zuòzhě zuòzhělièbiǎo
qīng zhào Li Qingzhao běn zhōng Lv Benzhongzhōu zhī Zhou Zizhi
zhāng lěi Zhang Lei gāng Li Gang mèng Ye Mengde
hóng hào Hong Haowáng zhuó Wang Zhuozhū Zhu Yi
cáo xūn Cao Xuntáng gēng Tang Gengshì huì hóng Shi Huihong
hào Lv Yihaohán Han Ju zǎi Hu Zai
zhé Su Zhecháo shuō zhī Chao Shuizhizhào lìng zhì Zhao Lingzhi
gōng míng zhī Gong Mingzhiguō Guo Saihóng xīng Hong Xingzu
shào wēn Shao Bawenzhèng qiáo Zheng Qiaozhū gōng Zhu Gong
zhuāng chuò Zhuang Chaowèi tài Wei Taiqiáng yòu 'ān Jiang Youan
fāng sháo Fang Shaohuáng Huang Basai yǒng qīng Ma Yongqing
wáng dǎng Wang Danghuáng cháo yīng Huang Chaoying wěi He Wei
zhòng xún Bi Zhongxunwáng chén Wang Dechenzhāng Zhang Li
fàn zhì míng Fan Zhimingdān 'è Chan Emèng yuán lǎo Meng Yuanlao
'ān guó Hu Anguochén guī Chen Gui fēi He Qufei
zhèng wàng zhī Zheng Wangzhigāo huì sǒu Gao Huisouwén wéi jiǎn Wen Weijian
kàng zōng Xu Kangzongshì hóng Shi Dehong
qīng zhào Li Qingzhao
zuòzhě  (1084niánsānyuè13rì1155niánwǔyuè12rì)
xìng:
míng: qīng zhào
wǎngbǐhào: 'ān shì
jíguàn: Jǐnán

shī píng lùn poetry comment lùn
shīcí mèng lìng Like a Dream》   diǎn jiàng chún Point Jiangshouju lip》   zuì huā yīn · chóngjiǔ Under the Shadow of Flowers》    jiǎn méi Yi Jianmei》    jiā 'ào · mèng Yu jia ao Kee Meng》    mèng lìng Like a Dream》    mèng lìng · cháng tíng Like a dream Chang Kee Creek Pavilion eventide》   fèng huáng tái shàng chuī xiāo Phoenix On the stage recall to play the vertical flute》   shēng shēng màn Beauties》   yǒng Yong Yule》   gèngduōshīgē...

yuèdòu qīng zhào Li Qingzhaozài诗海dezuòpǐn!!!
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李清照(1084年3月13日-1155年5月12日),北宋齐州(今山东省济南市)人,为中国历史上最著名的女词人。自号易安居士,与辛幼安并称“济南二安”;又因其有“新来,非干病酒,不是悲秋”(《凤凰台上忆吹箫》)、“知否?知否?应是绿肥红”(《如梦令》)、“莫道不销魂。帘卷西风,人比黄花”(《醉花阴》)三句,故人称“李三瘦”。
女词人。号易安居士,齐州章丘(今属山东)人。父李格非为当时著名学者,十八岁嫁给金古考据家赵明诚为妻。夫妇雅好词章,常相唱和,并共同从事金石学研究。早期生活优裕,与明诚共同致力于书画金石的搜集整理。金兵入据中原,流寓南方,明诚病死,境遇孤苦。其诗文并美,尤长于词。其词以南渡为界分为前后两个时期。前期多写其悠闲生活,后期多悲叹身世,情调感伤,有的也流露出对中原的怀念。形式上善用白描手法,自辟途径,语言清丽。论词强调协律,崇尚典雅、情致,提出词“别是一家”之说,反对以作诗文之法作词。并能诗,留存不多,部分篇章感时咏史,情辞慷慨,与其词风不同。有《易安居士文集》、《易安词 》,已散佚。后人有《漱玉词》辑本。今人有《李清照集校注》。

[李清照]
  李清照(1084—约1151),号易安居士,济南(今属山东)人。有《漱玉词》。李
清照的父亲李格非是学者兼散文家,母亲出身于官宦人家,也有文学才能。李清照多才
多艺,能诗词,善书画,很早就受人注意。王灼《碧鸡漫志》说她“自少年即有诗名,
才力华赡,逼近前辈。”朱弁《风月堂诗话》也记载晁补之常向人称赞她的诗句。李清
照十八岁时嫁给太学生赵明诚,赵爱好金石之学,也有很品高的文化修养。
  婚后,他们过着美满而和谐的生活,夫妇在一起常常诗词唱和,欣赏金石拓片,尽
管其间由于政局变化使他们两家长辈经历了一些变故,但他们自己的生活大体上是安宁
的。
  但作为一个才华出众、情感丰富的女子,难免对人生抱有更多的理想主义态度,所
以尽管生活是满足的,李清照也常常会感到一种惆怅。这惆怅是来自社会对女子的压抑,
还是由于她对生活理想的更高追求不能实现,她也未必清楚,只是这种惆怅常常出现在
她前期的词中,与温馨、喜悦相互交织。她的两首《如梦令》似乎正好反映出这种复杂
情感:
  常记溪亭日暮,沉醉不知归路。兴尽晚回舟,误入藕花深处。争渡,争渡,惊起一
滩鸥鹭。
  昨夜雨疏风骤,浓睡不消残酒。试问卷帘人,却道海棠依旧。知否,知否?应是绿
肥红瘦。
  前一首表现了无忧无虑、开朗活泼的性格,后一首则流露了她对年华变迁的怅惘,
似乎青春也在这暮春的风雨中被摧残而消失。
  李清照前期的词大多数是写自己对爱情尤其是离别相思之情的感受,属于词的传统
题材。但过去大多是男性作者以女性口吻来写这一类词,即使不带有狎玩欣赏的心理,
也未免隔着一层。而李清照写的是自己亲身感受与内心体验,因此她的词就格外真挚细
腻、委婉动人。她从女性的心理出发,挑选女性怅惘悲愁时所容易联想到的事物,以女
性细腻的笔法加以组织,因而别有风致,如:
  红藕香残玉簟秋,轻解罗裳,独上兰舟。云中谁寄锦书来,雁字回时,月满西楼。
花自飘零水自流,一种相思,两处闲愁。此情无计可消除,才下眉头,却上心头。
(《一剪梅》)
  薄雾浓云愁永昼,瑞脑消金兽。佳节又重阳,玉枕纱厨,半夜凉初透。东篱把酒黄
昏后,有暗香盈袖。莫道不消魂,帘卷西风,人比黄花瘦。(《醉花阴》)
  “轻解罗裳,独上兰舟”,那一种轻盈;“才下眉头,却上心头”,那一种缠绵;
“帘卷西风,人比黄花瘦”,那一种相思之苦和对青春易逝的尖锐感受,并不是男性作
者容易体验到的。
  在封建时代,尽管有不少男性作者以女子的口吻写爱情,但这种出于女性之手的创
作,在反映了她们的感情需求上,具有不同的意义。也正因为这一点,当男性作者借女
子口吻写出的作品被反复吟咏的时候,李清照的同类作品却受到了极不公正的诋毁。王
灼《碧鸡漫志》便攻击她“闾巷荒淫之语,肆意落笔,自古缙绅之家能文妇女,未见如
此无顾藉也”。这种见解既迂腐又荒谬。
  时代的巨变打破了李清照闲适恬静的生活。汴京失守,南宋建立之初,赵明诚任江
宁知府,李清照也“载书十五车”于建炎二年(1128)南下江宁。第二年赵明诚去世,
接着金兵深入南下,她又到处流亡,并曾被人诬陷“颁金”即通敌;再后来,赵明诚生
前多年收集的金石古玩大部丢失,她的境况也变得越来越艰难。在她那篇著名的《金石
录后序》中,李清照以情真意切的笔调回忆了她与赵明诚烹茶赌胜、赏玩金石的欢乐,
叙述了南渡后辗转流离、坎坷不尽的经历,抒发了心中郁积的哀恸。由于一连串的变故,
李清照的性格由开朗变得忧郁,《永遇乐》的下阕曾写到今昔不同的心境:
  中州盛日,闺门多暇,记得偏重三五。铺翠冠儿,捻金雪柳,簇带争济楚。如今憔
悴,风鬟雾鬓,怕见夜间出去,不如向、帘儿底下,听人笑语。
  这种由时代及个人命运的变化所引起的性格变化,使她在南宋时所作的词充满了过
去所没有的愁苦悲凉的感情。往日曾写到的“见有人来,袜刬金钗溜。和羞走,倚门回
首,却把青梅嗅”(《点绛唇》)那种活泼消失了,“沉醉不知归路。兴尽晚回舟”
(《如梦令》)那种逸兴消失了,如今的情怀是像《武陵春》所写的:
  风住尘香花已尽,日晚倦梳头。物是人非事事休,欲语泪先流。闻说双溪春尚好,
也拟泛轻舟,只恐双溪舴艋舟,载不动、许多愁。
  这首词作于李清照寓居金华时。久经飘零,独在异乡,尽管春日双溪风光绮丽,但
在她眼中,却只是一片暮春的悲哀。今非昔比,物是人非,触景生情,越发地感到愁苦。
在李清照的这一类词中,虽然没有正面描写民族灾难的场景,也没有直接呼唤英雄主义
的精神,但正是山河破碎、民族危亡造成了她的个人遭遇,在她心灵深处铭刻下抹不去
的伤痕。“故乡何处是?忘了除非醉”(《菩萨蛮》);“年年雪里,常插梅花醉”,
“今年海角天涯,萧萧两鬓生华”(《清平乐》);“空梦长安,认取长安道”(《蝶
恋花》),我们看到李清照的“愁”,不是从前词人们常写的所谓“闲愁”,而是由乡
关之思,身世之苦,丧失亲人的悲哀和理想破灭的失望等等交织而成的。因此,这“愁”
往往表现得非常沉痛乃至凄厉:
  寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息。三杯两盏淡酒,
怎敌他、晚来风急!雁过也,正伤心,却是旧时相识。满地黄花堆积,憔悴损,如今有
谁堪摘?守着窗儿,独自怎生得黑?梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏、点点滴滴。这次第,怎一
个愁字了得!
  (《声声慢》)
  在词的艺术方面,李清照有自己比较完整的看法。她写过一篇《词论》,对唐代特
别是北宋以来的主要词人分别提出了批评,从中能够看出她自己的追求。譬如她认为柳
永的词“虽协音律,而词语尘下”,表明她反对那种过于俚俗化和带有市民情趣的倾向;
认为晏殊、欧阳修、苏轼等人的词“皆句读不葺之诗尔,又往往不协音律”,表明她反
对词的风格与诗相接近,和音律上的不严格;认为晏几道的词“苦无铺叙”,贺铸的词
“苦少典重”,秦观的词“专主情致而少故实”,表明她主张词既要有铺叙,有情致,
也要有比较深厚的文化内涵。
  概括而言,李清照的词学观点,特别强调了词在艺术上的独特性,即词“别是一
家”,与诗歌相区别;特别重视词的声律形式;在语言上要求典雅而又浑成。
  这些观点显然有其偏颇的地方。李清照看来受词的传统观念的束缚较重,而忽略了
词向许多不同方向发展,包括一部分作品脱离音乐而偏重文字表现的必然性及其意义所
在。
  她的诗现存十余首和一些断片,往往写得很豪迈,如《夏日绝句》:“生当作人杰,
死亦为鬼雄。至今思项羽,不肯过江东。”《上枢密韩公、工部尚书胡公》:“欲将血
泪寄山河,去洒东山一杯土。”及断句:“南渡衣冠少王导,北来消息欠刘琨。”等等,
都是涉及南渡后民族与国家大事的慷慨悲愤之作,但由于词“别是一家”的观念的束缚,
这种题材和风格在她的词中极少出现。
  但从另一方面来说,正是由于上述词学观点,李清照的词在表现情感时,极其注意
与诗歌不同的那种细腻深婉,也极其注意词的特殊的语言技巧;加上她的出众的才华与
文化素养,以及复杂的人生经历所造成的复杂的情感,使得她的词形成了鲜明的个人特
色,具有相当高的艺术成就。
  作为一个女性词人,李清照的词在描写心理和情感的活动方面有其特别的长处。她
不仅善于捕捉那些细小而生动的形象来表达难以言传的感受,而且善于表现情感的微妙
变化,在起伏回环的语脉中层层剖露复杂的心境。像《永遇乐》的下阕,在追忆“中州
盛日”元宵佳节的繁华气氛之后,先是说“如今憔悴,风鬟雾鬓,怕见夜间出去”,因
为现时的人语欢腾的景象,是内心寂凉的主人公所不敢面对的,她宁可把自己留在孤独
之中;接下来却又说“不如向帘儿底下,听人笑语”,因为这景象勾起她的旧梦,令她
低徊不能远去。两层之间承接得自然顺畅,同时又翻过一层,愈入愈深。末句的形象把
那种孤独悲伤的心情表现非常生动,令人感到酸楚。再如《武陵春》的下阕,先说双溪
春好拟泛舟,接下来又说“只恐双溪舴艋舟,载不动、许多愁”,也是在一回一转中,
以委婉曲折的笔调写出了复杂的心情。
  在语言技巧上,李清照更显示出很高的艺术造诣。其主要特点,一是经过精心锤炼,
而以浅易自然的面貌出现。像《声声慢》的开头,连用七对叠字,不仅很讲究声音之美,
而且内涵丰富(寻觅是若有所失的举止神态,冷清是对环境的感受,凄戚是心理),又
有连贯的意脉(由寻觅不得而感到冷清,在冷清中涌起内心的凄戚),十四字可以说下
得费尽苦心,读起来却觉得相当自然,并无生硬之感。又如《凤凰台上忆吹箫》中“多
少事、欲说还休。新来瘦,非干病酒,不是悲秋”,看上去十分朴素平淡,但细细体会,
却是很精巧的。在“欲说还休”中,实际包涵了难于诉说也诉说不尽的愁苦,所以干脆
不说;下面又连用两个否定句与之相呼应,始终不从正面说破,却又反复从背面烘托,
使要说的内容处在隐隐约约的呼之欲出状态,含蓄但并不隐晦,引人寻思。而且,这一
节不仅用意巧妙,声韵也很和谐,读来上口,这是不容易的。二是雅语与俗语兼用,使
词中的语言既有典雅的文人趣味,又有生活气息。在李清照的词学观念中,词的语言既
要符合乐府系统的习惯,写得浅俗平易,活泼动人,又不能染上庸俗的市民气味。所以,
她常把典雅的语言用得自然,把俚俗的语言用得雅致,两者相融,别有风致。像《一剪
梅》“此情无计可消除,才下眉头,却上心头”,是化用范仲淹《御街行》“都来此事,
眉间心上,无计相回避”一句,但她把“眉”和“心”分开,用一下一上来说,把原来
静态的叙述改为动态的描绘,语气变得生动了,增添了不少韵味。特别在词的末句,李
清照更喜欢用浅俗的、口语化的语言。像《临江仙》的“试灯无意思,踏雪没心情”,
《声声慢》的“这次第,怎一个愁字了得”,《行香子》的“甚霎儿晴,霎儿雨,霎儿
风”,以及《永遇乐》的“不如向、帘儿底下,听人笑语”等等,都是如此。这使得一
首词在结束时,不致于陷落在凝滞呆板的状态,而洋溢着一种活力。因此,人们在李清
照的词中,又较多地看到了词在形成之初时的某些本色。
(中国文学史,章培恒 骆玉明,youth扫校)


Li Qingzhao (Chinese李清照pinyinLǐ QīngzhàoWade–GilesLi Ch'ing-chao; 1084 – c. 1155, – c.), pseudonym Householder of Yi'an (易安居士), was a Chinese poet and essayist during the Song dynasty. She is considered one of the greatest poets in Chinese history.

Biography

Li Qingzhao, painted by Qing dynasty painter Jiang Xun (1764-1821).
Li Qingzhao Memorial at Baotu Spring garden in Jinan

Li Qingzhao was born in 1084, in Zhangqiu located in modern Shandong province. She was born to a family of scholar-officials, and her father was a student of Su Shi. The family had a large collection of books, and Li was able to receive comprehensive education in her childhood. From a very young age, she was unusually outgoing for a woman from a scholar-official family.

Before she got married, her poetry was already well known within elite circles. In 1101 she married Zhao Mingcheng, with whom she shared interests in art collection and epigraphy. They lived in present-day Shandong. After her husband started his official career, he was often absent. They were not particularly rich but shared enjoyment of collecting inscriptions and calligraphy which made their daily life count and they lived happily together. This inspired some of the love poems that she wrote. Li and her husband collected many books. They shared a love of poetry and often wrote poems for each other as well as writing about bronze artifacts of the Shang and Zhou dynasties.

The Northern Song capital of Kaifeng fell in 1127 to the Jurchens during the Jin–Song wars. Fighting took place in Shandong and their house was burned. The couple took many of their possessions when they fled to Nanjing, where they lived for a year. Zhao died in 1129 en route to an official post. The death of her husband was a cruel stroke from which Li never recovered. It was then up to her to keep safe what was left of their collection. Li described her married life and the turmoil of her flight in an Afterword to her husband's posthumously published work, Jīn Shí Lù (金石錄). Her earlier poetry portrays her carefree days as a woman of high society, and is marked by its elegance.

Li subsequently settled in Hangzhou, where the Song government made its new capital after the war against the Jurchens. During this period, she continued writing poetry. She also kept working on completing the book Jīn Shí Lù, which was originally written by Zhao Mingcheng. The book was mainly about the calligraphy on the bronze and stones: it also mentions the documents Li and Zhao collected and viewed during the early period. According to some contemporary accounts, she was briefly married to a man named Zhang Ruzhou (張汝舟) who treated her badly, and she divorced him within months. She survived the criticism of this marriage.

Only around a hundred of her poems are known to survive, mostly in the ci form and tracing her varying fortunes in life. Also a few poems in the shi form have survived, the Afterword and a study of the  form of poetry. Her life was full of twists and turns and her poems can be split into two main parts - the dividing line being when she moved to the south. During the early period, most of her poems were related to her feelings as a maiden. They were more like love poems. After her move to the south, they were closely linked with her hatred of the war against the Jurchens and her patriotism. She is credited with the first detailed critique of the metrics of Chinese poetry. She was regarded as a master of wǎnyuē pài (婉约派) "the delicate restraint".

Modern References

Two impact cratersLi Ch'ing-Chao (crater) on planet Mercury and Li Qingzhao on planet Venus, are named after her.

'Ru Meng Ling'  and 'Sheng Sheng Man'  have been set to music as part of the song cycle 'Chinese Memories' by composer Johan Famaey in 2011.

In 2017, the composer Karol Beffa wrote Fragments of China (Klarthe), setting four of her poems to music.[citation needed] River of Stars, a novel by Guy Gavriel Kay set in Song Dynasty China, features a primary protagonist inspired by Li Qingzhao, as acknowledged by the author in the book.

Notes

  1. ^ "Li Ch'ing-Chao"Gazetteer of Planetary NomenclatureNASA. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  2. ^ Chang, Saussy & Kwong 1999, p. 89.
  3. ^ "Li Qingzhao"Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April2016.
  4. ^ http://discovery.cctv.com/special/C19802/01/
  5. ^ Rexroth & Chung, 93.
  6. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFlHVdHRzDE
  7. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIWQFAG1q08
  8. ^ Kay, Guy Gavriel. (2 April 2013). River of Stars. pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ISBN 9780143188698OCLC 881497990.

References

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