| 姓： | 爱新觉罗 | |||||||||
| 名： | 旻宁 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 宣宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 慕陵 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
道光嘉庆十八年（1813年）封为智亲王。二十五年（1820年）嘉庆帝卒，绵宁继位，改名旻宁，定年号为道光。即位时正值鸦片氾滥，道光帝为挽救国家财政危机，也主张禁烟，多次下诏禁止鸦片进口，禁止自种自制。之后鸦片战争爆发，由于道光帝战守无策，时和时战，清朝战败于英国，并与英人签订近代首条不平等条约──《南京条约》，割让香港及开放五口通商。
道光帝一生俭朴，所穿龙袍甚至是宫内旧料所制，“衣非三浣不易。宫中用款，岁不逾二十万，内务府掌司各官，皆有‘臣朔饥欲死’状。颂之者谓其俭德实三代下第一人，虽汉文帝宋仁宗亦不能及。”满朝文武亦因此投其所好，所穿朝服故意打上补丁，以示清廉。曹振镛是道光帝第一重臣，奉行“多磕头，少说话”哲学。大臣所上奏章也“语多吉祥，凶灾不敢入告”。继起的穆彰阿，人称“在位二十年，亦爱才，亦不大贪，惟性巧佞，以欺罔蒙蔽为务”。鸦片战争时，整个战争过程中前方将帅的不断撒谎，“战败后的广州，并没有像通常那样死气沉沉，而是上上下下都喜气洋洋地互贺升迁”，指挥官“靖逆将军”奕山竟被钦命“交部优叙”，赏白玉翎管。礼部右侍郎曾国藩批评道光时代：“九卿无一人陈时政之得失，司道无一折言地方之利病，相率缄默。”“以畏葸为慎，以柔靡为恭。”乃至太平天国兵起，地方官仍互相隐讳，不敢上报。
在位三十年，终年69岁，葬于慕陵（今河北省易县西）。
评价
* 历史学家孟森认为：“宣宗之庸暗，亦为清朝入关以来所未有。”称这时期为“嘉道中衰”。
大事年表
* 乾隆四十七年八月初十日，绵宁在撷芳殿出生。
* 嘉庆元年，以钮祜禄氏为嫡福晋。
* 嘉庆十八年九月，封为智亲王。
* 嘉庆二十五年七月，仁宗去世，绵宁继位，更名旻宁。
* 道光十八年闰四月，黄爵滋奏请“将内地吸食鸦片者俱罪死”。十一月命林则徐为钦差大臣，赴广东查禁鸦片。
* 道光十九年四月廿二日，虎门销烟开始。
* 道光二十年五月二十九日，英舰封锁广州珠江口，鸦片战争正式开始。英舰北上，六月攻陷浙江定海，七月抵达天津附近，其后返回广东。九月林则徐被革职。琦善与英方全权代表义律商议和约，十二月义律单方面公布《穿鼻草约》。
* 道光二十一年正月，英军占领香港。道光帝不承认《穿鼻草约》，二月琦善被革职，押京审理。
* 道光二十二年七月，英军兵临南京，清廷同意议和，《南京条约》立。
* 道光二十三年八月，《中英五口通商章程》立。
* 道光二十六年正月，正式解除对天主教的禁令。
* 道光三十年正月，道光帝在圆明园去世。
后妃
* 孝穆成皇后，钮祜禄氏，户部尚书、一等子布颜达赉女。宣宗为皇子，嘉庆元年，仁宗册後为嫡福晋。十三年正月戊午，薨。宣宗即位，追册谥曰孝穆皇后。初葬王佐村，移宝华峪，以地宫浸水，再移龙泉峪，后即于此起慕陵焉。咸丰初，上谥。光绪间加谥，曰孝穆温厚庄肃端诚恪惠宽钦孚天裕圣成皇后。
* 孝慎成皇后，佟佳氏，三等承恩公舒明阿女。宣宗为皇子，嫡福晋薨，仁宗册後继嫡福晋。宣宗即位，立为皇后。道光十三年四月己巳，崩，谥曰孝慎皇后，葬龙泉峪。咸丰初，上谥。光绪间加谥，曰孝慎敏肃哲顺和懿诚惠敦恪熙天诒圣成皇后。女一，殇。
* 孝全成皇后，钮祜禄氏，二等侍卫、一等男颐龄女。後事宣宗，册全嫔。累进全贵妃。道光十一年六月己丑，文宗生。十三年，进皇贵妃，摄六宫事。十四年，立为皇后。二十年正月壬寅，崩，年三十三。宣宗亲定谥曰孝全皇后，葬龙泉峪。咸丰初，上谥。光绪间加谥，曰孝全慈敬宽仁端悫安惠诚敏符天笃圣成皇后。子一，文宗。女二：一殇，一下嫁德穆楚克扎布。
* 孝静成皇后（康慈太妃、康慈太后），博尔济吉特氏，刑部员外郎花良阿女。後事宣宗为静贵人。累进静皇贵妃。孝全皇后崩，文宗方十岁，妃抚育有恩。文宗即位，尊为皇考康慈皇贵太妃，居寿康宫。咸丰五年七月，太妃病笃，尊为康慈皇太后。越九日庚午，崩，年四十四。子三：奕纲、奕继、奕䜣。女一，下嫁景寿。
* 庄顺皇贵妃，乌雅氏。事宣宗，为常在。进琳贵人，累进琳贵妃。文宗尊为皇考琳贵太妃。穆宗尊为皇祖琳皇贵太妃。同治五年，薨，命王公百官持服一日，谥曰庄顺皇贵妃，葬慕东陵园寝。德宗朝，叠命增祭品，崇规制，上亲诣行礼。封三代，皆一品。子三，奕譞、奕詥、奕譓。女一，下嫁德徽。
* 彤贵妃，舒穆鲁氏。事宣宗，为彤贵人。累进彤贵妃。复降贵人。文宗尊为皇考彤嫔。穆宗累尊为皇祖彤贵妃。女三，一下嫁扎拉丰阿，二殇。
* 和妃，那拉氏。初以官女子，事宣宗潜邸。嘉庆十三年，子奕纬生。仁宗特命为侧室福晋。道光初，封和嫔。进和妃。
* 祥妃，钮祜禄氏。事宣宗，为贵人。进嫔，复降。文宗尊为皇考祥妃。穆宗追尊为皇祖祥妃。子一，奕誴。女二，一殇，一下嫁恩崇。
* 常妃，赫舍里氏。由贵人晋封常妃。
* 其他后妃：佳贵妃，郭佳氏；成贵妃，钮祜禄氏：皆事宣宗，为贵人，进嫔，复降。历咸丰、同治二朝进封；顺嫔，失其氏，以常在进封。恒嫔，蔡佳氏；豫妃，尚佳氏；贵人李氏，那氏：以答应进封。
子女
道光共生有9子10女。
* 奕纬，长子，隐志郡王，母和妃那拉氏；
* 奕纲，次子，顺和郡王，母孝静成皇后博尔济吉特氏；
* 奕继，三子，慧质郡王，母孝静成皇后博尔济吉特氏；
* 奕詝，四子，咸丰帝，母孝全成皇后钮祜禄氏；
* 奕誴，五子，过继给惇恪亲王绵恺，为惇勤亲王，母祥妃钮祜禄氏；
* 奕䜣，六子，恭忠亲王，母孝静成皇后博尔济吉特氏；
* 奕譞，七子，醇贤亲王，母庄顺皇贵妃乌雅氏；
* 奕詥，八子，钟端郡王，母庄顺皇贵妃乌雅氏；
* 奕譓，九子，孚敬郡王，母庄顺皇贵妃乌雅氏。
* 端悯固伦公主，长女，生母为孝慎成皇后佟佳氏；
* 次女（1825），道光五年正月十三生，当年七月十四殇，生母为祥妃钮祜禄氏（时为祥嫔）；
* 端顺固伦公主，三女，生母为孝全成皇后钮祜禄氏；
* 寿安固伦公主，四女，生母为孝全成皇后钮祜禄氏；
* 寿臧和硕公主，五女，生母为祥妃钮祜禄氏；
* 寿恩固伦公主，六女，生母为孝静成皇后博尔济吉特氏；
* 七女（1840～1844），道光二十年七月初二生，道光二十四年十二月二十殇，生母为彤贵妃舒穆鲁氏；
* 寿禧和硕公主，八女，生母为彤贵妃舒穆鲁氏；
* 寿庄固伦公主，九女，生母为庄顺皇贵妃乌雅氏；
* 十女（1844～1845），道光二十四年三月十七生，道光二十五年正月二十殇，生母为彤贵妃舒穆鲁氏。
逸事
道光帝在继位之前，其骑射武功在嘉庆帝诸子里相当闻名，亦习得一手好枪法。嘉庆年间，天理教林清起义时，一度攻入紫禁城内部，道光帝这时表现出了大将之风，手执枪械毙数敌，并坐镇有方，使得攻入宫中的教徒溃散被败。道光帝因此被封为智亲王，所执的御枪也被封为“威烈”。
在道光皇帝所撰《养正书屋全集》的〈赐香雪梨恭记〉这篇文章里，证实道光皇帝在即位之前曾经吸食过鸦片。该文记云：“新韶多暇，独坐小斋，复值新雪初晴，园林风日佳丽，日惟研朱读史，外无所事，倦则命仆炊烟管吸之再三，顿觉心神清朗，耳目怡然。昔人谓之酒有全德，我今称烟曰‘如意’嘻！”可见道光皇帝对鸦片烟的好处甚至坏处都有所体验，日后他为了鸦片的毒害而与英国开战，这段吸食鸦片的经验应该与道光皇帝的决定有些关系。
Early yearsHe was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, and was given the name Mianning (綿寧), changed into Minning (旻寧; Manchu: ᠮᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠩ Min ning) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from Mian (綿) to Min (旻) so as to avoid the relatively common Mian character. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo.
He was the second son of Yongyan (永琰), who became the Jiaqing Emperor in 1796. His mother, the principal wife of Yongyan, was Lady Hitara of the (Manchu) Hitara clan, who became empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
Mianning was well liked by his grandfather the Qianlong Emperor and frequently accompanied the elderly emperor on hunting trips. On one such trip at the age of nine he successfully hunted a deer which greatly amused Qianlong. In 1813, while a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing White Lotus invaders who stormed the Forbidden City. This action earned Mianning important merits in securing his claim for the throne.
Reign as emperor and the opium tradeIn September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after his father the Jiaqing Emperor suddenly died of unknown causes. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Western imperialists encroaching upon the borders of China. During his reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of his great grandfather Emperor Yongzheng but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of Emperor Qianlong's reign, this amount had increased to 1000 chests, 4000 chests by Jiaqing's era and more than 30,000 chests during Daoguang's reign. He issued many edicts against opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Commissioner Lin Zexu. Lin Zexu's effort to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With the development of the Opium War, Lin was made a scapegoat and the Daoguang emperor removed Lin's authority and banished him to Yili. Meanwhile in the Himalayas, the Sikh Empire attempted an occupation of Tibet but where defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842). But on the coasts, technologically and militarily inferior to the European powers, China lost the war and surrendered Hong Kong by way of the Treaty of Nanking in August 1842.
Court intrigues and incidentsIn 1831 Daoguang killed his own 23 year old son after striking him. In 1831 an attempt was made to usurp the throne and oust Daoguang by someone else. In 1850 this happened again, though it did not succeed.
Anti-ChristianityIn 1811 a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術) in the Great Qing Code. Protestants hoped that the Chinese government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant missionaries gave Christian books to Chinese in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in Canton who had supplied them with books. The foreign missionaries were strangled or expelled by the Chinese.
FamilyFather: Emperor Jiaqing (嘉庆帝).
Mother: Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
ConsortsEmpress Xiaomucheng (孝穆成皇后) (?–1808) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaoshencheng (孝慎成皇后) (?–1833) of the Tunggiya clan.
Empress Xiaoquancheng (孝全成皇后) (1808–1840) of the Niohuru clan.
Empress Xiaojingcheng (孝静成皇后) (1812–1855) of the Borjigit clan.
Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (庄顺皇贵妃) (?–1867) of the Uya clan, she was the natural birth mother of the First Prince Chun.
Noble Consort Tóng (彤贵妃) (?–1877) of the Sumuru clan.
Noble Consort Jia (佳贵妃) (?–1890) of the Gogiya clan.
Noble Consort Cheng (成贵妃) (?–1888) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort He (和妃) (?–1836) of the Nara clan.
Consort Xiang (祥妃) (?–1861) of the Niohuru clan.
Consort Chang (常妃) (?–1860) of the Heseri clan. She died during the burning of the Yuan Ming Yuan summer palace.
Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍嫔) (?) of the Heseri clan. She was not interred in the Muling mausoleum for imperial concubines.
Imperial Concubine Tian (恬嫔) (?-1845) of the Fuca clan.
Imperial Concubine Yu (豫嫔) (1816–1898) of the Shanggiya clan.
Imperial Concubine Shun (順嬪) (?-1868) of the Shiqi clan.
Imperial Concubine Heng (恆嬪) (?-1876) of the Càigiya clan.
Worthy Lady Ping (平贵人)(?-1823) née Zhao.
Worthy lady Ting (定贵人)(?-1842) née Sun.
Worthy Lady Li (李贵人)(?-1872).
Worthy Lady Na (那贵人)(?-1865).
Children
Sons1.First son: Prince Yiwei (奕緯) (16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), son of Consort He of the Nara clan.
2.Second son: Yikang (奕綱) (22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
3.Third son: Yichi (奕繼) (2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), son of Empress Xiaojingcheng
4.Fourth son: Yichu (1831–1861), future Xianfeng Emperor, son of Empress Xiaoquancheng
5.Fifth son: (奕誴) Yicong (23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), the second Prince Tun, great-grandfather of Prince Yuyan and son of Imperial Consort Xiang (祥妃) of the Niohuru clan.
6.Sixth son: (奕訢) Yixin (11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), the Prince Gong. Son of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh son: Yixuan, the First (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891) Prince Chun. Father of Zaitian the Guangxu Emperor.
8.Eight son: Yiho (奕詥) (21 February 1844 – 17 December 1868), son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
9.Ninth son: Yihui(奕譓) (1845–1877) son of the Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
Daughters1.First daughter: State Princess Duanmin (端悯固伦公主) (1813–1819), daughter of Empress Xiaoshencheng.
2.Second daughter: (1825), daughter of Consort Xiang.
3.Third daughter: State Princess Duanshun (端顺固伦公主) (1825–1835), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
4.Fourth daughter: State Princess Shou-An (寿安固伦公主) (1826–1860), daughter of Empress Xiaoquancheng.
5.Fifth daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Zang (寿臧和硕公主) (1829–1856), daughter of Consort Xiang.
6.Sixth daughter: State Princess Shou-En (寿恩固伦公主) (1830–1859), daughter of Empress Xiaojingcheng.
7.Seventh daughter: (1840–1844), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
8.Eight daughter: Princess of the second rank Shou-Xi (寿禧和硕公主) (1841–1866), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
9.Ninth daughter: State Princess Shou-Zhuang (寿庄固伦公主) (1842–1884), daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun.
10.Tenth daughter: (1844–1845), daughter of Noble Consort Tun.
Death and legacyDaoguang died on 25 February 1850, at the Old Summer Palace (圓明園), 8 km/5 miles northwest of the walls of Beijing. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son. Daoguang failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered, outgunned and were thousands of miles away from home, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along Chinese coast. The Manchu court was highly dependent on the continued flow of tax/levy payment from southern China via the Grand Canal, which was easily cut off by the British expeditionary force at ZhenJiang. He had a poor understanding of the British and the industrial revolution that Britain had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world. It was said that Daoguang did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His thirty-year reign introduced the initial onslaught by western imperialism and foreign invasions that would plague China, in one form or another, for the next one hundred years.
He was interred in the Muling (慕陵 – meaning "Tomb of longing", or "Tomb of admiration") mausoleum, which is part of the Western Qing Tombs (清西陵), 120 kilometers/75 miles southwest of Beijing.
SourcesThe history of China, Volume 2 by Demetrius Charles the Kavanagh Boulger. Publisher: W. Thacker & co., 1898
The Last Emperors "A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions", Evelyn S. Rawski. ISBN 0-520-22837-5
Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. ISBN 0-670-81164-5.
Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》
References This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from The Chinese recorder, Volume 27, a publication from 1896 now in the public domain in the United States.
This article incorporates text from Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China, by Robert Samuel Maclay, a publication from 1861 now in the public domain in the United States.
1.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=WvpWAAAAMAAJ&q=the+emperor+tao+kwang%27s+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=snippet&q=%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20%201831%20age%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
2.^ The Chinese recorder, Volume 27. American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1896. p. 242. http://books.google.com/books?id=lNAWAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA242&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
3.^ Ernst Faber (1897). China in the light of history. American Presbyterian mission press. p. 18. http://books.google.com/books?id=S2hCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18&dq=the+emperor+tao+kwang's+son+died+in+1831+at+the+age+of+twenty+from+a+blow+inflicted+by+his+father#v=onepage&q=the%20emperor%20tao%20kwang's%20son%20died%20in%201831%20at%20the%20age%20of%20twenty%20from%20a%20blow%20inflicted%20by%20his%20father&f=false. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
4.^ a b Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. p. 336–337. http://books.google.com/books?id=BZAPAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 6 Jul 2011.
5.^ Draft history of the Qing dynasty. 《清史稿》卷二百十四．列傳一．后妃傳.
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