阅读雅科布·格林 Jacob Grimm在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
雅科布·格林(1785-1863)，德国著名语言学家，《儿童与家庭童话集》的编纂者，和弟弟威廉·格林曾同浪漫主义者交往，思想却倾向于资产阶级自由派。他们注意民间文学，搜集民间童话，亲自记录，加以整理。其中有许多幻想丰富的神奇故事表达出人民的愿望和是非感：贪婪的富有者得不到好下场；被压迫、被歧视的劳动者和儿童经过重重灾难，最后得到胜利；农民和手工业者在受人轻视或凌辱时显示出惊人的智慧，而暴君、地主自以为有权有势，实际上却愚蠢无知，在人前丢丑；忠诚老实、被“聪明人”嘲笑的“傻瓜”总是得到同情和赞扬。但这些童话的蓝本大都是封建社会的产物，更加以编纂者的唯心主义世界观的局限，其中不少是带有浓厚的宗教情绪，宣扬封建道德，鼓励安分守己的处世态度的。
雅科布·格林，德国民间文学研究者，语言学家，民俗学家。雅科布·格林于1785年1月4生于美因河畔哈瑙的一个律师家庭，于1863年9月20日卒于柏林。雅科布·格林于1802年入马尔堡大学学法律。1808年雅科布在卡塞尔任拿破仑的弟弟威斯特法伦国王热罗默的私人图书馆管理员。1813年拿破仑兵败之后，威斯特法伦王国被废除，建立了黑森公国，雅科布任公使馆参赞，参加了维也纳会议。弟弟威廉从1814年起任卡塞尔图书馆秘书。1816年雅科布辞去外交职务，担任卡塞尔图书馆第二馆员。1819年雅科布·格林获马尔堡大学名誉博士学位。1829年兄弟俩应汉诺威国王的邀请到格廷根 ，雅科布除任大学教授外，还和弟弟一起任哥廷根大学图书馆馆员 ，稍后威廉也担任了大学教授。1837 年格林兄弟和另 外5位教授因写信抗议汉诺威国王破坏宪法而被 免去教授职务 ，这7位教授被称为格廷根七君子。雅科布·格林被逐，后回到卡塞尔。1840年底格林兄弟应普鲁士国王威廉四世之邀去柏林，任皇家科学院院士，并在大学执教。1848年雅科布被选为法兰克福国民议会代表。兄弟俩去世后都葬于柏林马太教堂墓地 。
从1806年开始，雅科布·格林就致力于民间童话和传说的搜集、整理和研究工作，出版了《儿童和家庭童话集》（两卷集）和《德国传说集》（两卷）。雅科布还出版了《德国神话》，1806～1826年间雅科布同时还研究语言学 ，编写 了4卷巨著《德语语法》，是一部历史语法，后人称为日耳曼格语言的基本教程。在《德语语法》1822年的修订版中，他提出了印欧诸语言语音演变的规则，后人称之为格林定律。他指出 ，在印欧语系中日耳曼语族历史上，辅音分组演变，在英语和低地德语中变了一次，后来在高地德语中又再变一次。事实上，格林定律只是大体上正确，后来由K.A.维尔纳加以补充。1838年底格林兄弟开始编写《德语词典》，1854～1862 年共出版第一至三卷。这项浩大的工程兄弟俩生前未能完成 ，后来德国语言学家继续这项工作，至1961年才全部完成。
雅科布·格林对民间文学发生兴趣在一定程度上受浪漫派作家布仑坦诺和阿尔尼姆的影响。他收集民间童话有一套科学的方法，善于鉴别真伪，他的童话一方面保持了民间文学原有的特色和风格，同时又进行了提炼和润色，赋予它们以简朴、明快、风趣的形式。这些童话表达了德国人民的心愿、幻想和信仰，反映了德国古老的文化传统和审美观念 。《格林童话集》于1857年格林兄弟生前出了最后一版，共收童话216篇，为世界文学宝 库增添了瑰宝 。格林兄弟在语言学研究方面成果丰硕，他们是日耳曼语言学的奠基人。
雅科布·格林-主要作品
雅科布·格林和弟弟威廉都是德国民间文学搜集整编者。出身官员家庭，均曾在马尔堡大学学法律，又同在卡塞尔图书馆工作和任格延根大学教授，1841年同时成为格林科学院院士。他俩共同编成《儿童与家庭童话集》（1857年出最后一版，共216篇故事）。其中 的《灰姑娘》 、《白雪公主》、 《小红帽》 、《勇敢的小裁缝》……等名篇，已成为世界各国儿童喜爱的杰作。此外，格林兄弟从1808年起，开始搜集德国民间传说，出版《德国传说》两卷，共585篇。他们还编写了《德语语法》（1819～1837）、 《德国语言史》（1848）及《德语大辞典》（1852）前4卷等学术著作，为日尔曼语言学的发展做出了贡献。 生活在19世纪德国的格林兄弟，他们是语言学家和古文化研究者。两人在上大学期间结识了海德堡浪漫派诗人布伦塔诺和阿尔尼姆，他们搜集整理的德国民歌集《男童的神奇号角》给了兄弟二人启发。后来，这哥俩在黑森、美茵河等地访问善于讲童话的人，收集他们口中的故事，几年下来竟有百余篇。
1812年，这些故事结集成《儿童和家庭童话集》的第一卷，于圣诞节前夕在柏林问世，大受欢迎。此后直到1857年，格林兄弟不断补充故事，并一再修订，共推出七个版次。第七版后来成为在各国流传的原著版本，至今已译成数十种语言，许多故事都广为流传。
《格林童话》 《格林童话》是18世纪初两位德国历史学家兼语言学家搜集整理的民间传说、童话故事集，他们是一对彼此极友爱的兄弟——雅各布·格林和威廉·格林，后人习惯称呼他们格林兄弟。格林童话里的故事不但征服了德国的孩子们，也让全世界的孩子们这么长久地为之着迷。不是格林童话选择了孩子，而是孩子选择了格林童话。 需要特别强调，格林童话不是创作的童话。格林兄弟是做学问的人，他们致力于收集整理民间的童话、神话、传记，很忠实地把收集到的东西整理成为文字，然后还很严谨地考证这些童话的出处。
《小红帽》 从前有个人见人爱的小姑娘，喜欢戴着祖母送给她的一顶红色天鹅绒的帽子，于是大家就叫她小红帽。有一天，母亲叫她给祖母送食物，并嘱咐她不要离开大路，走得太远。小红帽在森林中遇见了狼，她从未见过狼，也不知道狼性残忍，于是把来森林中的目的告诉了狼。狼知道后诱骗小红帽去采野花，自己跑到林中小屋去把小红帽的祖母吃了。并装成祖母，等小红帽来找祖母时，狼一口把她吃掉了。后来一个猎人把小红帽和祖母从狼肚里救了出来。
雅科布·格林-作品风格
雅科布·格林和弟弟编辑的主要作品《格林童话》是世界文学名著普及本。经典篇目，完整版本，一流译文。 在当今这个世界上，可以说，有孩子的地方就有“格林童话”；年轻的爸爸妈妈、幼儿园的老师给孩子们讲的第一个故事是“格林童话”；世界上流传最广的文学作品是“格林童话”。这是为什么呢？因为“格林童话”是世界文学名著，是一代代儿童心爱的读物，它们以其丰富的想象、美丽的憧憬和高尚的情操启迪了孩子们的心扉。“格林童话”自1815年问世以来，在近两百年的时间里，已被译成世界上一百四十余种文字，其中《青蛙王子》、《灰姑娘》、《白雪公主》、《不来梅城的乐师》、 《睡美人》等……
融进幼儿心理特点的艺术幻想
童话之中比较浅近、适合于幼儿听赏的作品就是幼儿童话，它是幼儿最喜爱的一种文学样式。幼儿童话具有一般童话的共性，由于幼儿的年龄心理特征，它也有自己的一些个性。
童话中的小熊、松鼠、梅花雀自然都是好奇好动的小孩子，他们沉浸在美妙的幻想情境里，活泼地游玩，那快乐的心情让小朋友感同身受。
经过选择、加工、提炼，表达出幼儿纯真美好的感情，作品富于美感，让幼儿在思想上得到启迪，情操上受到陶冶。
雅科布·格林-人物评价
雅科布·格林电影剧照雅科布·格林（1785-1863）曾在马尔堡大学学法律，在卡塞尔图书馆工作和任格延根大学教授，1841年成为格林科学院院士。是德国的博学多识的学者——民间文学研究家、语言学家、历史学家。但他最卓越的成就，却是作为世界著名的童话故事搜集家，以几十年时间（1812-1857）完成的《儿童和家庭童话集》，即现在俗称的“格林童话”，它包括200多篇童话和600多篇故事。其中的代表作如《青蛙王子》 、《灰姑娘》、《白雪公主》、《小红帽》等均脍炙人口。由于这些童话源自民间故事，作为学者的格林兄弟又力图保持它们的原貌，因此其中篇章大多显得比较粗糙，更适合低幼儿童阅读。
雅科布·格林生于莱茵河畔的哈瑙，父亲是一名小官吏。他的青年时代是在拿破仑占领德国时期度过的。当时，德国遭受异族侵略和强大的封建势力的双重压迫。他大学毕业后，埋头研究历史，在德国浪漫派作家阿尔尼姆和布仓塔诺合编的民歌集《儿童的奇异号角》的启发下，于1806年开始搜集，整理民间童话和古老传说，并于1814、1815、1822年陆续出版了3卷本的《德国儿童与家庭童话集》。
1814年拿破仑战败后，欧洲各国反动势力重新抬头，德国分裂状况仍然十分严重。这使雅科布·格林产生政治必须改革的信心。1837年，雅科布·格林等7名著名的大学教授，为抗议汉诺威公爵违背制宪诺言而失去教授职位。在这个时期，雅科布·格林努力把研究历史遗产与人民对自由、民主、统一的要求结合起来。雅科布·格林研究德国语言，编写了《德语语法》和《德国语言史》，还有未完成的《德语词典》这些研究工作，开创了研究日尔曼语言学的先河，也为德意志民族是个统一的民族提供了论证。1863年雅各布·格林逝世。
Grimm was born in Hanau, in Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a child, and his mother was left with very small means; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the Landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous family. Jakob, with his younger brother Wilhelm (born on 24 February 1786), was sent in 1798 to the public school at Kassel.
In 1802 he proceeded to the University of Marburg, where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began the study of law.
Up to this time Jakob Grimm had been actuated only by a general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite impulse came from the lectures of Friedrich Karl von Savigny, the celebrated investigator of Roman law, who, as Wilhelm Grimm himself says in the preface to the Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him a love for historical and antiquarian investigation, which forms the basis of all his work. The two men became personally acquainted, and it was in Savigny's well-stocked library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts, and felt an eager desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and half-revealed mysteries of their language.
In the beginning of 1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had moved to Paris, to help him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his taste for the literatures of the Middle Ages by his studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he returned to Kassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a position in the war office with the very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution of his studies.
In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to the state council, while he retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his official duties were hardly more than nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the French, and in 1814–1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand as before.
Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Kassel library, and in 1816 Jakob was made second librarian under Volkel. Upon the death of Volkel in 1828, the brothers expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were dissatisfied when the first place was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. Consequently, they moved next year to Göttingen where Jakob received the appointment of professor and librarian, and Wilhelm that of under-librarian. Jakob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of Tacitus.
At this period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect. His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript on which most German professors relied, and he spoke extemporaneously, referring only occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so late in life, but as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no aptitude for digesting facts and suiting them to the level of comprehension of his students. Even the brilliant, terse, and eloquent passages in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long array of dry facts.
In 1837, having been one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the King of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned to Kassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there until 1840, when they accepted an invitation from the King of Prussia to move to Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Not being under any obligation to lecture, Jakob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at their great dictionary. During their time in Kassel Jakob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most varied subjects. The best known of these are those on Lachmann, Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in 1859), on old age, and on the origin of language. He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.
Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, in Berlin, working even at the end.
He was never seriously ill, and worked all day without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what he had written, remarking with a certain wonder on his brother, Wilhelm, who read his own manuscripts over again before sending them to press. His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own special work he had a marked taste for botany. The spirit that animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography:
"Nearly all my labors have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments."
Linguistic work
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (1819) he seemed to be often groping in the dark. As early as 1815 we find August Wilhelm von Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wälder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds. This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the direction of Grimm's studies.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist who has no ideas or sympathies beyond just one author or corner of science as he was from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to master the details of a half-dozen unrelated pursuits. The same concentration exists within his own special studies. The very foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their kin. But from this centre, he pursued his investigations in every direction as far as his instinct allowed. He was equally fortunate in the harmony that existed between his intellectual and moral nature. He cheerfully made the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its disciples, without envy or bitterness; although he lived apart from his fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and has had a profound influence on the destiny of mankind.
History of the German Language
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (History of the German Language), in which the linguistic elements are emphasized. The subject of the work is the history hidden in the words of the German language (the oldest natural history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language). For this purpose he laboriously collected the scattered words and allusions found in classical writers, and endeavoured to determine the relationship between the German language and those of the Getae, Thracians, Scythians, and many other nations whose languages were at the time known only through doubtfully identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation that now characterize linguistics, and many questions he raised will probably remain obscure, but his book's influence has been profound.
German Grammar
Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his purely philological work. The labors of past generations from the humanists onwards resulted in an enormous collection of materials in the form of text-editions, dictionaries, and grammars, although most of it was uncritical and untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the way of the comparison and determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious Englishman George Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century in his Thesaurus. Ten Kate in Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of the Germanic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at first intend to include all the languages in his Grammar, but he soon found that Old High German postulated Gothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of other West Germanic varieties including English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia could not be ignored either. The first edition of the first part of the Grammar (which appeared in 1819), and is now extremely rare, treated of the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical study of the German language against the a priori, quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.
In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to mow down the first crop to the ground). The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on rigorous adhesion to the laws of sound change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of conviction that distinguishes science from dilettanteism. Prior to Grimm's time, philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific inspiration.
His advances must be attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary Rasmus Christian Rask. Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him something of a head start. In Grimm's first editions, his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can be appreciated only by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions; the difference is very great. For example, in the first edition he declines disg, dceges, plural dcegas, without having observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask. There can be little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was the primary impetus for Grimm to recast his work from the beginning. To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (those more fleeting elements of speech previously ignored by etymologists).
The Grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and syntax, the last of which was unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. The Grammar stands alone in the annals of science for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages was illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators. Diez's grammar of the Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-European languages in general.
Grimm's Law
Main article: Grimm's law
Grimm's Law, also known as 'Rask's-Grimm's Rule' is the first law in linguistics concerning a non-trivial sound change. It was a turning point in the development of linguistics, allowing the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historic linguistic research. It concerns the correspondence of consonants in the older Indo-European, and Low Saxon and High German languages, and was first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his grammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors including Friedrich von Schlegel, Rasmus Christian Rask and Johan Ihre, the last having established a considerable number of literarum permutationes, such as b for f, with the examples bœra = ferre, befwer = fiber. Rask, in his essay on the origin of the Icelandic language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to High German is entirely his own work, however.
The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the plan of his work, to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. It is true that a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this may have well been the fault of the latter, who, impatient of contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to play with the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification of his own.
German Dictionary
Grimm's monumental German dictionary, (Deutsches Wörterbuch, or literally German Dictionary), remains a standard work of reference to the present day.
The dictionary was undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, has been described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Literary work
The first work Jakob Grimm published, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistersang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they published the two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gehet, Jakob having discovered what till then had never been suspected—namely the alliteration in these poems. However, Jakob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre.
Both Brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In 1816–1818 a collection of legends culled from diverse sources and published the two-volume Deutsche Sagen (German Legends). At the same time they collected all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world. The closely related subject of the satirical beast epic of the Middle Ages also held great charm for Jakob Grimm, and he published an edition of the Rejnhart Fuchs in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and published in 1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject.
The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This great work covered the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their evolution to modern-day popular traditions, tales and expressions.
Jakob Grimm and politics
Jakob Grimm's work tied in strongly to his views on Germany and its culture. His work with fairy tales and his philological work dealt with German origins. He loved his people and wished for a united Germany. In the German revolution of 1848, he was given a chance to make these views known when he was elected to the Frankfurt National Parliament. The people of Germany had demanded a constitution, so the Parliament, formed of elected members from various German states, met to form one. Grimm was selected for the office in a large part because of his part in the University of Goettingen's refusal to swear to the king of Hanover expounded upon above. He then went to Frankfurt, where he did not play a very big part, but did make some speeches, which tended to stray into the realms of history and philology rather than whatever political question was at hand. Grimm was adamant on one subject, however; he wanted the duchy of Holstein of Denmark to be under German control. He talked passionately about this subject, which showed his fierce German nationalism.
Grimm was not made to be a politician, and also soon realized that the National Assembly was not getting anywhere (it was eventually dissolved without establishing a constitution), and so asked to be released from his duties and returned with relief to his former studies. His political career did not bloom into anything great, but it does illustrate his characteristics- his nationalism and his moralism. He believed that good would triumph in the Parliament, and pushed for human rights legislation just as he wished for a unified Germany.
Works
The following is a complete list of his separately published works. Those he published with his brother are marked with a star (*). For a list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. V of his Kleinere Schriften, from which the present list is taken. His life is best studied in his own Selbstbiographie, in vol. I of the Kleinere Schriften. There is also a brief memoir by K Gdeke in Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).
Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
*Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions)
*Das Lied von Hildebrand und des Weissenbrunner Gebet (Kassel, 1812)
Altdeutsche Wälder (Kassel, Frankfurt, 1813–1816, 3 vols.)
*Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Berlin, 1815)
Irmenstrasse und Irmensäule (Vienna, 1815)
*Die Lieder der alten Edda (Berlin, 1815)
Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815)
*Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866)
Deutsche Grammatik (Göttingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by Wilhelm Scherer, Berlin)
Wuk Stephanowitsch' Kleine Serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede (Leipzig and Berlin, 1824) Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic - Serbian Grammer
Zur Recension der deutschen Grammatik (Kassel, 1826)
*Irische Elfenmärchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826)
Deutsche Rechtsaltertumer (Göttingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854)
Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XXVI. interpretatio theodisca (Göttingen, 1830)
Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834)
Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols.)
Taciti Germania edidit (Göttingen, 1835)
Über meine Entlassung (Basel, 1838)
(together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1838)
Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann über Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840)
Weistümer, Th. i. (Göttingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in 5 parts, 1840–1869)
Andreas und Elene (Kassel, 1840)
Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842)
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.)
Des Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850)
*Deutsches Wörterbuch, Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1854)
Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm und Rede über das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ad., 1865)
Kleinere Schriften (F. Dümmler, Berlin, 1864–1884, 7 vols.).
vol. 1 : Reden und Abhandlungen (1864, 2nd ed. 1879)
vol. 2 : Abhandlungen zur Mythologie und Sittenkunde (1865)
vol. 3 : Abhandlungen zur Litteratur und Grammatik (1866)
vol. 4 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part I (1869)
vol. 5 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part II (1871)
vol. 6 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part III
vol. 7 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part IV (1884)