的营房中。疾病非常猖獗，安妮的皮肤也感染了疥癣。
10月28日，军方开始选移转到贝尔根－贝尔森集中营。多于8000个女人，包括安妮、玛格特和爱吉斯•云佩斯，被转送到该集中营；她的母亲艾迪斯 留了下来。因为大量囚犯被送进来，要开始用营帐收留；安妮和玛格特就是其中二人。人口增加了，同时使死亡率不断上升。安妮跟两个朋友短暂地重遇——汉妮和 兰特，她们两人都在战争中活下来了。兰特形容安妮为：秃头，瘦弱，又在颤抖。汉妮说虽然安妮自己也在生病，她却更担心玛格特，因为她的病更严重，而且已经 不能走动，常常在帆布床中躲着。安妮对她的两位朋友说，她相信她的父母已经死亡。
1945年3月，班疹伤寒在集中营中传开，17000个囚犯因此死亡。有目击者说玛格特从她的帆布床中掉下来，因为休克而死亡，数日后安妮也死去了。他们估计安妮的死发生在1945年4月15日，英军光复这个集中营的数星期前。虽然没有确切日期，一般都相信时间介乎二月尾和三月中。
战后，有报告称在110000个从荷兰押解到纳粹德国的犹太人中，只有5000个得以活命。也有估计指出仍有大约30000名犹太人留在荷兰，大部分都受到地下反纳粹组织援助，当中约有三分之二的人存活下来。
安妮·弗兰克-安妮的日记
日记出版经过
1995版，采用了一幅安妮于1941年在犹太人学校读书时，所摄影的相片作为封面。奥图一家最后只剩下父亲奥图在大战后存活下来。他在大战过后回到阿姆斯特丹，而且知道他的妻子已经逝世，而两个女儿就被转移到贝尔根－贝尔森集中营。虽然他仍然寄望两个女儿能够活着回来，但于1945年7月，他却收到由国际红十字会传来的信息，表示两姊妹被确认已经离世。后来，奥图的旧下属美亚‧姬斯把一直收藏的日记还给了他。奥图在看过日记后，也表示从来也没有想到安妮在日记中，对往日的生活状况竟有着如此准确和良好的记载。基于安妮在生前曾多次提到自己的意愿是成为作家，奥图开始考虑把日记公开出版。在若干年后，当奥图再次被问起对此事的感受时，他表示 「这对我来说也是一个发现，.我从不知道她有这么深刻的想法和感受，... 她从没有表露过这些」。
开始时，安妮的日记都是表达自己的想法，并且在里头强调了很多次她不容许任何人看她的日记。她聪明地形容了她的生活，她的家庭与同伴，他们的情况， 同时又表明了自己希望写小说出版的意向。在1944年春天，她听到一个Gerrit Bolkestein做的电台广播——他是一个荷兰流亡政府的成员。他说当战事结束后，他会筹组关于战事荷兰人民受压迫的公共纪录。他 也提起过出版信件和日记，所以安妮决定在那时交出她的日记。她开始修正她的作品，删减某些部分，又重写某些部分，希望终有一天可以出版。她原本的笔记本子已经用完了，开始写另一本活页簿。她为屋子里的所有人起了假名，云佩斯一家成为了贺文，比曹妮娜和彼得•云丹，费兹飞化成为了艾拔•德素。奥图•法兰克用 了称为「A版本」的原日记，和称为「B版本」的修改了的日记一起，出版了日记的初版。他拿走了几篇文章，大多数是用不奉承的词语形容他太太的，和一些形容 安妮对性的兴趣的篇章。他回复了他们一家的真实身分，但其它人依然沿用假名。
他把日记交给历史学家安妮•罗美，她想出版日记的尝试却都不成功。然后她把日记交给丈夫，他从而写了一篇关于日记的文章，叫「一个小孩的声音」，于1946年4月3日刊在报纸上。他写道：「日记结结巴巴地道出了一个小孩子的心声，体现了法西斯主义的可怕，连纽伦堡审判都不及它。」他的文章引来了出版商的注意，在1947年，日记初版， 1950 年再版。美国的初版在1952年，书名称为《安妮•法兰克：一个少女的日记》。在法国、德国、美国，日记的发行都大受欢迎；但英国却是个例外，在1953 年便已停印。在日本，此书的发行极受注目及好评，初版卖出逾100，000本。而安妮•法兰克在当时的日本，也成为战时受害的年轻一代的象征人物。后来艾拔•赫吉把它改编成为戏剧，于1955年10月5日在纽约首次公演，后来赢了普立兹奖。1959年，日记被拍成电影，《安妮•法兰克的日记》 ，无论是评论还是票房都是非常正面。日子久了，日记的受欢迎程度也与日俱增，在很多学校，尤其是在美国，它被列入学校正规课程中，把安妮介绍给新一代的读者。
1986年，荷兰国家战争文件研究所发表了所谓的「评论性版」日记。它包括了所有已知版本的比较，已修订和未经修订的都包含在内。它也包括了对日记真实性的讨论，和附加的，有关这个家庭和日记的历史资料。
1999年，安妮•法兰克基金的前主席和美国大屠杀纪念教育基金的主席瑞积（Cornelis Suijk），宣布他拥有被奥图•法兰克在出版前拿走的五页日记；瑞积说奥图•法兰克在1980年临终前把这几页都给了他。那几页，记下了安妮对父母关系 紧张的婚姻的批评，和她母亲对她的漠不关心。
当瑞积打算卖出那五页日记以替他的美国基金筹钱的时候，惹起过一番不小的争议。而手稿的正式主人，荷兰国家战争文件研究所要求瑞积交出手稿。 2000年，荷兰教育、文化及科学部同意捐出300000美元给瑞积的基金，2001年，手稿回到他们的手上。自此之后，五页手稿都被收入日记的新版本中。
安妮·弗兰克-对安妮与日记的评价
正面评价
战后在阿姆斯特丹的安妮旧居内，重新放置了用作屏蔽"隐密之家"的书架。这本日记的高度文学价值一直受世人重视。美国知名剧作家梅耶•莱文（Meyer Levin）曾以「有着嫓美长篇小说的张力」来形容安妮的写作风格，并受到她的日记启发和感动，在日记出版后不久，便与奥图•法兰克合作把日记内容改编为舞台剧。另外，著名美国诗人约翰•贝里曼（John Berryman）也曾表示，日记描写的内容独特之处，在于它不仅描述了青春期的心态，而且「以细致而充满自信，简约而不失真实地描述了一个孩子转变为成人的心态。」
在日记的美国发行版中，埃莉诺•罗斯福（即前美国总统罗斯福夫人）在序中写道：「在我曾阅读过的书籍中，这是其中一个对战争影响的描述最为现实和聪慧的记载之一」。前美国总统约翰•肯尼迪在1961年一次演说中提到说：「在众多于我们历史重要关头，站出来为人性尊严辩护的人当中，没有谁的说话比安妮法兰克更铿锵有力。」同年，一位苏联作家伊利亚•爱伦堡（Ilya Ehrenburg）也认为，「这是一本代表了六百万（犹太）人心声的书，纵使这不是甚么雄壮伟大的史诗，只是一本普通小女孩的日记。」
安妮也被认为是一个有高度写作水平的作家和人道主义者，同时也被广泛视为纳粹对犹太人大屠杀，以及迫害主义的一个象征。希拉里•克林顿（即前美国总统克林顿夫人，2008年美国总统选举候选民主党提名人） ，在她于1994年接受埃利•维瑟尔人道主义奖时的演说中，也提到安妮的日记「唤醒我们不要再作出愚蠢的岐视行为」（指当时于萨拉热窝，索马利兰和卢旺达的种族战争和屠杀）。
在获得安妮•法兰克基金颁授的人权奖后，曼德拉在约翰内斯堡发表讲话， 他说在阅过安妮的日记后，「在当中获得许多鼓励」。他把自己对种族隔离的反抗喻为安妮对纳粹的反抗，并以「因为这些信条都是完全错误的，也因为古往今来，它们都在被跟安妮•法兰克相似的人挑战，所以它们是必定会失败的。」 来把两种信念连系在一起。同样地于1994年，前捷克总统瓦茨拉夫•哈维尔在响应怎样面对当时的东欧国家，在苏联解体后的政治与社会变化时，也回答说：「安妮•法兰克留给后人的精神至今仍然存在，并且对我们仍然具有重要意义。」藉此表示自己的理念。
意大利作家普利摩•利瓦伊（Primo Levi）曾经表示安妮•法兰克之所以被广泛认为代表着在二战中数以百万计受害的民众，是因为「接受安妮•法兰克的故事，比起要去接受那成千上万与她一样的受害者要来的容易。也许这样比较好吧，人们总不能活在成千上万悲惨故事的阴影下。」而奥地利作家玛莉萨•穆勒（Melissa Müller） 在她的撰写的安妮法兰克传记的后记中，也提到相似的想法，并且试图消除公众对「安妮•法兰克代表着六百万纳粹集中营受难者」的误解。她写道：「安妮的生命 与死亡都是她的命运，而那六百万受害者也有着自己的命运。所以她不能代表那六百万被纳粹夺去的性命，他们也有着自己与别不同的命运……但她的命运，依然使 我们明白大屠杀对犹太人的影响是如此的广，如此的深远。」
安妮的父亲，奥图•法兰克在余生都致力于维护安妮留下的一切。他曾表示「这样给我的感觉很奇怪。通常在正常的家庭关系里，都是子女承受着父母知名所 带来荣誉和负担，而我却恰好相反。」而他也重提了出版商认为日记何以如此畅销的意见。「他们说，日记触及的日常生活细节是如此的广泛，致使几乎每个读者都 能在日记中找到触动自己的共鸣。」著名的「纳粹猎人」西蒙•维森塔尔认为，安妮的日记大大提高了公众，对那些在纽伦堡审判中已被确认的屠杀罪行的注意和认识，因为「人们都认识这个女孩。人们都知道大屠杀对她的影响，这也是在我的家庭，在你的家庭也发生着的事，所以人们都能明白这个罪行的影响。」
于1999年6月，美国时代杂志出版了一册题为《TIME 100：世界最具影响力的人物》（TIME 100：Heroes & Icons of the 20th century）的特别期刊，安妮•法兰克获选为其中之一。编者罗杰•罗森布拉特（Roger Rosenblatt） 对她的贡献作出了这样的评价：「安妮的日记燃起了所有人对她的热情，她使人们认识到大屠杀、反犹太主义，也使人们认识到她的童真、善良仁慈，更成为现代世 界的精神象征－不论是在受着各式各样影响的个人精神道德，还是在坚定人类对生存的渴望，与对未来的憧憬上。」 他同时表示，当人们敬重安妮的勇气与实事求事的态度时，同时她对自身的分析能力与写作能力亦使人钦佩，「她的声誉所以能长存不朽，主要是因为她具有高度文 学水平。不论甚么年龄来看，她都是一个水平极高的作家，能在当时残酷的现实环境下写出了如此优秀的作品。」
安妮·弗兰克
负面评价和诉讼
日记自20世纪50年代起受到公众关注后，开始出现不断的批评与质疑，也有著作申述这些批评，最早期的著作来自瑞典及挪威。在这些负面评价中，曾经有人质疑日记的作者不是安妮•法兰克，而是剧作家梅耶•莱文。
于1958年，当安妮的日记改编的舞台剧在维也纳上映时，在席的西蒙•维森塔尔受到一班抗议者的滋扰。那些抗议者质疑安妮•法兰克是否实际上不存 在，并挑衅维森塔尔要求他找出当年逮捕安妮的军官以兹证明。后来于1963年维森塔尔找到了当时的盖世太保Karl Silberbauer，在与他的会谈中， Silberbauer对当时的罪行直认不讳，并在一张被他逮捕的人的相片中认出了安妮•法兰克。他并供认了整个逮捕过程，也记得在过程中曾翻倒了一个载 满纸张的公文包。这些证词后来全被其它目击证人，包括奥图•法兰克予以证实。这次事件也平息了对安妮•法兰克是否存在的质疑。
除此以外，有批评者提出了对作者新的质疑。批评者认为，安妮的日记实际是亲犹太组织的宣传品，而奥图•法兰克亦被指为骗子。于1959年，奥图•法兰克于德国吕贝克对一名曾为希特拉青年团成 员的教师Lothar Stielau兴讼，控告该名教师在校报上诋毁日记为赝品，后来同时控告了在吕贝克一份报纸登信支持Stielau的Heinrich Buddegerg。开庭审讯后，法庭分析了日记的手稿，在1960年确认了日记笔迹与已知的安妮•法兰克笔迹相同，并确定日记为真品。法庭判决后， Stielau撤回本来的言论，而奥图•法兰克也没有继续追究。
1976年，奥图•法兰克控告法兰克福的Heinz Roth，指他印发诋毁日记为赝品的小册子，法庭其后判决Heinz Roth被罚款500，000马克及监禁6个月。Roth其后提出了上诉，但他于1978年去世，而在翌年上诉也被驳回。
同年，奥图•法兰克也对Ernst Römer提出了诉讼，指他印发一本名为《畅销书安妮日记的谎言（ The Diary of Anne Frank, Bestseller, A Lie）》的小册子。此案在法庭审讯时，一个名为Edgar Geiss的人在庭上派发此本小册子，结果他也被起诉。法庭其后判决Römer被罚款1,500马克，而Geiss则被判监禁6个月。在上诉后刑期虽然获得减少，但此次案件却因为奥图•法兰克后来对刑期的再度上诉，超逾了当地有关诽谤的法律条例范围而结束。
在奥图•法兰克于1980年死后，安妮的日记包括书信与分散的页纸，按他的遗愿被转交予荷兰国家战争文件研究所，研究所后来在1986年委托荷兰司法部对日记进行司法科学鉴定。司法部分析了日记的笔迹并与过往案例作对比，证实笔迹脗合，而日记上的纸张，浆糊与墨迹亦被确认为与日记撰写年代脗合，最后安妮的日记正式被荷兰司法部确认为真迹。后来荷兰国家战争文件研究所综合研究结果与原稿及其它资料，出版了所谓的「评论性版」。于1990年3月23日，德国汉堡地方法庭对此版的日记进行了确认。
1991年，两位大屠杀否定派学者罗伯特•弗里森（Robert Faurisson） 与 Siegfried Verbeke出版了一本名为《安妮的日记:另一面接触（The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach）》的著作。这本着作宣称日记由奥图•法兰克撰写，并提出日记内容有不少矛盾，质疑躲藏在隐密之家的可能性，以及文章风格及文笔与同年龄 的青少年有别等问题。
在荷兰阿姆斯特丹的安妮•法兰克之家与位于瑞士巴塞尔的安妮•法兰克基金，在1993年12月就上述著作动用民事法，禁止该书在荷兰的进一步印发。于1998年12月9日，阿姆斯特丹地方法庭按原告要求，禁止任何否定日记及其内容真实性的印刷品出版，违者将被罚款25,000荷兰盾（约11350欧元）。
安妮·弗兰克-安妮与日记的精神与物质遗产
安妮的半身像，伦敦大英图书馆
在1957年5月3日，一群阿姆斯特丹市民，包括奥图•法兰克，成立了安妮法兰克慈善会（the Anne Frank Stichting）以拯救有被拆卸危险的隐密之家（旧Opekta Works公司大楼），并把大楼改建为安妮之家博物馆，于1960年5月3日向公众开放。博物馆由Opekta公司的货仓与办公室和隐密之家两部分组成， 所有的家具都已经被移走，使访客能自由移动。而一些前住客的个人物品则仍被保留，如一些安妮贴在墙上的影星照片、奥图•法兰克在墙纸上标示女儿身高的部 分、还有一幅记录着同盟国进 度的地图，这些东西都仍然保存完好。在一间曾经是彼得居住的房间里，有一条通往旁边楼房邻居处的通道，也被慈善会买下来并入博物馆。这些房屋都曾用作收藏 安妮的日记，以转换的展览区来展示当时纳粹迫害的影响以及当代世界的反对种族岐视暴力。安妮之家至今已成为阿姆斯特丹一个重要旅游景点，在2005年当年 接待了965，000名游客。博物馆亦提供了网上导览予不能前来的公众，也举办了多国流动展览。直至2005年，已有32个国家举行过展览，分布于欧洲、 亚洲、北美洲及南美洲。
1963年，奥图•法兰克与他的第二任妻子，Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits，成立了安妮法兰克基金会作为慈善基金，以瑞士巴塞尔为总部。基金会筹募捐助经费使博物馆「看来好一点」。直至奥 图•法兰克逝世，他在遗愿中表示把日记的版权留给基金会，但附带条款是把每年需在版权所得收入中拨出80，000瑞士法郎予他的继承人，其余收入则由基金 管理员决定如何使用。基金会现在使用这笔收入，每年定期捐助给一个名为「国际义人（Righteous Among the Nations）」的计划中以作医疗用途。基金会亦致力教育下一代反对种族岐视暴力，曾在2003年借出安妮的部分手稿，于美国大屠杀纪念馆作公开展览。在同年的年度报告中，基金会也指出它们于德国、以色列、印度、瑞士、英国及美国亦开展着同样的计划。
安妮一家在1933年至1942年间曾经居住于荷兰Merwedeplein区的一所房屋，于本世纪初仍为私人所有，直至一部电视纪录片公 开才开始受到公众关注。虽然长期没有保护及维修，但这所房屋被一家荷兰房屋公司收购后，房屋公司根据以往法兰克一家的照片，与安妮在信件中对家具环境等的 描述数据帮助下，成功回复到1930年代的旧貌。在过程中，安妮之家博物馆的Teresien da Silva与安妮的表弟Bernhard "Buddy" Elias亦提供了不少意见。该所房屋已于2005年重开，提供予部分因不同原因，而不能于原居地写作的被选作家以作栖身之所。每名被选的作家都有一年期 限于屋内居留或工作。首名被选的作家是阿尔及利亚籍的小说作家El-Mahdi Acherchour。
2007年6月，安妮的表弟"Buddy" Elias捐赠了约25，000件家居文件予安妮之家博物馆。这些文件中，包括了一些法兰克一家在德国与荷兰拍下的照片，以及奥图•法兰克于1945年把前妻与女儿于纳粹集中营中死去的消息告知母亲的信件。
以安妮•法兰克的生命、日记、作品为灵感，后世也创作了大量以她为参考，或以她为主题的文学、音乐、电视及其它媒体作品。
Born in the city of Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany, she lived most of her life in or near Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. By nationality, she was officially considered a German until 1941, when she lost her nationality owing to the anti-Semitic policies of Nazi Germany (the Nuremberg Laws). She gained international fame posthumously following the publication of her diary which documents her experiences hiding during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.
The Frank family moved from Germany to Amsterdam in 1933, the same year as the Nazis gained power in Germany. By the beginning of 1940 they were trapped in Amsterdam due to the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. As persecutions of the Jewish population increased in July 1942, the family went into hiding in the hidden rooms of her father, Otto Frank's, office building. After two years, the group was betrayed and transported to concentration camps. Anne Frank and her sister, Margot, were eventually transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp where they both died of typhus in March 1945.
Otto Frank, the only survivor of the family, returned to Amsterdam after the war to find that Anne's diary had been saved, and his efforts led to its publication in 1947. It was translated from its original Dutch and first published in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. It has since been translated into many languages. The diary, which was given to Anne on her 13th birthday, chronicles her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944.
Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany, the second daughter of Otto Frank (1889–1980) and Edith Frank-Holländer (1900–45). Margot Frank (1926–45) was her elder sister. The Franks were liberal Jews, did not observe all of the customs and traditions of Judaism, and lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of various religions. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read.
On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt for the municipal council, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Antisemitic demonstrations occurred almost immediately, and the Franks began to fear what would happen to them if they remained in Germany. Later that year, Edith and the children went to Aachen, where they stayed with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to organise the business and to arrange accommodations for his family. The Franks were among approximately 300,000 Jews who fled Germany between 1933 and 1939.
The apartment block on the Merwedeplein where the Frank family lived from 1934 until 1942
Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company that sold the fruit extract pectin, and found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in school — Margot in public school and Anne in a Montessori school. Margot demonstrated ability in arithmetic, and Anne showed aptitude for reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later recalled that from early childhood, Frank frequently wrote, although she shielded her work with her hands and refused to discuss the content of her writing. The Frank sisters had highly distinct personalities, Margot being well-mannered, reserved, and studious, while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted.
In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon, which was a wholesaler of herbs, pickling salts and mixed spices, used in the production of sausages. Hermann van Pels was employed by Pectacon as an advisor about spices. He was a Jewish butcher, who had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family. In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January 1942.
In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws; mandatory registration and segregation soon followed. The Frank sisters were excelling in their studies and had many friends, but with the introduction of a decree that Jewish children could attend only Jewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish Lyceum. In April 1941, Otto Frank took action to prevent Pectacon from being confiscated as a Jewish-owned business. He transferred his shares in Pectacon to Johannes Kleiman and resigned as director. The company was liquidated and all assets transferred to Gies and Company, headed by Jan Gies. In December 1941, he followed a similar process to save Opekta. The businesses continued with little obvious change and their survival allowed Otto Frank to earn a minimal income, but sufficient to provide for his family.
Time period chronicled in the diary
Before going into hiding
For her 13th birthday on 12 June 1942, Frank received a book she had shown her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although it was an autograph book, bound with red-and-green plaid cloth and with a small lock on the front, Frank decided she would use it as a diary, and began writing in it almost immediately. While many of her early entries relate the mundane aspects of her life, she also discusses some of the changes that had taken place in the Netherlands since the German occupation. In her entry dated 20 June 1942, she lists many of the restrictions that had been placed upon the lives of the Dutch Jewish population, and also notes her sorrow at the death of her grandmother earlier in the year. Frank dreamed about becoming an actress. She loved watching movies, but the Dutch Jews were forbidden access to movie theaters from 8 January 1941 onwards.
In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call-up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Otto Frank told his family that they would go into hiding in rooms above and behind the company's premises on the Prinsengracht, a street along one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employees would help them. The call-up notice forced them to relocate several weeks earlier than had been anticipated.
Life in the Achterhuis
Reconstruction of the bookcase that covered the entrance to the Secret Annexe, in the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam
On the morning of Monday, 6 July 1942, the family moved into the hiding place. Their apartment was left in a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were going to Switzerland. The need for secrecy forced them to leave behind Anne's cat, Moortje. As Jews were not allowed to use public transport, they walked several kilometers from their home, with each of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did not dare to be seen carrying luggage. The Achterhuis (a Dutch word denoting the rear part of a house, translated as the "Secret Annexe" in English editions of the diary) was a three-story space entered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two small rooms, with an adjoining bathroom and toilet, were on the first level, and above that a larger open room, with a small room beside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the attic. The door to the Achterhuis was later covered by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered. The main building, situated a block from the Westerkerk, was nondescript, old and typical of buildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam.
Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding, and with Gies's husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, were their "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. These contacts provided the only connection between the outside world and the occupants of the house, and they kept the occupants informed of war news and political developments. They catered for all of their needs, ensured their safety and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that if caught they could face the death penalty for sheltering Jews.
The house (left) at the Prinsengracht in Amsterdam
On 13 July 1942, the Franks were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Frank wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable and resented his intrusion, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. She regarded Hermann van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer as selfish, particularly in regard to the amount of food they consumed. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognised a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. She received her first kiss from him, but her infatuation with him began to wane as she questioned whether her feelings for him were genuine, or resulted from their shared confinement. Anne Frank formed a close bond with each of the helpers and Otto Frank later recalled that she had anticipated their daily visits with impatient enthusiasm. He observed that Anne's closest friendship was with Bep Voskuijl, "the young typist... the two of them often stood whispering in the corner."
In her writing, Frank examined her relationships with the members of her family, and the strong differences in each of their personalities. She considered herself to be closest emotionally to her father, who later commented, "I got on better with Anne than with Margot, who was more attached to her mother. The reason for that may have been that Margot rarely showed her feelings and didn't need as much support because she didn't suffer from mood swings as much as Anne did." The Frank sisters formed a closer relationship than had existed before they went into hiding, although Anne sometimes expressed jealousy towards Margot, particularly when members of the household criticised Anne for lacking Margot's gentle and placid nature. As Anne began to mature, the sisters were able to confide in each other. In her entry of 12 January 1944, Frank wrote, "Margot's much nicer... She's not nearly so catty these days and is becoming a real friend. She no longer thinks of me as a little baby who doesn't count."
The Secret Annexe with its light-coloured walls and orange roof (bottom) and the Anne Frank tree in the garden behind the house (bottom right), seen from the Westerkerk in 2004
Frank frequently wrote of her difficult relationship with her mother, and of her ambivalence towards her. On 7 November 1942 she described her "contempt" for her mother and her inability to "confront her with her carelessness, her sarcasm and her hard-heartedness," before concluding, "She's not a mother to me." Later, as she revised her diary, Frank felt ashamed of her harsh attitude, writing: "Anne, is it really you who mentioned hate, oh Anne, how could you?" She came to understand that their differences resulted from misunderstandings that were as much her fault as her mother's, and saw that she had added unnecessarily to her mother's suffering. With this realization, Frank began to treat her mother with a degree of tolerance and respect.
The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school as soon as they were able, and continued with their studies while in hiding. Margot took a shorthand course by correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name and received high marks. Most of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote and edited her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about her feelings, beliefs and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in God, and how she defined human nature.
Frank aspired to become a journalist, writing in her diary on Wednesday, 5 April 1944:
“ I finally realized that I must do my schoolwork to keep from being ignorant, to get on in life, to become a journalist, because that’s what I want! I know I can write..., but it remains to be seen whether I really have talent...
And if I don’t have the talent to write books or newspaper articles, I can always write for myself. But I want to achieve more than that. I can’t imagine living like Mother, Mrs. van Daan and all the women who go about their work and are then forgotten. I need to have something besides a husband and children to devote myself to!... I want to be useful or bring enjoyment to all people, even those I’ve never met. I want to go on living even after my death! And that’s why I’m so grateful to God for having given me this gift, which I can use to develop myself and to express all that’s inside me! When I write I can shake off all my cares. My sorrow disappears, my spirits are revived! But, and that’s a big question, will I ever be able to write something great, will I ever become a journalist or a writer?
”
—Anne Frank
She continued writing regularly until her final entry of August 1, 1944.
Arrest
Main article: Betrayal of Anne Frank
A partial reconstruction of the barracks in the concentration camp Westerbork where Anne Frank stayed from August to September 1944
On the morning of 4 August 1944, the Achterhuis was stormed by the German Security Police (Grüne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified. Led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst, the group included at least three members of the Security Police. The Franks, van Pelses and Pfeffer were taken to the Gestapo headquarters where they were interrogated and held overnight. On 5 August, they were transferred to the Huis van Bewaring (House of Detention), an overcrowded prison on the Weteringschans. Two days later they were transported to Westerbork. Ostensibly a transit camp, by this time more than 100,000 Jews had passed through it. Having been arrested in hiding, they were considered criminals and were sent to the Punishment Barracks for hard labor.
Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were arrested and jailed at the penal camp for enemies of the regime at Amersfoort. Kleiman was released after seven weeks, but Kugler was held in various work camps until the war's end. Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were questioned and threatened by the Security Police but were not detained. They returned to the Achterhuis the following day, and found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Gies resolved to return them to Anne after the war. On 7 August 1944, Gies attempted to facilitate the release of the prisoners by confronting Silberbauer and offering him money to intervene, but he refused.
Deportation and death
On 3 September 1944, the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and arrived after a three-day journey. In the chaos that marked the unloading of the trains, the men were forcibly separated from the women and children, and Otto Frank was wrenched from his family. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549—including all children younger than fifteen—were sent directly to the gas chambers. Frank had turned fifteen three months earlier and was one of the youngest people to be spared from her transport. She was soon made aware that most people were gassed upon arrival, and never learned that the entire group from the Achterhuis had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated.
With the other females not selected for immediate death, Frank was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day, the women were used as slave labor and Frank was forced to haul rocks and dig rolls of sod; by night, they were crammed into overcrowded barracks. Some witnesses later testified Frank became withdrawn and tearful when she saw children being led to the gas chambers, others reported that more often she displayed strength and courage, and her gregarious and confident nature allowed her to obtain extra bread rations for her mother, sister and herself. Disease was rampant and before long, Frank's skin became badly infected by scabies. The Frank sisters were moved into an infirmary, which was in a state of constant darkness, and infested with rats and mice. Edith Frank stopped eating, saving every morsel of food for her daughters and passing her rations to them, through a hole she made at the bottom of the infirmary wall.
Memorial for Margot and Anne Frank at the former Bergen-Belsen site, along with floral and pictorial tributes
On 28 October, selections began for women to be relocated to Bergen-Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were transported, but Edith Frank was left behind and later died from starvation. Tents were erected at Bergen-Belsen to accommodate the influx of prisoners, and as the population rose, the death toll due to disease increased rapidly. Frank was briefly reunited with two friends, Hanneli Goslar and Nanette Blitz, who were confined in another section of the camp. Goslar and Blitz both survived the war and later discussed the brief conversations they had conducted with Frank through a fence. Blitz described her as bald, emaciated and shivering and Goslar noted Auguste van Pels was with Anne and Margot Frank, and was caring for Margot, who was severely ill. Neither of them saw Margot as she was too weak to leave her bunk. Anne told both Blitz and Goslar she believed her parents were dead, and for that reason did not wish to live any longer. Goslar later estimated their meetings had taken place in late January or early February, 1945.
In March 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp and killed approximately 17,000 prisoners. Witnesses later testified Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock, and a few days later, Anne died. They state this occurred a few weeks before the camp was liberated by British troops on 15 April 1945, although the exact dates were not recorded. After liberation, the camp was burned in an effort to prevent further spread of disease, and Anne and Margot were buried in a mass grave, the exact whereabouts of which is unknown.
After the war, it was estimated of the 107,000 Jews deported from the Netherlands between 1942 and 1944, only 5,000 survived. It was also estimated up to 30,000 Jews remained in the Netherlands, with many people aided by the Dutch underground. Approximately two-thirds of this group of people survived the war.
Otto Frank survived his internment in Auschwitz. After the war ended, he returned to Amsterdam where he was sheltered by Jan and Miep Gies, as he attempted to locate his family. He learned of the death of his wife, Edith, in Auschwitz, but he remained hopeful that his daughters had survived. After several weeks, he discovered Margot and Anne had also died. He attempted to determine the fates of his daughters' friends, and learned many had been murdered. Susanne Ledermann, often mentioned in Anne's diary, had been gassed along with her parents, though her sister, Barbara, a close friend of Margot, had survived. Several of the Frank sisters' school friends had survived, as had the extended families of both Otto and Edith Frank, as they had fled Germany during the mid 1930s, with individual family members settling in Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.