作者  (1910年11月2日～2005年4月24日)

姓：	费
名：	孝通
籍贯：	江苏吴江
 文化思考 civility apprehend： 《乡土中国》 乡土中国与加拿大乡村 阅读费孝通 Fei Xiaotong在百家争鸣的作品!!!

费孝通（1910年11月2日－2005年4月24日），男，江苏吴江人，中国社会学家、人类学家、民族学家、社会活动家，中国社会学和人类学的奠基人之一，第七、八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长，第六届中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会副主席。
著名社会学家、人类学家、民族学家、社会活动家，中国社会学和人类学的奠基人。江苏吴江人。4岁进入母亲创办的蒙养院，开始接受正规教育。1928年入东吴大学，读完两年医学预科，因受当时革命思想影响，决定不再学医，而学社会科学。1930年到北平入燕京大学社会学系，1933年毕业后，考入清华大学社会学及人类学系研究生，1935年通过毕业考试，并取得公费留学。在出国前，偕同新婚妻子王同惠前往广西大瑶山进行调查，在调查时迷路，误踏虎阱，腰腿受伤，王同惠出外寻求支援，不幸溺水身亡。伤愈后，回家乡农村休养时，进行了一次社会调查。1936年夏，费孝通去英国留学，1938年获伦敦大学研究院哲学博士学位。论文的中文名《江村经济》，此书流传颇广，曾被国外许多大学的社会人类学系列为学生必读参考书之一。 1938年回国后费孝通继续在内地农村开展社会调查、研究农村、工厂、少数民族地区的各种不同类型的社区。出版了调查报告《禄村农田》。1944年费孝通访美国归来后不久，参加中国民主同盟，投身爱国民主运动，曾任清华大学教授，著作有《生育制度》、《乡土中国》及译文《文化论》、《人文类型》、《工业文明的社会问题》等。
1955年到贵州进行民族识别，参加少数民族社会历史调查。曾任国务院民族事物委员会副主任、中国社会科学院社会学研究所所长、中国社会学学会会长、中国民主同盟中央第六届中央主席、第六届全国政协副主席，1980年春费孝通获国际应用人类学会马林诺斯基名誉奖，1981年春获英国皇家人类学会奖章，1982年被选为英国伦敦大学政治经济学院荣誉院士，1988年费孝通当选为第七届全国人大副委员长，同年费孝通获《大英百科全书》奖。曾在加拿大作《中国的现代化和少数民族》演讲。1992年费孝通发表《行行重行行——乡镇发展论述》，收入自己80年代以来考察沿海乡镇企业的主要研究报告，就我国乡镇企业的发展及其在改革和国民经济中的位置提出了精辟的见解。
1957年反右运动,费孝通被错划为中国著名的大右派,同样也是人类学界、民族学界的著名五右派(吴泽霖、潘光旦、黄现璠、吴文藻、费孝通)之一。费孝通一生，都曾与另外四个大右派:吴泽霖、潘光旦、黄现璠、吴文藻有着特殊的关系。费孝通写过一篇《纪念吴泽霖先生》的文章,说明他与吴先生相识于西南联大,1950年的中央访问团,民族识别,1956年的民族调查,费孝通与吴泽霖都在一起共事或保持工作联系。1952年 -1956年两人又同在中央民族学院任教授,共事四年; 潘光旦与费孝通是师友关系,自然特别亲密,互相搀扶度过那段艰难的岁月。在潘光旦寂寞的晚年,曾在在病床前陪伴潘光旦一年,潘光旦咽气前，费孝通把老师拥抱在怀中，哀叹“日夕旁伺，无力拯援，凄风惨雨，徒呼奈何”，直至老师停止呼吸。费孝通与黄现璠相识于1951年的中央访问团,费孝通任中央民族访问团中南访问团代理团长;兼任广西分团团长,黄现璠任广西分团副团长。1956年的中国少数民族社会历史调查,费孝通与黄现璠都是调查组的负责人。费孝通与黄现璠又同是全国人大民委委员。1958年2月1日，全国人大一届五次会议作出了“罢免费孝通、黄现璠、欧百川全国人民代表大会民族委员会委员职务”的决议。1980年第一届中国民族学学会成立。十一个顾问中有四个大右派:分别是吴泽霖、黄现璠、吴文藻、费孝通。费孝通与吴文藻也是师友关系。被打成右派后,吴文藻夫妇，潘光旦和费孝通爱散步,傍晚时分，总能看见这四个人分成两组到校门外散步,那些不知青红皂白的小学生争相围观，呼叫那个大胖子（费先生）是右派人物，还在后面向他们扔石头。费先生曾说：“失去知识分子等于失去民心。 ”文革期间，吴文藻夫妇、潘光旦和费孝通在中央民族学院二号楼翻译《世界史》和《世界史纲》，这是他们四人最后的相聚时光。之后，费先生曾被调离中央民族学院，在中国社会科学院民族研究所工作过，平反以前连一张书桌都没有。改革开放时期，有人曾建议费先生回中央民族学院（后改为大学）担任院长，遭到学院那些左派人士的反对，就是他们把费孝通打成右派的，害怕费先生回来清算旧账。忆往昔，潘先生在1967年逝世，黄先生在1982年逝世，吴文藻在1985年逝世，吴泽霖在1990年逝世，费先生在2005年逝世。二十世纪,这些硕学大师多被错划为中国著名的大右派,随着他们的相继去世,当今中国人类、民族学界还有"大师"否? 当温家宝总理感叹四周无人可用而发出“大学要出大师”的呼唤时，足知其微言责备了。
费孝通与孟吟
1939年，经大哥费振东介绍，费孝通结识了刚从印尼回到昆明的因参与华侨爱国运动被荷兰殖民政府勒令出境的孟吟女士。二人一见倾心，不久便在昆明结婚。此后55年，孟吟与费孝通相携相依，载浮载沉，同甘苦，共患难，相伴终生。
此后几十年时间里，在孟吟相依相伴、相爱相慰之下，费孝通先后写出无数颇有影响力的社会学论著，并成为中国社会学的奠基人。毋庸置疑，在费孝通丰硕的成果里，必然也浸透了爱妻孟吟的心血。
1994年12月1日，爱妻孟吟病逝。回想55载风雨春秋，费孝通感慨万千，作诗悼亡：老妻久病，终得永息。老夫忆旧，幽明难接。往事如烟，忧患重积。颠簸万里，悲喜交集。少怀初衷，今犹如昔。残枫经秋，星火不熄。
这首诗充分表达了费孝通对孟吟在困苦中与自己始终牵手相伴终身的欣慰之情。十年之后，即2005年4月24日，95岁的费孝通从容追随孟吟而去，为自己传奇的爱情故事画上一个圆满的句号。
生平简历
1910年11月2日出生于江苏吴江。
1933年毕业于燕京大学，获社会学学士学位，师从中国人类学家吴文藻。
1935年毕业于清华大学研究生院社会学人类学系，师从俄国人类学家史禄国。
1936年底赴英国伦敦经济学院学习社会人类学，师从英国人类学家马林诺夫斯基。
1938年获英国伦敦大学哲学博士学位，博士论文为《江村经济》，又译《中国农民的生活》。
1938年夏回到中国，任教于云南大学社会学系，主持云南大学和燕京大学合办的社会学研究室。
1940年~1945年任云南大学社会学教授。
1945年参加中国民主同盟，投身于民主爱国运动。
1945年起历任西南联大教授，清华大学教授、副教务长。
1945年~1952年任清华大学副教务长、社会学教授。
1951年费孝通任中央民族访问团中南访问团代理团长;兼任广西分团团长(副团长黄现璠、陈岸等)。
1952年~1957年任中央民族学院副院长、中国科学院哲学社会科学学部委员。
1957年~1982年任中央民族学院人类学教授。
1978年~1982年任中国社会科学院民族研究所副所长。
1979年起任中国社会学学会会长。
1980年~1982年任中国社会科学院社会学研究所所长。
1980年在美国丹佛获国际应用人类学会马林诺夫斯基名誉奖，并被列为该会会员。
1981年在英国伦敦接受英国皇家人类学学会颁发的赫胥黎奖章。
1982年起任北京大学社会学系教授。
1982年被英国伦敦大学经济政治学院授予荣誉院士称号。
1982年~1985年任中国社会科学院社会学所名誉所长。
1985年任北京大学社会学研究所所长。
1988年获在美国纽约获大英百科全书奖。
1993年在日本福冈获亚洲文化奖。
2005年4月24日22时38分在北京逝世，享年95岁。

著作目录
（含合著及译著）：
费孝通著述浩繁，其作品《乡土中国》和《江村经济》是研究中国经济、社会和文化的必读之书，他的主要论著收入《费孝通文集》。
《Peasant Life in China》，London：Routledge （1939年，该书译为江村经济）
《禄村农田》（1943年）
《Earthbound China：A Study of Rural Economy in Yunnan》，Chicago：Chicago University Press （1945年）
Chinese Gentry（1945年）
《内地农村》上海：生活书店 （1946年）
《生育制度》上海：商务印书馆（1947年）
《乡土中国》北京：三联书店（1948年）
《乡土重建》上海：上海观察社（1948年）
《Toward a People's Anthropology》 北京：新世界出版社（1981年）
《Chinese Village Close-up》北京：新世界出版社 （1983年）
《从事社会学五十年》（1983年）
《小城镇四记》北京：新华出版社 （1985年）
《费孝通社会学论文集》（1985年）
《费孝通社会学文集》天津：天津人民出版社（1985年）
《Small Towns in China》北京：新世界出版社（1986年）
《论小城镇及其他》天津：天津人民出版社（1986年）
《边区开发与社会调查》天津：天津人民出版社（1987年）
《费孝通民族研究文集》北京：民族出版社（1988年）
《行行重行行（乡镇发展论述）》宁夏出版社（1989年）
《费孝通文集》（1999年）
书籍文章
《社会变迁 重庆》，上海：商务印书馆发行
《初访美国》 上海：生活书店
《民主·宪法·人权——民之作》 上海：生活书店
《工党一年》 上海：生活书店
《美国人的性格》 上海：生活书店
《皇权与绅权》 上海：上海观察社
《兄弟民族在贵州》 北京：三联书店
《China's Gentry（中国绅士）》 Chicago：Chicago University Press
《工业文明的社会问题》 北京：商务印书馆
《世界史》（上、中、下） 北京：三联书店
《访美掠影》 北京：三联书店
《民族与社会》 天津：天津人民出版社
《非洲的种族》 北京：商务印书馆
《世界史纲--生物和人物的简明史》 北京：人民出版社
《杂写甲集》天津：天津人民出版社
《美国与美国人》 北京：三联书店
《社会调查自白》 北京：知识出版社
《生育制度--中国的家庭与社会》 日本，东京：东京大学出版社
《杂写丙集》 天津：天津人民出版社
《中国农村四细密画》 日本：日本研文出版社
《江村经济——中国农民的生活》 南京：江苏人民出版社
《杂写丁集》 天津：天津人民出版社
《沿海六行》 南京：江苏人民出版社
《乡镇经济比较模式》 重庆：重庆出版社
《山水·人物》 南京：江苏人民出版社
《费孝通选集》 天津：天津人民出版社
《费孝通学术精华录》 北京：北京师范学院出版社
《费孝通外访杂写》 北京：中国展望出版社
《中华民族多元一体格局》 北京：中央民族学院出版社
《逝者如斯－费孝通杂文选集》 苏州：苏州大学出版社
《人的研究在中国》 天津：天津人民出版社
《芳草天涯》 苏州：苏州大学出版社
《言以助味》 苏州：苏州大学出版社
《学术文化随笔》 北京：中国青年出版社
《学术自述与反思：费孝通学术文集》 北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店
《乡土中国，生育制度》 北京：北京大学出版社
《从实求知录》 北京：北京大学出版社
论中国家庭结构的变动 《天津社会科学》1982年第3 期
家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题——再论中国家庭结构的变动 《北京大学学报》1983年第3期
三论中国家庭结构的变动 《北京大学学报》1986年第3 期
中国城乡发展的道路——我一生的研究课题 《中国社会科学》1993年第1 期 1-1-93
从史禄国老师学体质人类学 《北京大学学报》1994年 第5 期
个人、群体、社会——生学术历程的自我思考 《北京大学学报》1994年第1 期 1-1-94
略谈中国的社会学 《社会学研究》1994年第1 期
关于人类学在中国 《社会学研究》1994年第2 期
论中国小城镇的发展 《读书》1995年第8 期
家底实创新业——再访温州 《瞭望》1995年第5 期
农村、小城镇区域发展——我的社区研究历程的再回顾 《北京大学学报》哲社版1995年第2 期 4-1-95
简述我的民族研究经历和思考 《北京大学学报》1997年第2 期
反思、对话、文化自觉 《北京大学学报》1997年第3 期
我对自己学术的反思——人文价值再思考之一 《读书》1997年第9 期
跨文化的“席明纳”——人文价值再思考之二 《读书》1997年第10期

Fei Xiaotong or Fei Hsiao-Tung (November 2, 1910 – April 24, 2005) was a Chinese anthropologist and sociologist. He was a pioneering researcher and professor of sociology and anthropology; he was also noted for his studies in the study of China's ethnic groups as well as a social activist. One of China's finest sociologists and anthropologists, his works on these subjects were instrumental in laying a solid foundation for the development of sociological and anthropological studies in China, as well as in introducing social and cultural phenomena of China to the international community. His last post before his death in 2005 was as Professor of Sociology at Peking University.

Early years

Fei Xiaotong was born in Wujiang County of Jiangsu province in China on November 2, 1910. His world was one plagued with political corruption and abject poverty. He grew up in a gentry but yet not wealthy family. His father, Fei Pu'an (费朴安) was educated in the Chinese classics, earned a shengyuan civil service degree, studied in Japan, and founded a middle school. Fei's mother, Yang Renlan (杨纫兰), the Christian daughter of a government official and also highly educated for her time, established a nursery school in Wujiang which Fei attended. Her brothers include Chinese politician Yang Qianli (father of Hong Kong director and lyricwriter Evan Yang), Architect Yang Xiliu(S. J. Young), Chinese-American animator Cy Young, and entrepreneur Yang Xiren.

Career in academic sociology

At missionary-founded Yenching University in Peiping, which had China's best sociology program, he was stimulated by the semester visit of Robert E. Park, the University of Chicago sociologist. For an M.A. in anthropology, Fei went to nearby Tsinghua University where he studied with Pan Guangdan and learned fieldwork methods from a White Russian, S. M. Shirokogoroff. Fei's first fieldwork experience, in the rugged mountains of Guangxi province in the far south, ended tragically after Fei's leg was crushed by a tiger trap, and his young bride Wang Tonghui (王同惠) died seeking help.

"Functional" anthropology

From 1936 to 1938 Fei studied at the London School of Economics under the pioneer anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski. "From Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Fei learned to focus on the functional interrelationships of various "parts" of a community and on the meaning of a culture as seen by its members. He devised survey methods which incorporated the functional approach ... "^:17 Fei wrote his 1938 PhD thesis, based on earlier fieldwork in Kaixiangong (Chinese:開弦弓) village, China and published it as Peasant Life in China (1939).

Among Fei Xiaotong's contributions to anthropology is the concept that Chinese social relations work through social networks of personal relations with the self at the center and decreasing closeness as one moves out. Among the criticisms of Fei Xiaotong's work is that his work tended to ignore regional and historical variations in Chinese behavior. Nonetheless, as a pioneer and educator, his intent was to highlight general trends, thus this simplification may have had significant justification for Fei's intent, even if they contributed to a bias in studies of Chinese society and culture.

An important work of the period, China's Gentry, was compiled from Fei's field interviews, and was published in the United States in 1953. It went on to become a staple of American university courses on China. The compilation and U.S. publication of China's Gentry grew out of a relationship Fei developed at Tsinghua University with the University of Chicago anthropologist Robert Redfield and his wife, Margaret Park Redfield.^:18

Leading intellectual in People's Republic of China

1950s and 1960s: Politics in command

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Fei played an important role in national intellectual and ideological life, and before long he began to hold a growing number of political positions. He was made vice president in 1951 of the Central Institute for Nationalities in Beijing (today, Minzu University of China), and in 1954 attended the First National People's Congress as a member of the Nationalities Affairs Commission.^:18

Soon thereafter, however, departments of sociology were eliminated (as a "bourgeois pseudo-science"). Fei no longer taught, and published less and less. During the “Hundred Flowers” thaw of 1956–57, he began to speak out again, cautiously suggesting the restoration of sociology. But then the climate suddenly changed with the “Anti-Rightist Movement.” In 1957, Fei stood with head bowed before countless assemblies to confess his “crimes toward the people.”  Hundreds of articles attacked him, not a few by colleagues, some viciously dishonest. Fei became an outcast, humiliated, isolated, unable to teach, do research, or publish. Twenty-three years of his life, he would later write, years that should have been his most productive period, were simply lost, wasted. At the height of the Cultural Revolution, physically attacked by Red Guards, forced to clean toilets, he contemplated suicide.

1970s and 1980s: A 'second life'

In the 1970s, Fei, internationally known, began to receive foreign visitors, and after Mao's death he was asked to direct the restoration of Chinese sociology. He visited the United States again and was subsequently able to arrange the visits to China of American social scientists to help with the gigantic task of training a whole new cadre of Chinese sociologists. In 1980 he was formally rehabilitated, and was one of the judges in the long, televised trial of the “Gang of Four” and others held responsible for the crimes of the Cultural Revolution.

His 'second life' was more than ever that of the public intellectual, with important political posts and contact with policy makers. His influence is thought to have been important in convincing the government to promote rural industry, whose rapid growth in the 1980s raised the income of hundreds of millions of villagers all over China. Virtually every week in the 1990s his name was in the newspapers and his face on television. He traveled all over China, went abroad, to the US, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia, and elsewhere, and was showered with international honors: the Malinowski Award of the Society for Applied Anthropology, the Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, an honorary doctorate from the University of Hong Kong, and other honors in Japan, the Philippines, Canada. He played a role in promoting and directing the reestablishment of sociology and anthropology in China, training scholars and developing teaching materials after thirty years of prohibition.

Fei is also known for his influential theory on ethnic groups in Chinese history, which follows the tradition of Lewis H. Morgan's stage-developmental evolutionism. A representative example of his work is Fei's 1988 Tanner lecture in Hong Kong, "Plurality and Unity in the Configuration of the Chinese Nationality." According to Fei, the Huaxia became a true ethnic group, the Han, during the Qin Dynasty. Afterwards, the Han became "a nucleus with centripetal force" with their stable agricultural society attracting and assimilating ethnic nomads from China's northern frontier such as the Qiang.

The 1990s and 2000s: reminiscence and caution

Above all, it was as a writer that Fei flourished in his 'second life'. Virtually all of his old books were republished during these years, and he turned out new books and articles in even greater quantity. Of the fifteen volumes of his “Works” (1999–2001), new writings from the 1980s and 1990s fill over half. Many of the themes were familiar. He repeatedly and forcefully set forth the case for sociology and anthropology in China if modernization were to succeed. He reminisced about his village fieldwork, his studies, and his teachers. There were articles and books on rural industrialization, small towns, national minorities, and developing frontier areas. He championed the cause of intellectuals. He recounted what he had learned from his trips abroad and made some new translations from English. There was even a little book of his poetry. What is different in all this new writing is political caution; Fei had too much to do and too little time in the last decades to risk playing with fire again.

He was Professor of Sociology at Peking University at the time of his death on April 24, 2005 in Beijing at the age of 94. A memorial has been set up in the Department of Sociology at the university, where he has taught and directed since the 1980s.

Career landmarks

Major works

• Peasant Life in China: A Field Study of Country Life in the Yangtze Valley. Preface by Bronislaw Malinowski. London: G. Routledge and New York: Dutton, 1939, and various reprints and a Japanese translation.
• Fei and Chang Chih-I [Zhang Zhiyi 张之毅], Earthbound China: A Study of Rural Economy in Yunnan. University of Chicago Press, 1945.
• China's Gentry: Essays in Rural-Urban Relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
• Neidi de nongcun 《內地的農村》(Villages of the interior). Shanghai: Shenghuo, 1946.
• Shengyu zhidu 《生育制度》 (The institutions for reproduction). Shanghai: Shangwu, 1947.
• From the Soil (Xiangtu Zhongguo, 《鄉土中國》). Shanghai: Guancha, 1948. (Translated as From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society, U. of California Press, 1992)
• Xiangtu chongjian 《鄉土重建》 (Rural recovery). Shanghai: Guancha, 1948.
• Fei Xiaotong et al. Small Towns in China: Functions, Problems & Prospects. Beijing: New World Press, 1986.
• Xingxing chong xingxing 《行行重行行》 (Travel, travel, and more travel). Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe, 1992.
• Fei Xiaotong wenji 《费孝通文集》 (Collected works of Fei Xiaotong), 15 vols. Beijing: Qunyan chubanshe, 1999.

Awards

• 1980: Bronislaw Malinowski Award of the International Applied Anthropology Association
• 1981: Huxley Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
• 1988: Encyclopædia Britannica Prize in New York
• 1993: USA and Asian Cultural Prize in Fukuoka, Japan
• Doctor of Letters degree, honoris causa by the University of Hong Kong
• Doctor of Social Science degree, honoris causa, University of Macau
• 1994: Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in the Philippines.

Political positions

Fei also made significant contributions to the study and management of the development of China's rural economy.

Before his death, Fei held a number of political positions, although these are mostly honorary; he was considered by many to be "active politically".

• Vice-President of the 6th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
• Vice-Chairman of the 7th and 8th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
• Vice-Chairman of the Drafting Committee for the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
• Honorary Chairman of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League, a minor party which is part of the United Front led by the Communist Party of China
• Deputy Director of the Experts Bureau of the State Council
• Deputy Director of the National Ethnic Affairs Committee
• Chairman of the Central Committee of the Democratic Union

See also

• List of sociologists
• List of Chinese sociologists and anthropologists
• Francis L. K. Hsu

References

Further reading

• R. David Arkush, Fei Xiaotong and Sociology in Revolutionary China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
• Pasternak, Burton, "A Conversation with Fei Xiaotong," Current Anthropology 29:637-62 (1988).
• "Fei Xiaotong [Hsiao-tung Fei]," American Anthropologist, 108.2:452–461 (2006).

External links

• New York Times obituary, May 9, 2005 (registration required)
• The Guardian obituary, May 5, 2005
• Biographical information at China Vitae
• Xinhua obituary, April 26, 2005