阅读夏洛蒂·勃朗特 Charlotte Bronte在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
夏洛蒂·勃朗特夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816年生于英国北部的一个乡村牧师家庭。母亲早逝，八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员孤女的慈善性机构——柯文桥女子寄宿学校。在那里生活条件极其恶劣，她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米利回到家乡，在荒凉的约克郡山区度过了童年。15 岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书，几年后又在这个学校当教师。后来她曾作家庭教师，但因不能忍受贵妇人、阔小姐对家庭教师的歧视和刻薄，放弃了家庭教师的谋生之路。她曾打算自办学校，为此她在姨母的资助下与艾米利一起去意大利进修法语和德语。然而由于没有人来就读，学校没能办成。但是她在意大利学习的经历激发了她表现自我的强烈愿望，促使她投身于文学创作的道路。
夏洛蒂·勃朗特出生于英国北部约克郡的豪渥斯，父亲是当地圣公会的一个穷牧师，母亲是家庭主妇。夏洛蒂·勃朗特排行第三，有两个姐姐、两个妹妹和一个弟弟。两个妹妹，即艾米莉·勃朗特和安恩·勃朗特，也是著名作家，因而在英国文学史上常有“勃朗特三姐妹”之称。
夏洛蒂·勃朗特的童年生活很不幸。1821年，即她5岁时，母亲便患癌症去世。父亲收入很少，全家生活既艰苦又凄凉。豪渥斯是穷乡僻壤的一个山区，年幼的夏洛蒂和弟妹们只能在沼泽地里游玩。好在父亲是剑桥圣约翰学院的毕业生，学识渊博，他常常教子女读书，指导他们看书报杂志，还给他们讲故事。这是自母亲去世后孩子们所能得到的唯一的乐趣，同时也给夏洛蒂以及两个妹妹带来最初的影响，使她们从小就对文学产生了浓厚的兴趣。
1824年，姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白被送到豪渥斯附近的柯文桥一所寄宿学校去读书，不久夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米莉也被送去那里。当时，只有穷人的子女才进这种学校。那里的条件极差，校规却非常严厉，孩子们终年无饱食之日，又要受体罚，每逢星期天，还得冒着严寒或者酷暑步行几英里去教堂做礼拜。由于条件恶劣，第二年学校里就流行伤寒，夏洛蒂的两个姐姐都染上此病，被送回家后没几天都痛苦地死了。这之后，父亲不再让夏洛蒂和艾米莉去那所学校，但那里的一切已在夏洛蒂的心灵深处留下了可怕的印象。她永远忘不了这段生活，后来在她的小说《简·爱》中，她又饱含着痛切之情对此作了描绘，而小说中可爱的小姑娘海伦的形象，就是以她的姐姐玛丽亚为原型的。 夏洛蒂回到家里后，生活又像过去一样，但她和妹妹们的兴趣却更加广泛了。她们一起学音乐，弹琴、唱歌，画画，而最使她们感兴趣的却是学习写作。勃朗特一家一向离群索居，夏洛蒂姐妹自幼性格孤僻，在豪渥斯这个孤寂的村落里，她们所能找到的唯一慰藉，就是面对荒野任凭想象力驰骋，编写离奇动人的故事。当时夏洛蒂14岁，已写了许多小说、诗歌和剧本，据她自己开列的书单，她共写了11卷之多，每卷60到100页。这些习作尽管还很幼稚，但已表现出相当厚实的文学素养和丰富的想象力。这样的习作，可以说为她往后在文坛上一举成名作了充分准备。
15岁时，夏洛蒂进伍勒小姐在罗海德办的学校读书。几年后，她为了挣钱供弟妹们上学，又在这所学校里当了教师。她一边教书，一边继续写作，但至此还没有发表过任何作品。1836年，也就是在她20岁时，她大着胆子把自己的几首短诗寄给当时的桂冠诗人骚塞。然而，得到的却是这位大诗人的一顿训斥。骚塞在回信中毫不客气地对她说：“文学不是女人的事情，你们没有写诗的天赋。”这一盆冷水使夏洛蒂很伤心，但她并没有因此而丧失信心，仍然默默地坚持写作。 1838年，夏洛蒂离开伍勒小姐的学校。第二年，她到有钱人家里担任家庭教师。这一职业在当时是受歧视的，而夏洛蒂更是亲身体验了作为一名家庭女教师的辛苦与屈辱。她在当时给妹妹艾米莉的一封信中这样写道：“私人教师……是没有存在意义的，根本不被当作活的、有理性的人看待。”所以，她很快就讨厌甚至憎恶家庭教师这一行当了。她在1839年和1841年分别当过两次家庭教师，但每次都只有几个月的时间，因为她忍受不了。 也就是在这两年里，有人向夏洛蒂求婚：一次是她的一个女友的哥哥，另一次是一位年轻的牧师。但是，这两次求婚都被她拒绝了，原因是她认为他们并不是真正爱她，只是按传统要娶个妻子而已。
夏洛蒂和艾米莉都不愿离开家到外面去谋生，但仅靠父亲的收入又无法生活，于是她们便想在本村办一所学校，教当地孩子读书，这样也许能维持生计。她们都想教法语，可是她们的法语并不好。这时，在她们家里帮助照料家务的姨妈挺身而出，拿出她所有的积蓄，让姐妹俩到布鲁塞尔去攻读法语。
这样，她们就进了布鲁塞尔的一所法语学校。这所学校是由一对姓埃热的夫妇办的，并由埃热先生亲自教授法语。埃热先生的法国文学造诣很深，勃朗特姐妹俩在他的教诲下，仅用一年时间，就掌握了法语基础知识，还阅读了大量法国文学名著，了解了各种流派作家的创作风格和艺术特点。但是，对夏洛蒂来说，在布鲁塞尔的一年间，给她留下最深刻印象的却是埃热先生本人。他不仅学识渊博，聪明过人，还有一种对年轻女子非常有吸引力的男性气，即容易激动，有点粗鲁，但十分率直、爽快。夏洛蒂内心已爱上这个有妇之夫，但她始终没有明确表露。埃热先生对她则全然无心，所以她就把这种微妙的情感一直压在自己心里。 从布鲁塞尔回国后，夏洛蒂便和两个妹妹一起开始筹办学校，还挂出了“勃朗特姐妹学校”的招牌。可是，她们万万没有想到，在几个月里竟然没有一个学生来报名入学，等来的只是上门收税的官员。
办学的理想破灭了。夏洛蒂觉得，写作也许还有出路。1845年秋天，她偶然读了妹妹艾米莉写的一些诗，突然想到她们三姐妹可以合出一本诗集。于是她们商量之后，每人拿出一些诗合在一起，用当时已去世的姨妈留下的一些钱自费出版了一本诗集。她们没有署真名，而是分别用了三个假名：柯勒·贝尔、埃利斯· 贝尔和阿克顿·贝尔。尽管她们的诗写得很美，却没有人注意，出版后只卖掉了两本。
但是，不管怎么说，诗集的出版对她们来说总是一件大事。她们的创作热情受到了激励，于是三姐妹又开始埋头写小说。这时，夏洛蒂已三十岁。她花了将近一年时间，写成一部长篇小说，取名《教师》；妹妹艾米莉和安妮则分别写了长篇小说《呼啸山庄》和《艾格尼斯·格雷》。她们把三部小说一起寄给出版商。不久，出版商回复她们说，《呼啸山庄》和《艾格尼斯·格雷》已被接受，但夏洛蒂的《教师》将被退回。
这对夏洛蒂来说可是个不小的打击。但她没有退缩，反而憋着一股气又开始写另一部长篇小说。这就是《简·爱》。
《简·爱》中的人物和情节，大多是她在生活中经历过或者非常熟悉的，再说她又充满了激情，所以写作进度很快，不到一年就脱稿了。稿子交出去后，令出版商大为惊喜，通宵不眠地审读。最后，出版商认定它是一部杰作，决定马上出版。就这样，两个月后，《简·爱》（1847）就问世了，而两个妹妹的作品此时还在印刷之中。
不久，三姐妹的三部作品全部问世。当时的英国文坛大为震惊，因为三姐妹的三部长篇小说都非常出色，尤其是夏洛蒂的《简·爱》（初版时作者署名为柯勒·贝尔），更是引起轰动，大街小巷里都在谈论这部小说，人们还到处打听和猜测，作者到底是谁？
勃朗特三姐妹在文学创作上的成功，给勃朗特一家带来了极大的欢乐。但是不久，家里就发生了一连串不幸事件。1848年9月，她们的弟弟患病去世。三个月后，艾米莉染上结核病，相继去世。夏洛蒂担心小妹妹安妮也会染上，不巧事情正是这样。安妮得病后拖了5个月，也离开了人间。
夏洛蒂深受打击，她只有全身心投入写作，才能暂时遗忘内心的悲痛。她埋头写长篇小说《谢利》，于1849年8月完成，10月出版。《谢利》使她再一次获得巨大成功。这之后，她便去了伦敦。在伦敦的几年里，她结识了不少作家，其中最有名的是萨克雷和盖斯凯尔夫人。萨克雷对她的作品评价很高，而她则把《简·爱》第二版题献给萨克雷，以表示对这位著名作家的敬意。盖斯凯尔夫人成了她的挚友，两人过往甚密。 她还完成并出版了长篇小说《维莱特》，并于一八五三年十一月开始创作长篇小说《爱玛》。
一八五四年六月二十九日，三十八岁的夏洛蒂终于克服固执的老父的反对，和阿贝尼科尔斯牧师结了婚。迟来的爱情给她带来了慰藉和欢乐，但婚后的幸福竟是那么短暂，六个月后的一天，夏洛蒂和丈夫到离家数英里的荒原深处观看山涧瀑布，归途中遇雨受寒，此后便一病不起。一八五五年三月三十一日，三十八岁的夏洛蒂不幸离开了人间，还带去了一个尚未出世的婴儿。
第二版本：
英国女小说家，艾米莉·勃朗特之姐，是活跃在英国文坛上的勃朗特三姐妹之一。她是三姐妹中年龄最大的。三姐妹 出生在英格兰北部约克郡一个与世隔绝的村子里。父亲是个穷牧师。全靠他们一位小有资产的姨妈资助他们上学，并留给他们财产。后来三姐妹利用这笔财产的一部分自费出版了他们的第一部诗歌合集。童年的夏洛蒂常和其他兄弟姐妹一起用小本写一些奇特的故事。基于父母遗传的天分和他们后天的努力，三姐妹都有名擅长写作，1847 年，他们都发表了小说，夏洛蒂用柯勒贝尔的笔名发表了《简· 爱》。夏洛蒂当过教师和家庭教师，也曾与妹妹艾米莉一起于1842年去比利时布鲁塞尔学习法语和古典文学。 夏洛蒂的作品主要描写贫苦的小资产者的孤独、反抗和奋斗，属于被马克思称为以狄更斯为首的“出色的一派”。《简·爱》是她的处女作，也是代表作，至今仍受到广大读者的欢迎。 实际上，勃朗特三姐妹自幼便热爱写作，常常一起在本上写一些关于伯爵的小说，可惜日后都丢失了。夏洛蒂还出版过诗集。她的其他小说有：《雪莉》（1849）、《维莱特》（1853）和《教师》（1857）。其中《维莱特》可以看做是她个人的小说体自传，与她的人生经历十分相似。这位天生体弱的女作家是十九世纪英国文坛上一颗璀璨的明珠。
勃朗特姐妹
1847年，《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》在英国先后出版。这两部作品的出现，引起了文学界强烈的轰动；而这两部不朽的名著竟出于名不见传的两姐妹之手，更成了英国文学史上的佳话。这两姐妹就是夏洛蒂·勃朗特和艾米莉·勃朗特。夏洛蒂的《简·爱》因题材的新颖和感情的真挚立即引起当时评论界的重视，而艾米莉则凭着《呼啸山庄》这部有着奇想象力的小说在英国文学史上占有突出地位。然而人们没有想到，这两姐妹的成功却源自她们那孤独、苦闷和不幸的生活。
凄凉、孤独的童年
勃朗特姐妹生长在一个穷牧师家庭，她们的母亲在孩子们还很年幼时患肺癌去世，这使全家陷入了不幸。失去了母亲，孩子们的童年就象没有阳光的深冬，凄凉而没有欢乐。所幸的是，她们的父亲－－那位穷牧师－－学识渊博，他亲自教她们读书，指导她们看书读报，这些都给了她们很大的影响，这也算是不幸中的万幸。
由于生活的凄苦，勃朗特姐妹不得不在慈善学校度过了一段童年。因为学校里的生活条件十分恶劣，夏洛蒂和艾米莉的两个姐姐先后患肺病死去，这给夏洛蒂极其沉重的打击。后来，她将这家学校搬进了《简·爱》，并且为了纪念她的姐姐，在书中塑造了一个海伦·彭斯的可爱的小姑娘的形象。此后，夏洛蒂和艾米莉就回到家里，与弟弟勃兰威尔和妹妹安妮一起自学。
她们的家居住在荒凉偏僻的山区，再加上这个家庭一向离群索居，因此她们游玩的场地只有一望无际的沼泽和西边的旷野。她们常在旷野里散步，感受着旷野的气氛，特别是艾米莉，她表面沉默寡言，内心却热情奔放，她将旷野的感受全写进了《呼啸山庄》，构成了《呼啸山庄》的独特氛围。为了打发寂寞的时光，她们四个便常常读书、写作诗歌以及杜撰传奇故事，她们自办了一个手抄的刊物：《年轻人的杂志》，自编自写自读，这给她们带来了莫大乐趣，对她们以后成为著名的作家是一个初步锻炼。娄时，夏洛蒂写了许多小说、诗歌和剧本，据她自己在14岁时开列的作品名单，就有22卷。
艰苦工作后的解脱
为了生活，勃朗特姐妹先后离家出外当家庭教师，屈辱的生活激起了她们强烈的愤怒之情。夏洛蒂倍感歧视和孤独，她憎恨家庭教师这个行当，两次都只工作了几个月就离开了，但这段经历却为《简·爱》提供了极其重要的素材。在艰若、闭塞的生活中，勃朗特姐妹经常利用晚上的一点余暇积极地写作，作为对一天枯燥乏味的辛劳工作的一种解脱。尤其是艾米莉，她除了工作之外，还要承担全家繁重的家务劳动，洗衣服、烧菜、烤面包，为了随时记下写作素材，她在厨房里干活时，总是随身带着纸和笔，只要一有空隙，就立即把脑了了里涌现的思想写下来，然后继续烧饭。
这一段时期，她们一直没有停止创作活动。1836年，夏洛蒂把自己写的几首诗寄给了当时著名的桂冠诗人骚塞，不料骚塞竟认为文学不是妇女的事业，而且认为夏洛蒂没有特殊的才能。他决不会想到，正是这个他认为没有特殊才能的夏洛蒂·勃朗特在10年后会成为轰动英国文坛的作家。
勃朗特姐妹曾打算合力办一所学校，可是印了招生广告，却没有人来报名。这时她们唯一的弟弟勃兰威尔由于环境的刺激，养成了酗酒的恶习，并为此丢掉了工作，成为家庭的负担。1845年秋季的一天，夏洛蒂偶然看到艾米莉写的一本诗集，她深受感动，想到写作也许是一条出路，于是，她动用了去世的姨妈留给她们的遗产，与两个妹妹合出一本诗集。但是尽管诗写得很美，却未能引起人们的注意，只卖掉了两本。
小说创作上的成功
虽然如此，这本诗集的出版仍鼓舞了她们的创作情绪，于是勃朗特姐妹埋头写起小说来。这一年，小妹妹安妮·勃朗特写成了《艾格妮斯·格雷》，艾米莉写成了《呼啸山庄》，夏洛蒂写成了《教授》。前两部都被出版商接受了，只有《教授》被退回。但夏洛蒂没有灰心，她开始写《简·爱》，小说中的人物和情节很多都是她从生活中经历过的或是熟悉的。她用了一年时间以相当快的速度写好了《简·爱》，两个月以后，书出版了，而《艾格妮斯·格雷》和《呼啸山庄》直到《简·爱》出版后方才出版。然而是只有《简·爱》获得了成功，受到重视，《呼啸山庄》却不为当时的读者所理解。
Biography
Charlotte was born in Thornton, Yorkshire in 1816, the third of six children, to Patrick Brontë (formerly "Patrick Brunty"), an Irish Anglican clergyman, and his wife, Maria née Branwell. In 1820, the family moved a few miles to Haworth, where Patrick had been appointed Perpetual Curate. Mrs Brontë died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters and a son to be taken care of by her sister Elizabeth Branwell. In August 1824, Charlotte was sent with three of her sisters, Emily, Maria and Elizabeth, to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire (which she would describe as Lowood School in Jane Eyre). Its poor conditions, Charlotte maintained, permanently affected her health and physical development and hastened the deaths of her two elder sisters, Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who died of tuberculosis in June 1825 soon after their father removed them from the school on 1 June.
At home in Haworth Parsonage, Charlotte and the other surviving children — Branwell, Emily and Anne — began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their country — Angria — and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about theirs — Gondal. The sagas were elaborate and convoluted (and still exist in part manuscripts) and provided them with an obsessive interest in childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for their literary vocations in adulthood.
Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head, Mirfield, from 1831 to 1832, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents, Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. During this period, she wrote her novella The Green Dwarf (1833) under the name of Wellesley. Charlotte returned as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839, she took up the first of many positions as governess to various families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841.
In 1842 she and Emily travelled to Brussels to enroll in a boarding school run by Constantin Heger (1809 – 1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Heger (1814 – 1891). In return for board and tuition, Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the boarding school was cut short when Elizabeth Branwell, their aunt who joined the family after the death of their mother to look after the children, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the boarding school. Her second stay at the boarding school was not a happy one; she became lonely, homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Heger. She finally returned to Haworth in January 1844 and later used her time at the boarding school as the inspiration for some of The Professor and Villette.
In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. Although only two copies were sold, the sisters continued writing for publication and began their first novels. Charlotte used "Currer Bell" when she published her first two novels. Of this, Brontë later wrote:
Averse to personal publicity, we veiled our own names under those of Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell; the ambiguous choice being dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because—without at that time suspecting that our mode of writing and thinking was not what is called 'feminine' -- we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice; we had noticed how critics sometimes use for their chastisement the weapon of personality, and for their reward, a flattery, which is not true praise.
Indeed, her novels were deemed coarse by the critics.[citation needed] There was speculation about the identity of Currer Bell, and whether Bell was a man or a woman.
Title page of the first edition of Jane Eyre
Charlotte's brother, Branwell, the only son of the family, died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus exacerbated by heavy drinking in September 1848, although Charlotte believed his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell was also a suspected "opium eater", (i.e. a laudanum addict). Emily and Anne both died of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848 and May 1849, respectively.
Charlotte and her father were now left alone together. In view of the enormous success of Jane Eyre, she was persuaded by her publisher to visit London occasionally, where she revealed her true identity and began to move in a more exalted social circle, becoming friends with Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Gaskell, William Makepeace Thackeray and G. H. Lewes. Her book had sparked a movement in regards to feminism in literature. The main character, Jane Eyre, in her novel Jane Eyre, was a parallel to herself, a woman who was strong. However, she never left Haworth for more than a few weeks at a time as she did not want to leave her aging father's side.
Thackeray’s daughter, the writer Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie recalled a visit to her father by Charlotte Brontë:
“... two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair, and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books - the wonderful books... The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter... Every one waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess... the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all... after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him... long afterwards... Mrs. Procter asked me if I knew what had happened... It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life... the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.”
In June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate, and became pregnant soon thereafter. Her health declined rapidly during this time, and according to Gaskell, her earliest biographer, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness." Charlotte died, along with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855, at the young age of 38. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as phthisis (tuberculosis), but many biographers suggest she may have died from dehydration and malnourishment, caused by excessive vomiting from severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is also evidence to suggest that Charlotte died from typhus she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the Brontë household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her. Charlotte was interred in the family vault in The Church of St. Michael and All Angels, Haworth, West Yorkshire, England.
The Life of Charlotte Brontë, the posthumous biography of Charlotte Brontë by Gaskell, was the first of many biographies about Charlotte to be published. Though frank in places, Gaskell suppressed details of Charlotte's love for Heger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and as a possible source of distress to Charlotte's still-living friends, father and husband (Lane 1853 178–183). Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming, for example, that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes the preparation of meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage, as Juliet Barker points out in her recent biography, The Brontës. It was discovered that Charlotte wrote 20 manuscript pages of a book, but died before she could finish; Clare Boylan finished it in 2007 as Emma Brown: A Novel from the Unfinished Manuscript by Charlotte Brontë.