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Dong Hometown
1, found in the village in recent years Jiuxian "Dong Ancestral Hall" rubbing stone lintel of the Qing Dynasty, marked "rebuilt Xiangfu ugly" words. That large and medium Emperor Song Xiangfu six years (AD 1013), rehabilitation, said previously that there is here: "Dong Ancestral Hall." Ancestral hall that Family Temple, is the ancestor worship of the tribe.
2, that "Jizhou" carries: Jiuxian Village West has a "four Temple", a local known as "saidaiji." Former director of the sub-year lectures. Wang Guo-Xian Liu Hejian for its construction. The monastery was destroyed by the late Qing Dynasty, the remaining sites, protruding surface. Covered with rubble. Villagers in this excavated ceramic candlesticks, candlelight class to write only, and Tireless. Dong used to teach things then.
4, "Shi" recorded: Dong has a son were at play, to be mistaken for lack of filial piety and out of the house, they go to the village 45 miles from the old counties of Dong Wang from good friends. Wang Shan Dong Fu from a nail in the coffin after the elderly, continue to live in this village. That "zaoqiang County" set, there king good to the person. But no life characters. For "good to" sound the same "life", Hou Wang renamed this village. Later evolved into the former Wang, Wang 2, after the village. 95% between the two villages named as directors. In ancient times, before and after the Su Wang and the surrounding valley, Park Dong Zhuang and other clan, the village gather in the old counties "Dong Ancestral Hall" before the ancestors. Modern still. Wang Qing Dynasty rebuilt the village has kept possession of genealogy, said Dong was too ancestor sequence.
To say, "Dong Chong therefore the share of the three primary mu Dong is home", which has long been opposition. The village with Tang and Song Dynasties, although silt buried. Dong Zhuang Western Han dynasty, it is difficult to deposit on the ground. Han worked Jiuxianping Village Administrative Office, although with another compound for the legacy of 500 years has not changed. Surface bulge has lots of debris everywhere. Suspected Jiuxian Village and Village Board so this is a village, separated from the former counties out of the village. What's in it? Evidence has not been found.
5, this Han Wudi Mao Mausoleum in Shaanxi Xingping 500 meters to the north, Village called "policy village", the villagers are mostly surnamed Dong, Dong villagers say they are descendants of. Making about 250 meters southeast of the village, there is an ancient mound, the villagers called the "policy grave." This is Dong's mass graves. Experts explained that this is because Dong Jin who was "Tian Ren San Ce" active in the Chinese, for the achievements of their ancestors in mind, then have the name.
Dong Biography
Dong's life has been a Wenjing, Han Wu Shengshi, is the Western Han dynasty, heyday, political stability, economic prosperity, national strength and unprecedented prosperity, the people live and work. In ideology and culture, early Han society is Kuanshu comfortable. Xiao Hui of addition, "relying on the law books," the official home writing a book; Emperor Shi You open up the way the book offer. Size of the cache because of burnings and many of them classics of Confucianism, have representation in the world; many retreated to the Confucian Kusano people in, and gradually out of the mountains. People keep to their own peace, persons willing to school, then pass by the people in lectures, Meeting in followers, revival of Confucianism industry, the Confucian camp, suddenly big with. The Confucian masters in order to please in power and to interpret that meaning, with vivid descriptions. Families with family tradition, the division of modeling their behavior, all kinds, beaming out equipment. Dong, is a social stability, the context of academic freedom, took to the road of learning things. Dong's home - Hirokawa, southeast sides, close to Lu, Yan, on behalf of the north, west Sanjin. Since ancient times, many scholars Lu, Yan, on behalf of the alchemist, Sanjin production Legalism, Zhongshu an early age growing up in a variety of cultural influence, with its side to form the ideology of multi-meaning are not unrelated. According to "Historical Records" record, the Western Han Dynasty, practitioners master the Five Classics of Confucianism, a total of eight people: the "Poetry", in Lu (now western Shandong) has Shenpei Gong, Yu Qi (Shandong East) for the House solid students, in Yan ( now Beijing) was Hantai Fu (infant); Biography "book", as the Jinan Fu Sheng; Biography "gift", then Lu of the Diocese of Health; Biography "easy", then Zichuan (shift the norms of the book "), the number of Governing the one who can "Book of Songs." Shallow compared with those of disability, Dong really stand out, if the differences are shaped, not ashamed, "generalist", "ru" in Yu. In addition, high reputation, style the Sheng!
Health and Hu Dong Wu
Among the Five Classics, Dong best, or "Spring and Autumn" Gongyang. "Spring and Autumn" This is the basis of Confucius Lu Amendment and Writing of a political history. Confucius is said to old age, see Road not, themselves to see the operation, it has to work the way history books Historical Judgments in self-sustenance, had the political ideals and ethics. In order to avoid political persecution, Confucius remarks in an obscure than the things often use the language, its subtle meaning, only to dictate to the disciples, not pens in the book. Confucius died, his disciples to the news' onward pass, then gradually different "spring" the photographer said. Han epidemics 5: the Rams Spring, Valley Liangchun Qiu, Zuo Spring, Chow, folder's and so on. In which no division Chow Chuan, folder's no book, Zuo hidden in secret government, only the ram, Gu Liang setter, Wen-Mei Yi Foo, first became popular, and the big macro Gongyangzhuan known to the world, then Dong and Hu not depend on the initiator of Health. Wu no students, the word child is, Qi, aged longer than the Dong. Han Chuan is the first study of the master ram, is one of rams first teacher who spoke of the Zhu Bo. Davey ordered state ram spring to teach the order, said: "Zi Xia Chuan to ram high, high pass to his son flat, flat pass to his son, the land transfer to his son, dare, dare to son of his son Ting. To the emperor, the life and Qi Hu disciples who are not children, were in Zhu Bo. (Yan Xu, "Commentaries on any body ram sequence diversion" argument) shows that Hu is not ram Health Story of the Spring and Autumn's direct descendant, but also help to ram ram Life Master spoke of the Zhu Bo, its not the end of the text, word of mouth history of man. Gongyang this well documented, there are rules to follow, more stereotyping theory. Also, because the ram has been the spread, but also conducive to theory spread. In addition, no survivors induction ram Hu Yi cases, with a "ram Ordinance," a book to ram principled theory to outline Qie leading scholars and master points.
He break for the late Eastern Han Dynasty, "Rams solution visit", she "not according to Hu Health" Regulations "and more natural ways" (what body "Preface"). Hu personally transfer is not alive, expanding the teaching of Gongyang surface. Dr. when he was emperor, and the Dong with the column. Old age, reversion to teach Yu Qi, "Let the words of" Spring "more than those not affected by HU students," Wu Di had already lent a large prime minister GONGSUN Hong Chuan teacher. Dong is also very respected him, "Han" wrote: Hu not students "with Dong in the industry, Zhongshu a book called Germany." Said that: "Hu not children are, cheap for the commoner, poor as your humble servant. But music Yi Gifts are OK to death. it the world respect their body, while the popular Mo its sound. I might even wing also! "(" Wen Lin word "Ligu cited, see Tang Yan," Case Study Three Han "), Tang Yan Xu "ram Shu", said: "Hu not students of this though" ram through Communication, "pass Tung, Youzi do to make" regulations "." Dong Woo, not to disciple students. Wu seized Zhai said: "Soon it said, but does not appear in the history of monensin quality is also suspect." ("Preface Jin Dian Shi Wen Shu Zheng"), seized fast the suspect even is. But Xu's words, under this fear of "Han Rulin Biography." Chuan said: Hu children are not new words, homogeneous people. Governance "ram Spring and Autumn", when the emperor Dr. And Dong in the industry, Zhongshu books called De. Old, in the final teaching Yu Qi, Qi of the words "Spring" who were a matter of, GONGSUN Hong Yan popular. The Dong is Jiangdu phase, owned Ling. The disciples were sent, Lan Ling Chu Tai, Tung Ping win public Hirokawa section Chung, Wen Lu Shu step. On this passage alone, it seems that no student disciples Hu GONGSUN Hong, Dong, Chu big win public section of Chung, Lu Shu and other steps. "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" is not to win the public health for Hu disciples. In fact, this is the Ban to succinctness without distinction. Future generations without deep examination, misreading the book. Here should be "the Board of Health ... ..." section sentence to the HU's not the transfer, the transfer to the following Dong. This is not Zhonghua punctuation this section, is still bearing the error.
According to "Historical Records": "Words," Spring "in Qilu Hu not from students, since in Zhao Dong." Wu Dong pair and governance, not applied by the relationship. Sima Qian, "Rulin Biography," first Zhongshu the second son is. Unexpectedly Zhongshu child's teachers are all things, Ma Yung Ho negligence moved to this! Also great Morohito Chu, "Historical Records" explicitly "Zhongshu Di sub carrier: Lan Ling Chu Tai, Hirokawa Yin Zhong (" Han "as a section of Chung), Lu Wen-step comfort." Hu not students are not disciples. Therefore, Lu Deming "Explanation Preface" said: "Hon Hing, not students of Hu Qi, Zhao Dong people, and governance" ram Spring. "Lan Ling Chu Tai, Tung Ping win public and Guangzhou with the Chung-Wen Lu Shu-step, all Zhongshu disciples. "emphatic not to be confused. Yan Tang, "Three Han Learning plan" will "and director of Health," the following copy of Hu not pass, the cover followed the old text, but in Dong Chuan-by said: "Hu not students, to send only one pass GONGSUN Hong, so Hong Home DPRK experts and Dongsheng Li differences are distinctive ear to flow. "Hu is known to carry on investigations of non-apprenticeship. "Si Ku sparse Abstract Abstract ram" test, "Kung-yang," Master said in sub-Shen, son of Sima Master said, Confucius said children, child Kitamiya Master said. The Master said, there are high, Lu Confucius said that "covered by all the teachers teach, not the child out of ram." Whereas in the ram's home school, the teachers have been due to more ram, why should teachers do in the Hu Dong Wu s it? And "Ram S" drawing, "said Xiao Jing," said: "Zi Xia Chuan and ram's, V, and even no health Hu, Dong." Board of Health and Hu can be seen not as Zixia six students with a disciple. Of course, since the Rams and Hu Shou no students are the first of "Kung-yang," with the Zhu Bo, then, the text in Scripture, the Board of Health may benefit from the sub-Ms have not. As for the other, then unknown. Health and Hu Dong Tongzhi not once, but not the same as their respective contributions. Hu no health record, "Kung-yang," meaning cases are summarized ram to make it more systematic. Dong in the play "Kung-yang," iang, cited by the theory, or even the use of "Spring" break jail, to the classics combined with political realities, more independent inventions. Introduction of the two systems are Gongyang we, and they are the initiators of early Han Chuan-ram divisions, but segments together, Hu said that by not limited to students, is learning at home, is by the division; Dong is longer than on facts After engaging in practical science, is ru. Qian said: "The V Hanxing between the CD-Dong called out in the" Spring and Autumn "." It is a result of its energy use by the said aid. Juan search two on the "Spring and Autumn" the Ming dynasty Gongyang of Han Shi, Zhuo all contribute, so the emperor both years, was appointed Hantingboshi.
Keeping a Low Profile
At that time, Dr. office, has shown signs in the Warring States, Qin followed, the First Emperor, Dr. 70 people there, "palm of the scholars" learned. Doctors have, but studies specialization; and Mo were law, and even side technical persons are abused during pole. Burnings Dr. Confucianism fled seclusion, Dr. Qin Tingdi became purely for Supernatural and clever people in surgery flattery that only. Chen She uprising, many German students carrying a Confucian ritual defected Chen Wang, to find a way out. The eight generation descendant of Confucius carp hole shall be Dr. Chen She, finally, together with Chen She died, becoming the first Chinese history and heroic devotion to the revolutionary cause of intellectuals. Hon Hing, has defected to the Han Dynasty Confucian scholar, Dr. Han has also set up government, to appease the. Quoted SHUSUN Tong Han emperor towards instrument development, begun to taste the refined dishes, as busy exterminate "running dog", arms unresolved, Wei Xia Tai Hing Confucianism. Xiaohui high after, the "hero of force or poor were" not a scholar Fengeng. The time of King Wen, Shuo-Ju quite as Dr. celebrities who, like "poetry" have solid health, Dr. House, Han Ying, "book" with Dr. Zhang, Ouyang, "Spring and Autumn Annals" there are no health Hu, Dong. "Mencius", "Ya," "Book of Filial Piety" also Dr. But "good Wen Xing Ming," "the emperor is not any of Confucianism," "it with various officials to be asked Dr, who did not enter" - they only receive a pension member, not a subject to reuse ("Historical Records Rulin Biography" ). Coupled with the "Empress and good Taoism," Dr. Zhu Ru industry was fortunate not only difficult, but also touch avoid the risk of committing taboo. Empress asked, "Poem" for Health, Dr. House, "I" in the book, House solid Chan said, "I" is a shallow "family words" Empress angrily scolded the Five Classics as "Sagong Chengdan" (the Jewish word Book of Prisoners. Sagong, palm palace and fortification construction. First Emperor burn books, so there are hundreds of Tibetan calligraphy and speaker, tattoo as Chengdan.), and to make solid fight wild boar under the plan, but fortunately he edged Lee to the emperor sword, only from violent death. Dr. Chung Seeing fear in the heart, where the luxury and time to carry forward the Confucian industry through the world kings! Some actually have an excuse to quit the post of Dr., away. Such as the House fixed for transfer as Qinghe Prefecture, Han Ying as Changshan Tutor, Hu not altogether in old age health grounds, grow old and go home, home to teach village. 'Dong is also keeping a low profile during this period, a non-political achievements. But he did not negative fitness world, he was only one wide enrollment, teaching private phase, in order to train a group of Han Confucianism of qualified personnel to implement. "Historical Records", said Dong disciples pass by scholars of "several hundred", and very good, much Leung Chu-phase, win the public to Jianda Fu, Lu Shu-step for the prime minister Nagao, Wu Qiu Shou Wang (later) the official to light Lu doctor sijung. Great historian Sima Qian has also studied with Dong, "Historical Records" of the Dong's "Spring" more than the elucidation of learning; also is distressed by Confucius, the "Spring", Zuo Qiu blindness of "Zuo Zhuan" inspired by stories in extremely difficult circumstances, energies Author of "Historical Records" this eternal masterpiece. On the other hand, Dong has carefully observed reality, with great concentration to discuss 100 theory, especially since the Han Dynasty deep research has been dominated by the Early Han Dynasty. He wants to build an unprecedented compatible Confucian philosophers of the new system to meet the great unified society of the Bureau of Western Han Dynasty, in order to effect positive was something. He was up for sale, seasonal out!
Tian Ren San Ce said holy TUNG know the world in one fell swoop
In 141 BC, Hsiao Ching-ti Jiabeng. After following the Wen emperor, but also a practice Taoism passive inaction, and the people break the rule, so that "Wenjing" the king. Period known to history as Emperor Jing, Feng real intrinsic warehouse, repository Rao money, with people, Lai Man Chun-Hou, Han society from the economy to agriculture and social security have reached a good pole. However, on the other hand, because the court's inaction laissez-faire, unbridled arrogance and feudal, despotic and expanding, and commercial landlords, public invasion fine fishing, separatist forces have been formed; plus the Shii invasion Pro, Hun Kou side ... ... Ban on the situation at that time said: "Hon Hing contained more than 60, at home and Yee, storehouses full, and Shii no guests, the system multi-Que." ("Han GONGSUN Hong Chuan Chan"), peace and prosperity to the surface in sight, the Western Han Dynasty and Society has been hidden serious crisis. Jun needed was something from which a radical reform of the system is not the scourge of the fat, anti-Simin in landslides; more then end of the inaction of the government, by position of real financial Rao Yun, Hing culture and education, to build martial arts, in Zusizubing basis, to meet the Confucian ideal of peace in the Golden Age of music education! However, the emperor is a monarch following the body keep the text, he realized the biggest mystery Wenjing is "nothing to rule," withered and disadvantages in their resources, when allowed to create their own wealth, self-reliant. Wenjing the arrival of the ruling monarch and his subjects so much a cultural landscape well, as it is a good rule to relax. How rich in material based on the Dodge, Wen Jing monarch and his subjects can not do anything. The historical mission of the body fell to the Han Emperor Wu, Emperor Wu of the succession to the Western Han Dynasty created a new climate of society, but also brought to the Confucian revival of hope. Decade of sword, three contained no glimpse Dong Park, just catching up with this opportunity to really Qianzaiyishi, whose son lucky!
Han Wu Di Liu Che, was the emperor of neutrons, love of literature, uphold the gentle academican surgery, male wood rough, vigorous. He spoke sandwiches, repair martial arts, North hit Hun, South ask Baiyue, west to the Western Regions, Ōita Korea. Prestige boosted by the Western Han Empire, called heyday. During the reign of talent he is most prevalent on the Western Han period. "Han" praised, said: "Group Shimu to, different people and out. Elegance is GONGSUN Hong, Dong, Ni W; Dusing is stone built, stone Qing; quality directly is that Ji, Bu-type; push (recommended) Yin is Hanan Guo, Zheng was; be made (Patent) was Zhao Yu, Tang-; article, Qian, Xiang-ru; funny is Dongfang Shuo, gold Gao; response to the village to help, Zhu Maichen; enumerating the Tang, Luo Under the Wing; Association Law (modulation temperament) is Li Yannian; Operations were Emperor Wudi; Ancient Korea was Zhang Qian Su Wu; the rate Wei Qing, Huo; by the left (Tuogu) is Huo Guang, Jin Midi; the rest can not win in mind! "( "GONGSUN Hong Chuan Chan") is really talents, brilliant stars, "Han's gains were, in hereby Sheng" (ibid.)! Wise people at this time the Western Han Dynasty set is so widely different materials may, of course with my Emperor's appeal relating to such thing, is he desperate for eclectic selection of personnel directly efficacy. Its effective means of selecting personnel, are the frequent ordered the Qin and Han and Baiguan or poor to Run, Sunkist, and ordered the county recommended the National School, repair of Confucianism. According to "Han Dong Biography" contained in the Han Emperor Wu "established school officials, gun held Mao-cai (scholar) Xiaolian, both from Dong-fat (Initiative) is." Gains seen in Emperor Wu of Han, Wu's gains in the election and Confucianism, and Confucianism advocates the election is from the bottom of Dong. Proposed by a Confucian scholar of the impact of court decisions, the correct decision by the group of persons led to the Mu, which ushered in by the personnel cluster situation of the Western Han imperial heyday. Here, who will say Troy it useless? This is "useless" the big users! "Useless" in Magical!
In 141 BC, Emperor Diji emperor, the following year reign title Jianyuan. The ambitious, energetic young emperor, changed the cultural landscape of the times all because of any natural, conservative, doing nothing policy objectives, Jianyuan the first year of the new year, that is, "Chao prime minister, censor, Liehou, in Erqian Dan, Erqian Dan, princes phase: Recommending very bluntly admonished people in. " This should give those a hundred people, was held on the first Shosuke; GONGSUN Hong-ming in the "Spring and Autumn" selected for the PhD; House for Health and Yi Yi virtuous candidates. The remaining school Shen Buhai, Shang Yang, Han illegal family words, speaking soute, Zhang Yi aspect of the speaker, that any ouster, no admission. Dong whether to participate in this response, the history of differences. Dong measures, "Han Emperor Wu Ji" Remember the light element in the first year after six years (before 134), "Mirror" is contained in the first year of Chien-yuan. "Han" is written credible. Measures that "this temporary government is willing to rule 70 years," the first year from the emperor (206 BC) to Jianyuan four years (before 137) was 7 years if measures Jianyuan first year, not that "over 70" The first year was 70 Yuan for four years of light, you can say "70 years."
Early Yuan Dong Jian not right, it may be related to the political situation, that is, Empress still alive. Empress is the Empress Wen, Yang Ling, mother, grandmother Emperor, that she still Taoism, Confucianism hatred, meager Five Classics. Emperor ascended the throne, is revered Grand empress dowager, Jianyuan the early years, she petitioned the court event had to nod. Nature is not implemented at this time when Confucianism. In fact, the rise of Confucianism have been just a tough Empress of twisted by the rack. The first year of the summer, Dou Ying Hou Han Ren Wei Qi as prime minister, Wu Anhou as Qiu Tian Fen. Anada tend to Confucianism, scholars recommended contact for the royal doctor Zhao, Wang Zang as the doctor orders. Zhao and Wang Shen Pei is a poetic master's disciples, the proposed legislation to move Mingtang princes, with "Shubo plus wall, security car Pu wheel" special privileges will apply to training received from Shandong, Li-Ming Tang discuss the system. Seems to fall to the vibration, "Ru Yun When Hing. Zhao York proud moment, it will take longer Zou Shi Han too empress dowager, to the implementation of Confucianism. Results Empress was furious, private investigations and Zhao York, corruption and the fact that Wang Zang they questioned Han, Emperor Wu of the two imprisoned, forced committed suicide. Dou Ying Tian Fen also dismissed introspection. apply to the old disease of public grounds, county owned hometown. Mingtang the matter drop. the Chien-yuan period, Confucianism is repressed, struggling in the difficult. until after the death of Empress Dowager Dou, really ushered in the revival of Confucianism in the spring. Dong has only seasonal out, timely call for "banning the other schools, Domination of Confucianism" This long-term smoldering voice.
Virtuous Strategy
The first policy element Light year (before 134), lie in the Qin and Han Han held Xiaolian, policy virtuous, and Dong to virtuous measures. Han even asked the three policies, even the A Dong has three chapters, the central issue is the relationship between heaven and man known to history as "Tian Ren San Ce" (or "Elite Strategies"), after Ban received the full text of "Han Dong Zhong book Communication "at home. The first major policy is "fate" and "temperament" problem. Han asked: "Three ordered, the break security in the"; "Calamity of the change, Heyuan the sky"; "feeling of life", why good and evil divided into good and bad? Top priority, "Ho Ho ordered repair", can "the people and music" and good fortune, it Heavy? Dong warn that there is a heaven, Calamity is the day of dialogue with people: Heaven phase occasion, even awesome too! The state will lose any errors Road, while the day is the first to condemn to announce a disaster; I do not know self-reflection, but also a strange to frighten them; still do not know change, but injuries and even lost. The relationship between heaven and man is very delicate. The country's political blunders, day in disaster to condemn him; if not, whether self-reflection, but also a strange phenomenon to warn him; if it is showing remorse, change the order by the genius, the country lost its state funeral. This is the "Heaven and Man", day and people can sense each other, influence each other. He said King would TONGJI, days will be the emergence of a non-human can cause the symptoms, namely, "ordered the break." If "the world's people of concentric return, if the parents return, it should be sincere and to the Tin Shui." "Book of History" records, the civil and military will be Xing Zhou, Bing Du League Tianjin, whitefish boat jumped into the king; a fire covering the wangwu on, he suddenly flows into a crow red feather. This is the third generation was ordered to the character. Auspicious not come out of nowhere, she is the reward of virtue is the king for generations to come, "charitable tired virtue" efficacy. Confucius said, "Virtue does not remain isolated" is the truth. So how is the Calamity from it? He believes this is "Moral Education and the waste of any penalty" results. Penalty is not evil on health, evil plot in the next, grievances together on the up and down does not and, yin and yang of the gas would not be coordinated, yin and yang imbalance arises evildoer, so Calamity arises. Although Tin Shui and Calamity day's will, but they are doing under the emperor to the response. For human good and evil, Dong said: that life were days also, the quality of those students also, lazy person who want to have. Or yao or life, or kernel, or despise, mold is made of, can not be flawless, with chaos being born, it is also missing. Life is God's instruction, the essential attribute of life, emotional intelligence is a human desire. Human nature are benevolence and heartless, life long or short, are the Creator (mold) and social environment (chaos) the result of. Can not change fate, while the social environment but can be improved.
Confucius said: "The gentleman of the wind, the Wise Man grass, wind grass must Yan (to the wind and fall)." Thus, Yao and Shun line benevolent generosity of its people to live longer, Jie Zhou row tyranny of its people died on the Tan Bi. The quality of good and evil people can see all your doing the Emperor Lao Er. "Based on the under, from the under, still in the mud of Jun, Wei Chen (shape) Zhe Zhisuo as; still gold in the melting (furnace), the only rule (cast) Zhe Zhisuo cast." Urgent how to do? Dong proposed "Law of Heaven," why "," "education", and "more" of four policies. Law principles of the present day of "Spring." He said, anyhow, "Spring" of text, find the benevolent of Duan Xu, find a "positive" character. "Spring" begins with that said, "Chun Wang first month," the correct words after the words came in the king, the king word then the word came in the spring, the spring is the way celestial bodies, is the king of action, the order of expression means: king "Deck Tian Zhisuo to (Heaven), but is it for the next (Personnel)." Then the king has to be a heaven on when Qiuzhi Yu. What is Heaven? He said: heaven great in the yin and yang. Yang for the German, overcast for the criminal; criminal master to kill the German primary students. Therefore in the summer sun often large home, and to support long as things fertility; Yam Winter of usual residence, while the plot was void without the Department. See days of any of this virtue is not any punishment too. Heaven has yin and yang, human virtuous sentence. Days yang mainly to Germany and gave birth to; people should be living with benevolent to students as intended. But "this waste before the official religion Wang, and enforcement of the Official sole public, is not the meaning of any sentence with"? Abusive government in the world, and hope to teach all over Germany in the Four Seas, would not be poles apart Why? Also from the bottom of orthodox meaning "spring." "Spring" first is "Year Lu hidden years" for what one is monism? He said: "The beginning of all things a person has, per person address the so-called big also. That one is per person, depending on the original great start and wish to have."
"I" said: "The Road, one, one two, two three, three things." One can see the foundation of all things, is this all began. Yuan, headed for the big. Said one-yuan, that attention should be paid beginning, not correct. Politics of this in Baiguan, the King of this in the court, the court of the monarchy, the monarch of this in the Chen Zhong, "Jun enemies who are court Zhengxintai to, is the court order is Baiguan are Baiguan to positive million people, are 10 000 people to now four (4 Americans). "the world is and is not correct, as you are your thoughts on working with is not right. Four sides is a world without evil interference between heaven and earth, yin and yang, wind and rain were, the bumper harvest of the people's livelihood, happiness, universal guest, If this, the lucky things auspicious, all working to complete. Zhengshi ruler from being, enlightenment is are the people. Dong was that "the United States to Cheung Mo" Another reason is that "enlightenment is not established and 10 000 people is not right." He said: "The peoples of the husband is also from Lee, the water went down, not to educate the dike, not only are." Pursuit of material interests of the people are, do not educate and commit crimes for the dike will have things happen So King Pro Yu world, "not making the enlightenment of great service." He suggested that the Emperor: "State University to teach in the country, set up libraries in order to of-eup, gradually (infiltration) people with benevolence, Mount (tempering) people to Yi (justice), section courtesy people." Since ancient times, all "penalties were very light and ban commit", are due to "educate line and custom-mei." Speak more of education abuse, make a fresh start. Sage following the troubled times, should be clean and completely remove the remnants of the residual air, Vientiane update, and then remained so until enlightenment to beautify the discipline. But Qin Cheng spacious weeks later, not only do not change, and gone beyond. Emperor refined against the practice, banned from supporting the Tibetan poetry and literature, discard righteousness, Jinmie kings way, arbitrariness ... is really the "chaotic economic mess, defeated the world of people", so to gain power for 15 years before they perished. Slips of Qin, nothing changes, "the pernicious influences of the remaining strong, has not destroyed" so that customs scorn the ugly, despicable people clamor stubborn, belligerent, bullying on the desolate, the lower downstream to the extreme! Thus, "law out of the bastard, the order from the fraud," abuse is not removed, a new law there must be new treachery. As the "only boiling soup, Baoxinjiuhuo," the law does not help more. Confucius said: "朽木不可雕也, dirt wall of non-sewage (whitewash) is also." Han Cheng Qin spacious now, as dead wood dung wall, without get rid of, the end can not save. He says: "Harmonious, no adjustments, and even choosing the solution and more Zhang, is to drum too." Similarly, "as the government and not, even choosing the change and more of the, is to reason also." Han family to gain power has not always want to have good governance, good governance, the reason is that "when more of rather than more of" due. Pro deep envy of fish, as retreat webs; provisional government would like to rule, than settle for more of! More of the contents of the Action is "Wisdom and Faith" normal, five were revised to require, so by the days of Mary, enjoy the spirits a blessing. In a word, is to get rid of dead Qin rule of law as bad governance, change the lazy habits early Han beaten track, to practice the Confucian Wisdom, a proactive political morals.
The second policy Dong Chatteris current affairs in the first policy, preeminent. Canton of Confucianism and management without pedantry, without exaggeration, however, the text color Huan, can truly be said Wen-mei speech Feng, Li Yan justice, won the love text color, attracted to the young emperor like Confucianism. "On balance", said: "Takatake time, Chao Baiguan measures, Dong policy paper the most good." ("Lost") as the virtual language Zai Qi! The legend of "the emperor table varies Yan, Naifu copies of." Yujin Xiaosuyier Ganxin Yan. The second policy total of four issues, namely, doing nothing about Taoism and Confucius, Mencius, and promising to the problem. Emperor Wu Q: When Yao and Shun, "Chuigong inaction, but of peace and harmony"; Angiogenic, the diligent work, "The Day Jackson (oblique) subscribed food, and buildings or have governance." The Road kings To rule, are different Mody, "What work and rest of the special also?" Dong said it was because "when the differences are encountered." Yao reign, the "auxiliary saints Germany, the elite junior level, teaching and lines, which is the world cordial"; Shun because of the, with Yu for the phase, "is Chuigong rule the world by doing nothing." Angiogenic is not, "such a time, Zhou was still on the pecking confusion, the people were scattered death, pain and wish it security of King Wen Mourning is based on Jackson and subscribed eat it." Inaction has its history and the determination of reasonableness. But now is: Han Cheng Qin spacious, non-promising not to practice! Second, Taoism and Confucianism is still the text is still the issue of quality. Emperor Wu asked: "Kim Hyun Huangqihai who do not make the flag of the decoration"; But Chow, Queshen their tattoo. King of the Road Is purport different? Some people said "no Zhuo Liangyu," Some people say "We had no Assisting virtue", the second side is also contradictory. Dong said that the article system is used to "clear pecking, different, something which urged virtuous", and Confucius said, too extravagant too proud, too frugal another shallow ("Luxury is rude, thrift solid?), Can be seen Jian is not appropriate. Therefore, the "Spring and Autumn", the king ordered the first that is "correct in fashion colors, so should the heavens. "Liangyu not Zhuo, is because U.S. intelligence Run, do not engraved Zhuo; but not Zhuo Yu, not a paper on. For the same reason:" Gentlemen do not learn, not a the German. "Third, any punishment of any moral issue. Emperor Wu asked: weeks into the health, without penalty, 40 years, major source repeated air; Qin people use harsh the punishment, the deceased very public, but more than treacherous. Its so Why? Dong Yue : weeks before King Wu row cause, there is the Duke of Zhou system of music, to adult health measures not only criminal situation there, "also goes to the gradual enlightenment (infiltration) and righteousness and his ilk (weathering), non-exclusive skin effect is also injured. "Qin was not the case." Application business division of France, Bank of Han Fei said, "No Five Emperors Three Kings to greedy ruthless militant as vulgar, and no Bonaventure next lesson. So those greedy in the next by customs or how thin. coupled with the appointment of "cruelty Officials", amassed excessive, the people missing the industry, "Qundao and up", so although the weight and rape endless punishment, this as a "vulgarization Shiran it." Fourth, real problem. Emperor Q: I pay attention to agriculture in this, appointment sage; pro-Geng Ji Tian, Xiao advised Zonta, asked Qin Xu Gu ... to the world really strive night and day, "do think very God", but "off strong merit" has not been achieved . "Errors in this yin and yang, atmosphere gas peppered; Qunsheng few then, Lebanon's economy is not; shameless trade chaos, confusion and foolish." The reasons for the? Dong that its because there are three: one called "The king of hearts did not increase," Second, "Shi factors do not encourage ", third is the" prefecture officials unknown. "The former said that the guiding principle," Wang heart "that is benevolent, that Confucianism Kindness, though Jing Jing Yan Emperor, but starting from Kindness, People are not generally subject to its grace, success is difficult to "merit off strong." stresses education and the latter two elections. He said that while the emperor may be bent Seeking good, but the scholars did not increase education, persons not add tempering line, on which Seeking to do? "no literacy disabilities and wish to Seeking, analogy still does not Jade carving the sake of literary grace also. "So often there are court Seeking the Chao, and the Qin and Han Que Wu Yin can be recommended. So Dong reiterated:" Xing Imperial College, Chi Ming Division, to support people in the world; few asked to do their examination only; the handsome should be may carry on. "Mayor, and magistrates are teachers, people set an example of the role played Chengde Xuan. If the no-division commander, the Lord's and Germany would not spread, Enze not spread. Now not only can not teach, Shou Ling Some do not pursue the emperor's decree, abusive people, and Hong Kong Adam husbandry, so that poor people displaced. Errors in yin and yang, atmosphere gas peppered, Qun few then, Lebanon's not economic, are "long made clear" result. Dong and then Bureaucracy will be directed at that time: the main source of Han officials have "Lang election", "any child" and "cargo selection," Lang election, that the Emperor Konoe courtiers due Qianguan; any child, Erqian Dan (senior cadres ) can be ex official before the children; cheap election, that wealthy people to buy official to do. any of the three forms of government are not considering the actual talent and character. He reveals that: "When a man more for doctor Zhonglang prefecture officials, Officials in 2000 Dan Zaidi election Langli so, on the rich goods, not Yin also! "Coupled with officials of the l pull out is seniority," Leiri to take you, Sekihisa Erzhi officials "would naturally result in" chaos trade shame, and foolish confuse "the. Then his" old tribute talented people "and" Quantity granted only "two policies. to Liehou, counties, and Erqian Dan, recommended annually for the Old Guard Yin 2; and thus examine whether the Minister of Yin, the elite is recommended if the reward is not yin and punishment. This has forced ministers to Yin Seeking knowledge is something to the world of Sunkist on Ke Deer, and times of Heaven Sunkist, the world worry that the dead! the same time, officials l pull out, the Dong appeal: "Let the Sun and Moon as successful as the real test elite. Professor of talents official, registered in Germany and positioning. "It's so greedy and cheap, good and others are sentenced to two-way course, the shining easy to know the.
The third policy strategy in the ideology of the second joint Konglao up, but go Zongru this, it reflects the popular Taoist Thought in the Western Han Dynasty, after decades of fear caused to the Confucian psychological, because the House gave birth to ring solid fighting pig, Zhao York Wang Zang imprison death of a bitter lesson; same time, this is Dong spent many years studying the philosophers, careful integration of academic learning, Taoism and Confucianism. He criticized the Western Palace system, but also when deep spacious. However, Han community room for peace and order he attributed to errors in the system of education and Officials, this is too simplistic. In the Emperor seems reconciliation Konglao have similar in their ambiguity, its not very deep penetration of things, not so keen to refresh the natural form of government, when the spacious force correction, ambitious young emperor satisfaction. So three down William Sound, reiterated Heaven. In the policy paper, the Emperor accusing Dong measures "text color is not very", "Article not entirely consistent," reasoning dahulun hesitantly, is it on "when the world of services" have concerns, the "king listened to" some What doubt? To him "in heaven and earth should be," "Ancient and Modern way" and almost "chaos of the end", "learned of the of the, what (cooked) of the complex of" penetrating to say, do not have any concerns. For heaven question, Dong further stated that "Heaven and Man", said that the day is "Group in the Lord", including Run-million category, are all up. "Therefore, law-day saints standing Road": Spring students are the reason the sky also, the benevolent ruler is also the reason why love; summer who is also the Son of Heaven so long, why raise monarch who is also Germany; cream are also the reason the sky to kill, torture by Jun penalty is also the reason why. Days of spring and summer and long winter kill students, who have kind Tak Oi penalty, there is a reasonable day, people have this line, this is the "Heaven of the levy." On the ancient to the Han Emperor Wu asked: "long and difficult, or that those who could never understand" how "to teach the three kings of different ancestors, while Jie You lose" is not the Road, there are also different? Road, it also has disadvantages? Implication: there is no unchangeable Solar to pursue, but to gain and nothing to lose often the Road? In this regard, Dong replied in the affirmative, made famous affect Thousand Years, is also different philosophical proposition praise or blame: Road Ohara out the heavens, and the same, will never change! This proposition, researchers considered that the metaphysical way of thinking. Comrade Mao Zedong's "On Contradiction", wrote: "In China, there are the so-called 'days of the same, will never change' metaphysical thinking for a long time decay of the feudal ruling class embraced." Dong of the Heaven of course, has served as the feudal ruling class service, will no doubt be criticized and discarded, but "the same day will never change" as a philosophical proposition, or can be further discussed. In fact, Dong also stressed that change, he said: "The analogy of the music masters of the non-stressed, and even choosing the solution is more drum Zhang is also available; for the government and not, even choosing the change is even more of the reason may have." This is "more of."
Dong historical evaluation
The "universal" and "Heaven and Man" ideology of the feudal rulers later provided the theoretical basis rule.
Dong in the new historical conditions, was strangled revived more than a hundred years of Confucian culture and a new historical period of China's classical culture fuse various ideological factions, integrating them into a new ideology. Most of his work was later collected in "Chun Qiu Fan Lu," a book.
Dong's philosophy is based on "Heaven and Man" doctrine. He believes that day is the supreme personality of God not only created all things, has created one. So that day he has the will, and, like "a joy, anger, atmosphere, and funeral music of the heart." Man and the day is consistent. This "Man and Nature," the idea of inherited Mencius School and the School of Zou Yan's theory, and it developed very sophisticated.
Dong believes that natural things have a purpose. Unity of God to the Han dynasty emperor was ordered to rule in days. The princely state has ordered closure of the emperor, ministers ordered the monarch. Family relationships, the son of orders from his father, his wife ordered the husband, the layers of the ruling relations are organized according to the will of days, Dong carefully constructed "Heaven and Man" in the theological goals, it is everything order of rationalization is for the ruler of the Han dynasty to consolidate its authoritarian system of centralized services.
Yin and Dong used to reflect the will of days, with a circulation of yin and yang, and the 4:00 match, infer cardinal points in the relationship between orientation and Five Elements Five Elements. Doi and prominent central position for the five elements of the Lord, that the performance of the five elements is a heaven, and thus to base such a theory of yin yang respect for social, deduced from the "five virtues" of moral philosophy. The three bonds are talking about here is the "ruler guides, parent to child, husband and wife." Dong advocated for the following five virtues, as the feudal dynasty in ancient China to maintain political tool.
He believes that "Road" is derived from the day, "the same day, will never change." Say "five virtues", "Unity" and the ruling order of the "Road" is always the same. How, then, to explain the replacement of the throne and the regime change it? To this end, he made a "contingent Report" and "restructuring," said. He believes that government is at fault for the ruler, day in disasters, to show condemnation and warnings. If you have showing remorse, appeared strange to horror. If they do not know fear, then calamity on his head.
He ordered that the activities of human knowledge in the day, and to recognize the purpose is to understand God. Through introspection can judge right and wrong ways to achieve the "knowledge-day" purposes. Must also be observed through the yin and yang in order to attain the Heaven, Heaven understanding. It is in accordance with the "conscientious," "intellectual", "Know the weather" model, to "Heaven." He also believes that through the sacrifice to communicate with God, so that it can see things that most people can not see, so that you know a fatality. This epistemology has reached the degree of mystery.
In the theory of human nature, the Dong Goodness of Nature different from Mencius, Xun Zi also different from the evil nature of humans, but advocates of Mishina said. He believes that sex is determined by the day, sex is a natural simplicity, though can be good, but not that good, only "foreign teachers and will be good", that is, good human nature through education results. Shun Tin King to complete its meaning to people's enlightenment. He focused on enlightenment, and that "anti-desire" than the pre-Qin thinkers talk about "abstinence", "few desires" more profound.
Dong's thinking, is the Western Han dynasty historical experience, after decades of choice decided by the official philosophy of consolidating their rule and maintain order in the situation of Unity has played a positive role. Dong is not only the founder of orthodox theology, but also by the famous scientist. He is a carrying forward thinker, the feudal rulers for later provided the theoretical foundation on how to rule.
Dong life sketch
Dong like to talk about mysterious things, good for the Disastrous Signs. Element of light years (130 years BC) in the Liaodong gaomiao and Changling Dong Park house fire high, pushing that its meaning, as the "Calamity of the mind," the draft, not a letter to the emperor. Zhu Fuyan private reflected in its draft, because of jealousy Dong, so the "Calamity of the mind," draft steal out of memorials court. Han handing it to North Korea in Zhuru review. Ironically, the text of which current politics. Huff Han, Dong laid the big prison, although the later Han Dynasty value is known by his guru, has issued an edict against himself a pardon, and restoration of the doctor, so I learn from him Qiu Shou Wang, "Spring and Autumn "Gongyang, but no longer afraid to talk about Calamity Dong.
Quotes of Dong handed down
Road derived from the heavens, and the same, will never change.
Ruler guides, parent to child, husband and wife.
Dong's Education
Mystical doctrine
Dong just to anesthesia and intimidate people, and for the rulers but stressed the importance of personnel, that "there is nothing in the strong-mien," "Rise and Fall is already chaos", as long as the endeavor to "track", there would be "De day The major active ", you can receive quick, dominance can be consolidated. In Dong seems important duty of the sovereign is the implementation of the enlightenment. He believes that benevolence, righteousness, propriety, music is a tool for Governance, it can be long-term stability of ancient emperors, are the effectiveness of music education, so the king's role is that "Order of God to engage in, without any punishment Moral Education" , "to educate the great service." Here we see the Dong recognizes education as the important role of the ruling means.
In the education on politics, the first of the thought, the Dong Han Dynasty required not only to "Seeking" and more importantly, to "support persons." He said: "Cardiff is not literacy disabilities and wish to Seeking, analogy still does not Jade carving the sake of literary grace also." Ethernet to support the triple learning disabilities as the most important thing, he added: "So great are great persons raising almost Imperial College . so scholars of the Magi is also relevant, cultivation of primitive also. "He asked Han" Xing Imperial College, Chi Ming Division, to support people in the world. "
He also believed that officialdom was not wise, the reason is that the election properly. He was satisfied, and product information on government grant tired promoted long way criticized the proposed "so that all Liehou, counties, and Erqian Dan, the selection of its Answer to the Sage, the two-year-old tribute to a residential Wei, "probation, box" material and the amount granted official, recorded German and positioning. " Seeking his dedication as long as this, people in the world will Ke Deer officer to, as long as the wise men all over the world get on it Peter the rise as the three kings as easily do that kind of reputation as Yao and Shun could catch up.
Hing Imperial College and the re-election
Dong thinking about the three proposals, not only affects the Han culture and education policy, but also affect the Han dynasty and later the feudal culture and education policy.
On Human Nature, the role of the educated and the education of his ideology Dong proposed a theology of human nature. He believed that man was ordered on the day, human nature come from the days of his political aim of human nature is an attempt to bring the feudal class and the caste system as is for God or heaven, from the subject of the destiny of human nature, we decided to Who do the rulers, who ruled the do; who should be high first-class, who should be a low first-class; who should be educated, who should not be educated. He believes that this fate, the decision of the feudal order of human nature can not be changed.
Dong presented the Three Grades of the ideas of human nature divided into upper, middle and lower third class, that sage of nature and in people's struggle Shau nature. He believes that two people of the upper and lower can not be called, with only moderate human sexuality can only be called sexual. Mishina said that the essence of the distinction as the third class of people is a class of decision by the Divine. The noble, divine, born not only of their good nature, and is more than "good" human society "good" standard and the specific content is developed by them out. Superior man is modest, only the ruling class, the highest levels, including the emperor and those systems, music, titration degree of power people. Shau struggle under such person is the feudal society, the poorest most "low" working people, their sexual born evil, is not fundamentally human, even as they squeezed in addition to the human. Saint life with knowledge, not education; fight night person is ignorant, not education. In addition to two kinds of people down, the rest are in China, this means that the landlord class. In China with good quality, but must be followed by a goodness of education. So Dong is the object of education level of people in China, poor working people are excluded from the education outside.
Dong put in people's nature, that is the landlord class as a general human nature, he said the people of means in terms of the. He believes that sex is only a material, it is good in itself can not be said, must "be taught and for the good." This means that the possibility of an educational nature only by the education, the possibility that good can become a reality. He said:
"The sex ratio in the Wo, the good than in rice, rice out in the Wo Wo yet to know all the meters are; good the resistance, while sex has yet to know all is good. ... ... Born being enlightened, there is good quality but not good Therefore, a king of good for whom this God also. not good for sex by people in the days to retreat into nature by the teaching at the king, bearing God, to become people's resistance to any of those also. ... ... Today 10,000 people The nature of foreign teachers and can be good, good as with teaching, inappropriate and sexual.
This innate endowment from the landlord class, confirmed the possibility of the landlord class, education, and from the political demands of the landlord class education confirmed the need for the landlord class. He criticized Meng Ke's Human Nature, said that Mencius that human nature has been as good, there is no education necessary. This, he strongly than Meng Ke. But then that person can possess Dong "greedy" and "benevolence" two of which fell into the dualism of good and evil, this is his attempt to Meng Ke's Human Nature, said the status of the evil nature of humans and Gou combined results. He believes that days of yin and yang, so the intrinsic nature of the day is good to evil. He also believed that resistance is yang, is good; situation is cloudy, is evil. Born with and the situation has two aspects, that is, with good and evil nature. Although he said that "love is nature too," but that "the body with his attitude, if the days of yin and yang of it." This seems to fall into the nature of dualism. In this way he treat sex as good, in fact maintain the so-called "authentic" Confucian doctrine that Mencius's good nature. He came out feeling from the nature of planning, we further obtrusive suppression love the Lord. He thought that Heaven is prohibited overcast, so people should "take their wishes and cease their feelings", that is, to suppress the development of goodness and evil, love, this idea was developed by Neo family made a "deposit Modern Revelation "proposition.
Dong Xun Kuang's Evil Nature draws the idea that all people from the benefits flow down like water, like to watch it, if not enlightenment. Can not stop. He stressed this point to the need for education and to education as a tool to prevent malignant development. He even thought that the role of education as the system as pottery and metallurgy, are free to cast, Rise and Fall of the state of chaos are attributable to music education, which in turn was somewhat exaggerated, the role of education.
Of knowledge and teaching
"Name" is who formulated? Experience of God by the Holy, enacted. They developed this "name" is poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, music and Feudal, such knowledge is content to be learned, as knowledge of nature that should not be learning. He said: "Birds like to say, non-sage wants and hopes to say. Saint wants and hopes that the reason is that virtue and the. ... ... Otherwise, mass (Fu) in the public speech, outlook on public property, say urgent words, the confusion of latecomers, a gentleman of the very evil too, that Zai Xi? ... ... Hence it is said: the almost: as, one teacher may not careful yeah! "
Dong can be seen only required to learn righteousness set of sage said something, as to the "public thing" or birds and animals like the natural knowledge, that will confuse backward and should not be learning.
Dong required to learn the Confucian "Classics," he said: "" Poetry "," book "order-chi," Li "," music "pure at its beauty, the" easy "," Spring "of his knowledge." However, he also considered "Classics" have their own strengths, "poetic" longer than nature, "Li" longer than the text, "Music" longer than the wind, "book" longer than the things the "easy" longer than a few "stories" were longer than the rule, Therefore, scholars should "and its director," and not "partial hold its details." This "and its director of" teaching point of view is desirable.
In the study, he proposed a "more connected" and "Bo consistent" approach. He thought that if "even while consistently", we can infer knowledge of ancient and modern world. This is an idealist methodology. But the links and through, under certain conditions, to a certain extent, the teaching can often be used to enhance understanding and mastery. In the study area, he that can not be too Bo can not be too Festival, so too will the knowledge section of darkness, so Bo would be boring. This idea has some logic.
Dong requiring teachers need to be "holy" of the point, "good as a teacher who not only has its own, and with careful his deeds; Qi when sooner or later, any number, appropriate Ji Xu; made not freeze trend, verifying not freeze hard; Province, it was, made it Zhan, so power is not physical labor but the culmination of what is called sanctification, I get the. from requiring teachers to lead by example he started, the paper discusses the teaching should be timely, it should be noted that the educated nature, to be able to calmly guide, no hurry do not delay. doing pretty well in accordance with teaching law, which is individualized Confucius to overcome a specific development of teaching principles.
Dong Hometown
In the Central Hebei Plain, there is a small village --- Jiuxian humble village. This is the home of Dong Han Dynasty Confucian scholars.
Jiuxian Estate was the old rule by Zaoqiang, after a bad flood. Some scholars said the former counties of non-county, a village of children, shows short-sighted, I wonder if it could! Jiuxian Village there are drawn according to zaoqiang County Jiuxian Village city pool map is obvious that prosperity.
Now jiuxian village, agricultural development, industrial prosperity. Fiberglass, fur, rubber, printing to bring this ancient village of fresh blood. Dong Son completed secondary school but also to the proud hometown of directors and sub-villages bring new hope.
According to Hebei Province, "King County" 751 containing: "So Big Dong village in the southwestern county of more than 70 years. As the birthplace of Dong Han Dynasty Confucian. There is Dong's Temple, destroyed in the Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty rebuilt. In 1958 it destroyed. are left with "King Dong Son rebuild the state in Academy," the first monument, turtles and other remnants of Block. "
Translated by Google