阅读埃德加·斯诺 Edgar Snow在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
埃德加·斯诺1960年，当日本帝国主义对中国发动全面侵略战争，中华民族到了生死存亡的紧急关头的时候，有一大批世界各国的正义进步人士和反法西斯的国际主义战士纷纷到中国来支援和帮助中国人民抗战。他们同中国军民患难与共、团结战斗，许多人英勇地献出了自己宝贵的生命，为抗日战争的胜利作出了重要贡献。中国人民的诚挚朋友，美国著名记者、作家埃德加·斯诺在抗日战争中发挥了独特的作用。
斯诺是最早揭露日本帝国主义侵略中国野心的西方记者和历史的见证人。早在1929年春，他作为一位美国记者到东北旅游采访时，亲眼看到日本关东军驻扎在中国的土地上，横行霸道。他指出，“在满洲的每个日本人思想深处都有一种信念，那就是迟早都要把太阳旗插遍这里的每一个角落。”
斯诺于1928年来华，曾任欧美几家报社驻华记者、通讯员。1933年4月到1935年6月，斯诺同时兼任北平燕京大学新闻系讲师。1936年6月斯诺访问陕甘宁边区，写了大量通讯报道，成为第一个采访红区的西方记者。抗日战争爆发后，又任《每日先驱报》和美国《星期六晚邮报》驻华战地记者。1942年去中亚和苏联前线采访，离开中国。新中国成立后，曾三次来华访问，1972年2月15日因病在瑞士日内瓦逝世。
埃德加·斯诺
斯诺与海伦·斯诺于1949年5月分手，两人之间没有子女，之后海伦一直住在斯诺购置的在美国康涅狄格州麦迪逊镇一栋建于1752年的农舍里，而且没有再婚。在尼克松总统访华后，她于1972年末和1978年两次再访中国。80年代两次获诺贝尔和平奖提名。1996年中国人民对外友好协会授予海伦“人民友好使者”的荣誉证书和证章。1997年1月，海伦去世。斯诺与海伦离婚后与美国女演员洛伊斯·惠勒·斯诺结婚，婚后生有一对儿女克里斯托弗和茜安·斯诺。
埃德加·斯诺-人物生平
埃德加·斯诺
埃德加-斯诺（1905一1972）诞生在密苏里州堪 萨斯城。
1924年入密苏里大学新闻学院学习，后从事新闻工作。1928年第一次到中国，任驻上海记者。
1933一1938年在北平燕京大学任教。
1936年访问中国共产党领导下的陕北根据地。
1937年写作出版了《红星照耀中国》（后改名为《西行漫记》），此书最早向美国人民和全世界人民介绍中国的革命运动。
1939年再次访问陕北。
1941年离开中国后，开始对第二次世界大战的采访生活，出版了《为亚洲而战》（1941年）、《人民在我们一边》（1944年）等著作。
1959年偕同夫人移居瑞士。
1960、1964、1970年曾3次访问中国，并报道了新中国的建设成就。另著有《河的彼岸》、 《中国巨变》等介绍中国的书籍。
1972年2月15日病逝于日内瓦。按照他的遗嘱，其部分骨灰于1973年10月安葬在北京大学校园的未名湖畔。
埃德加·斯诺-个人作品
埃德加·斯诺（右）
FarEasternFront
《远东前线》
LivingChina
《活跃的中国》
RedStarOverChina
《红星照耀中国》（旧译名《西行漫记》）
TheBattleforAsia
《为亚洲而战》
PeopleonOurSide
《人民在我们这边》
ThePatternofSovietPower
《苏联的权力结构》
StalinMustHavePeace
《斯大林需要和平》
RandomNotesonRedChina
《红色中国随记》
JourneytotheBeginning
《旅行于方生之地》
RedChinaToday:TheOtherSideoftheRiver
《今日红色中国：大河彼岸》
TheLongRevolution
《漫长的革命》
埃德加·斯诺-个人感言
埃德加·斯诺（左）
我应该是中国的一部分。尽管埃德加采访过并写过许多相隔遥远的不同地区--印度、缅甸、印度支那、伊朗、阿拉伯国家、非洲、欧洲、墨西哥和苏联--战时的与平时的(注），但斯诺的名字却同中国有着特殊的联系。1941年，斯诺离开一住就是十三年的中国返回美国，在谈到他个人同中国这种联系的感受时，他说：我依然赞成中国的事业；从根本上说，真理、公正和正义属于中国人民的事业。我赞成任何有助于中国人民自己帮助自己的措施，因为只有采用这种方法，才能使他们解救自已。但是，我永远不再设想，就我个人对中国来说，除了是一颗漂浮在具有其自身逻辑的宏大历史浪潮上的来自异国的"沧海一粟"之外，我还能有什么更多的作为，对于这一历史浪潮，我既无力改变它也无权评介它。
纵然我不能贸然自称是中国的一部分，但中国却已承认我是她的一部分。直至我懂得饥荒意味着赤身裸体的年轻姑娘胸前挂着两只干瘪的乳房，恐怖意味着在战场的一片焦土上我看到一大群老鼠正在大嚼那些被抛弃的但仍活着的伤兵们身上的化脓血肉；直至我懂得叛乱意味着当我怒不可遏地看到有人把一个小孩变成一头驮载牲口强迫他在地上爬行，而“共产主义”就是一个青年农民为报家仇而起来战斗，因为他家族中有三个孩子参加红军，而全族五十六口人都因此被枪决；直至我懂得战争意味着在上海闸北的街道上，一个姑娘被强奸后又被剖开肚子，一丝不挂地扔在我的眼前，屠杀意味着在靠近卫生部的一条弄堂里的垃圾堆上扔着一个黄皮肤弃婴的尸体；直至我在自己身上看到自己的极度恐惧和怯懦，而从原先我天真地认为比自己低贱的那些男女平民百姓的身上却看到了他们的勇气和决心--这时，我头脑中对文字含义和统计数字所抱有的那种年轻无知的想法，才为中国存在的这些真实的场面和人物所取代。
是的，我应该是中国的一部分。我的一部分应该始终留在中国黄褐色山岭上，留在她绿色梯田上，留在她晨雾中依稀可见的岛上寺庙中，留给不少相信我或喜欢我的中华儿女，留给那些虽然破产但却彬彬有礼、使人愉快、结我吃住的中国农民，留给我所认识的那些皮肤黝黑、衣衫褴褛、眼睛闪亮的中国儿童和那些地位平等的人和恋人们，首先，应该留给所有那些满身长虱，不领薪调，忍饥挨饿，受人鄙视的农民出身的步兵，他们献出自己的生命，赋予生命本身以新的价值，为一个伟大民族的生存和继续前进的战斗加盖了崇高的标志。
埃德加·斯诺-个人影响
埃德加·斯诺（左）
抗日战争全面爆发后，许多外国新闻记者、作家、学者，甚至美国军官，由于斯诺的影响或介绍纷纷到延安和各敌后抗日根据地访问，了解和报道中国人民的抗战。诸如白求恩、柯棣华大夫等许多国际反法西斯战士，都是读了《西行漫记》后，不远万里，到中国支援抗战的。
有一片蔓草丛生的空地，四周松树围绕，遮住了大家的视线”根据斯诺先生病重期间留下的遗嘱，洛伊斯选择了末名湖畔这块“空地”作为墓址。
1977年12月13日，叶剑英同志亲笔题写了碑名：“中国人民的美国朋友埃德加·斯诺之墓”，后被馏金镌刻在墓碑之上。1982年2月，北京大学在办公楼举行了斯诺逝世10周年纪念会，廖承志、黄华等同志会见了斯诺夫人，并一同到湖畔扫墓。
1972年2月15日，斯诺在瑞士日内瓦因患癌症病逝。他留下的遗嘱是：“我爱中国，我愿在死后把我的一部分留在那里，就像我活着时那样。”骨灰安葬仪式于1973年10月19日举行。墓基座为长方形未经雕磨的青色岩石，上边横卧汉白玉墓碑一方，临时用黑色胶纸贴着楷书：“中国人民的美国朋友埃德加·斯诺之墓”。碑前放着毛泽东主席送的花圈，缎带上写着：“献给埃德加·斯诺先生”，宋庆龄副主席、朱德委员长、周恩来总理也送了花圈，党和国家领导人周恩来、李富春、郭沫若、邓颖超、廖承志、康克清以及北大师生代表参加了安葬仪式。
洛伊斯携女儿茜安·斯诺出席仪式，她感谢中国政府和人民，说：“我丈夫在他遗言中表达了他对中国的热爱，并表示了他生前一部分身心常在中国，希望死后也将他的一部分遗体安放在新中国的古老的土地下，安放在中国的新人中间，在这里，对人类的尊重达到了新的高度，在这里，世界的希望发射着新的光芒。”斯诺的另外一部分骨灰安葬在美国赫德森河畔一位朋友家的花园中。
埃德加·斯诺-中国时期
埃德加·斯诺（左）
斯诺1928年离开密苏里大学新闻学院来到中国，在上海任《密勒支评论报》助理主编，以后又任《芝加哥论坛报、伦敦《每日先驱报》驻东南亚记者。他踏遍中国大地进行采访报道，“9·18’’事变后曾访问东北、上海战线，发表报告通讯集《远东战线》。在上海，他见到了宋庆龄和鲁迅，引发了他对记录中国人民苦难与向往的中国新文艺的兴趣，后来他对萧乾讲，“鲁迅是教我懂得中国的一把钥匙”。他庆幸自己能在上海结识鲁迅先生和宋庆龄女士，他是在他们的指引下认识中国的。
1932年圣诞节，斯诺与海伦·斯诺(Peg snow即HelenFoster Snow l907—1997)在东京美国驻日本使馆举行婚礼，后游历日本、东南亚、中国沿海一带。1933年春天在北平安家，住址在东城盔甲厂胡同13号。1934年初，斯诺以美国《纽约日报》驻华记者身份应邀兼任燕京大学新闻系讲师，为教书方便，他在海淀镇军机处4号院购买了一处住宅，位置在今日北京大学西南门一带，座西朝东，有一个黑色铁栅栏门，这原是一位燕大出身的银行家的子，中西合壁式，宽敞的院子里种有果树、竹子，还有一座小型游泳池，位置就在今日北大西南门外的海淀路上。因为坐落在海淀台地之上，可以远眺颐和园和西山风景。斯诺和夫人非常喜欢燕京大学的美丽风光，说：“它的一部分占了圆明园的旧址，保持了原来的景色，包括花园一般的校园中心那个可爱的小湖(即未名湖)。”
斯诺热爱中国，热爱海淀。他努力学习中文，还请了一位满族老先生指导，他认为“海淀的居民成分复杂，但他们都操优美的北京话，因此，这里是外国人学讲中国话最理想的地方”。来北平之前，他就接受鲁迅先生的议，编选中国现代短篇小说集《活的中国》，想通过小说来向西方揭示中国的现实。到燕大后，他又请在新闻系读书的萧乾和英文系学生杨缤(刚)一起进行编译。他在编者序言中认为中国的新文艺运动既不是钻象牙之塔，也不是茶余饭后的消遗，而是同人民的政治生活和社会生活、同人民为民主与自由的斗争分不开的。1936年此书出版。
埃德加·斯诺-一二.九运动
埃德加·斯诺（右）
斯诺是一个正直的美国人，爱好和平，主持正义，他十分关切中国的命运，热情支持和保护学生的爱国热情。1935年6月，斯诺又被聘为英国《每日先驱报》特派记者，不久即搬回东城盔甲厂13号居住。
当时正是一二·九运动前夕，燕京大学是中共领导学生运动的重要阵地，斯诺积极参加燕大新闻学会的活动，他们家也是许多爱国进步学生常去的场所，燕京大学的王汝海(黄华)、陈翰伯，清华大学的姚克广(姚依林)，北京大学的俞启威(黄敬)等等都是他家的常客。地下党员们在斯诺家里商量了“一二·九”运动的具体步骤，并把12月9日、16日两次大游行的路线、集合地点都告知斯诺夫妇。游行前夕，斯诺夫妇把《平津10校学生自治会为抗日救国争自由宣言》连夜译成英文，分送驻北平外国记者，请他们往国外发电讯，并联系驻平津的许多外国记者届时前往采访。
斯诺夫妇则在游行当日和其他外国记者跟着游行队伍，认真报道了学生围攻西直门、受阻宣武门的真实情况。他给纽约《太阳报》发出了独家通讯，在这家报纸上留下了有关“一二·九”运动的大量文字资料和照片。斯诺还建议燕大学生自治会举行过一次外国记者招待会，学生们再次向西方展示了一二·九运动的伟大意义。北平沦陷后，斯诺在自己的住所里掩护过不少进步学生，帮助他们撤离北平死城，参加抗日游击队或奔赴延安。
Snow studied journalism at the University of Missouri, where he joined the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi, but moved to New York City before graduating. He made some money in the stock market and sold out before the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Wanting to use the money he embarked on an around the world tour in 1928, but never made it past Shanghai. He stayed in China until 1941.
He quickly found work with the China Weekly Review, edited by J.B. Powell, a fellow graduate of the Missouri School of Journalism. In his early years he was an enthusiast for Chiang Kai-shek, noting that he had more Harvard graduates in his cabinet than there were in Franklin Roosevelt's. In 1932 he married Helen Foster Snow, who was working in the American Consulate until she could begin her own career in journalism. In 1933, after a honeymoon in Japan, the couple moved to Beiping, as Beijing was called at that point. He prepared his book Far Eastern Front, filed occasional articles for American outlets, and taught journalism part-time at Yenching University. They borrowed works on current affairs from the Yenching library and read classics of Marxism. The couple became acquainted with student leaders of the anti-Japanese December 9th Movement. Through their contacts with the underground communist network, Snow was invited to visit Mao Zedong's headquarters.
[edit]Writing 'Red Star Over China'
In June 1936, Snow and his friend George Hatem, whose presence was kept secret, went to Xi'an and from there were taken through the military quarantine lines to Bao'an, where he spent nearly three months. Snow had been preparing to write a book on the Communist movement in China for several years, and had even signed a contract at one point. However, his most important contribution was the interviews he conducted with the top leaders of the party. After he returned to Beijing in the fall, he wrote frantically. First he published a short account in China Weekly Review, then a series of publications in Chinese. Red Star Over China, published first in London in 1937, was given credit for introducing both Chinese and foreign readers not so much to the Communist Party, which was reasonably well known, but to Mao Zedong. Mao was not, as had been reported, dead, and Snow reported that Mao was a political reformer, not the purely military or radical revolutionary he had been during the 1920s. After the outbreak of war in 1937, the Snows were founding members of the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives. Edgar again visited Mao in Yan'an in 1939.
[edit]Later Journalism
Snow and his wife returned to the United States in 1941, but they soon parted, and divorced after the war. In April 1942 the Saturday Evening Post sent him abroad as a war correspondent. Snow traveled to India, China and Russia to report on World War II from the perspective of those countries. In Russia he shared his observations on the Battle of Stalingrad with the American Embassy. At times, Snow's defense of various undemocratic Allied governments took on the character of blatant war propaganda, not neutral journalistic observation, but Snow defended his reporting, stating
in this international cataclysm brought on by fascists it is no more possible for any people to remain neutral than it is for a man surrounded by bubonic plague to remain “neutral” toward the rat population. Whether you like it or not, your life as a force is bound either to help the rats or hinder them. Nobody can be immunized against the germs of history.
By 1944, Snow was wavering on the question of whether Mao and the Chinese Communists were actually "agrarian democrats" and not dedicated Communists bent on totalitarian rule, a view encouraged by Mao and his party leadership. His 1944 book People On Our Side emphasized their role in the fight against fascism. In a speech, he described Mao and the Communist Chinese as a progressive force who desired a democratic, free China, not a communist one-party state. Writing for The Nation, Snow stated that the Chinese communists "happen to have renounced, years ago now, any intention of establishing communism [in China] in the near future." After the war, Snow would retreat from this view of the Chinese communists as a democratic movement.
Because of his relationships with communists and his highly favorable treatment of them as a war correspondent, Snow became an object of suspicion following World War II. During the McCarthy period, he was questioned by the FBI and asked to disclose the extent of his Communist activities. In published articles, Snow lamented what he saw as the one-sided, conservative, and anti-communist mood of the United States. Later in the 1950s, he published two more books about China: Random Notes on Red China (1957), a research aid for scholars containing previously unused China material; and Journey to the Beginning (1958), an autobiographical account of events prior to 1949. However, Snow found it increasingly difficult to make a living through his writing, and he decided to leave the United States in the 1950s. He moved with his second wife, Louis Wheeler Snow, to Switzerland, but retained his American citizenship.
[edit]Return to China
He returned to China in 1960 and 1964 and interviewed Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, as well as travelling extensively and talking to people. His 1963 book The Other Side of the River details this, including his reasons for denying that China's 1959-1961 crisis was actually a famine.
In 1970, he made a final trip to China and was told that President Richard Nixon would be welcome to visit either officially or as a private citizen. The White House followed this visit with interest but distrusted Snow and his pro-communist reputation. When Snow came down with pancreatic cancer, Zhou Enlai dispatched a team of Chinese doctors to Switzerland, including George Hatem. Snow died on February 15, 1972, the week President Nixon was traveling to China, and did not live to see the normalization of relations.
After his death, his ashes were divided into two parts, one of which was buried near the Hudson River and the other scattered at Peking University, which had taken over the campus of Yenching University, where he had taught in the 1930s.
[edit]Recent Evaluations
Snow's reporting from China in the 1930s was both praised as prescient and blamed for the rise of Mao's communism. His biographers present him as an important link between China and the United States, but in Jung Chang and Jon Halliday's controversial recent biography of Mao, Mao: The Unknown Story, Chang and Halliday refers to the "myths" supplied by Snow as Mao's "spokesman," implying that he lost his objectivity to such an extent that he presented a romanticized and partial view. Simon Leys does not think highly of Edgar Snow's Chinese. But, a more sympathetic writer concluded that what he did in the 1930s was "to describe the Chinese Communists before anyone else, and thus score a world-class scoop." Of his reporting in 1960, however, he says that Snow "contented himself with assurances from Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong that while there was a food problem, it was being dealt with successfully," which was not true, and "had Snow still been the reporter he had been in the 1930s he would have discovered it." In Mao: A Reinterpretation, a work sympathetic to Mao, Prof. Lee Feigon criticizes Snow's account for its perceived inaccuracies, but at the same time, praising Red Star for being "[the] seminal portrait of Mao" and relies on Snow's work as a critical reference throughout the book.
[edit]Works
Living China: Modern Chinese Short Stories
Red Star Over China (various editions, London, New York, 1937–1944). Reprinted Read Books, 2006, ISBN 978-1406798210; Hesperides Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1443736732.
The Battle for Asia
Far Eastern Front
People On Our Side. Random House, 1944.
Stalin Must Have Peace. Random House, 1947.
China, Russia, and the USA
Red China Today: The Other Side of the River. Gollancz, 1963. New edition, Penguin Books, 1970. ISBN 0140211594.
The Long Revolution