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Zhong Chang lived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, social upheaval, imperial family, eunuchs Han and commercial giants, the big landlords and loan sharks started to form a large despotic landlord group, they wantonly annexation of land, plundered people's wealth, with the owner class masses of working people's serious opposition. So in the first year of Emperor Ling of Han Zhongping (184) inclination of the leadership of the outbreak of the Yellow Turbans. Peasant uprising in the army a heavy blow, the decadent Eastern Han Dynasty in name only, off the overnight. Zhong Chang of "Changyan", where 34 4, more than 10 million words, to vent anger. Zhong Chang that "days" that is natural, it never will and purpose. "Heaven" has not run people's will as an objective law, one need only less "days", such as timely planting, hard management, timely harvest, there is a good harvest. How much is not "destiny", but to give full play to people's initiative. Gains and losses in political power, the Zhong Chang and criticized "the will of God." He won the world that the entrepreneurs, the establishment of dominance by the "personnel" caused. Similarly, the dynasty withered, destroyed industry perished, but also by the "personnel" should do. Fundamentally negative religious "Fate" determine social prosperity preaching, thus denying the dominance of religious theology. This is the history of the Han, is "unprecedented insight."
Chung-long system of idealism in the thought though there is dross, but his life, materialistic thinking and progressive ideas are the foundations of his thought. His "personnel-oriented, heaven for the end of" materialism weapons, criticized the Han Dynasty the noise of religious theology, his thought in the history of Chinese philosophy has a special place in history. He was a great philosopher and progressive thinkers.
Chung-long political and ideological system, and was popular as opposed to theocratic political theory, put forward the personnel-oriented, heaven for the end of the fate of the nation and social chaos depends on the "personnel", not "Nature", and advocated for the abolition Sangong ( Qiu, Stuart, Sagong) coalition system, restoration of the Western Han Dynasty when the ruling regime imposed by the prime minister, that "any one for political professionals, any number of others Xiang Yi. political professionals are harmonious, Xiang Yi is against the brutal." He condemned the Dukes without authorization yuga, and power can not be made Renjun became minister of marriage, who has became married, do not appointing him power to govern.
Zhong Chang legal issues in the following main points: ① times decided by law, simplified Lenient. Although he holds the Confucian "Supplementing" view, emphasizing moral education is "Renjun the permanent", and "whom penalties Sasuke"; but it does not oppose the use of harsh punishments. He advocated "Only when simplified, Lenient," when "□ Gui groups of" non-draconian laws not enough to "break the party", then you must use heavy penalty. Simplified the law, the severity of the situation should be based on the need for change. ② "rule", "disorder" is to use those. He believes that the state "rule," "chaos" is not "legal" differences, but rather the implementation of the rulers, "the rule of law" is good or bad. "The gentleman with the rule of law of the small man with the rule of law as for the disorder. Are also a legal system, or in order of, or in the chaos, the different lines are." ③ help to restore corporal punishment "of sin." Han Wen 10 years (before 167) issued an edict waste corporal punishment to the head bald, bamboo cane instead of tattoo, cut off the nose, cut off the feet. Since then, when it was suggested that restoration of corporal punishment, or even to carry out the late Eastern Han Dynasty controversy. Zhong Chang also advocated restoration of corporal punishment. He believes that the death penalty and matters of the sentence of whipping corporal punishment among the additional, beneficial to punish "the crime." Because "the crime of" kill the too heavy, too light matters of the will, if not with "the crime of" Adaptation of corporal punishment, law enforcement will inevitably lead to confusion, so that penalty, "the severity of non-products", Crime and Punishment "name is really not appropriate. "
Chung-long system of thought and talent focused on the performance of the "Changyan" at home. "Changyan" is a hybrid of political and ideological set, a total of 34, more than 10 million words. After most of the lost, one of the survivors less than 10 second, scattered "the Book", "group rule to the book", "Arts for the People" and other books, has to recollect the present.
In the "Changyan", the Zhong Chang attaches great importance to study the social history of experience and reality of social life, focusing on "personnel" role, no "destiny" "God," the master of the role of social history. His "staff-centered, Heaven for the end" of the arguments against the laws of natural phenomena and human good and bad will be up, stressed that "the only personnel of the best ears, no heavenly school Yan." That "the virtue of the letter back personnel who are dizzy confusion of the main, cover the country home of the minister dead also" ("group rule to the book").
Yan Qing may have in the evaluation Zhong Chang said: "However, the Kai Chen Shan Road, that He ills, apropos of Chen, Inspector Li shock of gas, which can not be destroyed by friction. Miaoxi Bo side of the board of directors (Zhongshu), Jia (Yi), Liu (to), Yang (male), non-Guo Yu also. " ("Science, after all" 大 18 "). Qing Ma Guohan also said: "its statement on current affairs, hit the pros and cons, Miao Xibo to Dong, Jia Liu, Yang proposed the, Xun non-flattering" ("Johann Shan Fang Yi books," the 11th letter of the 50th 4).
In short, the Zhong Chang social and political criticism of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is broad and deep, involving political, economic and social ethos in all aspects; good at governance from authoritarian Dukes, eunuchs, to the greed translate into less confusion of the emperor, he along document to be attacked. He attributed the source of the community and bring disaster on "stupid master", and hope that he eventually reforms could maintain Abuse, implementing the right policies, reflecting the small landlord class in the political and economic requirements. However, the Yellow Turban Rebellion big storm, and the turmoil in succession of political reality, but also so he could not see a genuine way out of this class, so pessimistic despair. The thinking seclusion Masquerade, Mu-Hyun old thinking, which reflects this mindset.
Translated by Google