| 姓： | 爱新觉罗 | |||||||||
| 名： | 颙琰 | |||||||||
| 网笔号： | 受天兴运敷化绥猷崇文经武孝恭勤俭端敏英哲睿皇帝 | |||||||||
| 庙号： | 仁宗 | |||||||||
| 陵墓： | 昌陵 | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
嘉庆皇帝是清朝入关之后的第五代皇帝，姓名为爱新觉罗·永琰（后因避皇帝名讳，改为颙琰）。生于公元1760年，卒于公元1820年。他三十七岁即位，在位二十五年，享年六十一岁。庙号仁宗，谥号睿皇帝。与父亲乾隆帝相比，嘉庆帝是一位既没有政治胆略，又缺乏革新精神；既没有理政才能，又缺乏果敢作为的平庸天子。而嘉庆帝的时代，正是大清王朝由康雍乾盛世走向衰落的时期，因此，嘉庆帝本人被历史性地赋予了大清帝国由极盛转为衰败的悲剧命运。 乾隆皇帝在位时，为什么会在自己众多的十七个儿子中，偏偏选择平庸的永琰继承皇位呢？最终脱颖而出的永琰，到底有着怎样的个人特点呢？
人物传记
嘉庆于乾隆三十八年(1773年)被密建为皇储。乾隆五十四年(1789年)被封为嘉亲王。乾隆六十年(1795年)九月三日，被正式宣布立为皇太子。第二年正月初一日，受乾隆帝禅位即帝位。其后，朝政仍被太上皇乾隆帝控制，颙琰暂时居住在毓庆宫。嘉庆四年(1799年)正月，乾隆帝死后，开始亲政。面对乾隆末年危机四伏的政局，嘉庆帝打出“咸与维新”的旗号，整饬内政，整肃纲纪。诛杀权臣和珅，罢黜、囚禁和坤亲信死党。诏求直言，广开言路，祛邪扶正，褒奖起复乾隆朝以言获罪的官员。诏罢贡献，黜奢崇俭。要求地方官员对民隐民情“纤悉无隐”，据实陈报，力戒欺隐、粉饰、怠惰之风。但其对内政的有限整顿，未能从根本上扭转清朝政局的颓败。
国内阶级矛盾尖锐，农民起义如大举围剿镇压川、楚、陕农民大起义。更易统兵大员，严惩镇压不力的将吏。严密军事部署，实行剿抚兼施的两手政策，分化瓦解起义军。实行寨堡团练的坚壁清野政策，割断了起义军与人民的联系。嘉庆十年(1805年)，川、楚、陕农民起义被镇压，清统治力量也受到严重削弱。嘉庆十五年(1810年)，镇压了爆发于东南海疆的蔡牵起义军。嘉庆十八年(1813年)，北方爆发天理教起义，部分天理教徒，在太监接应下冲进皇宫，“酿成汉唐、宋明未有之事”。颙琰下诏罪已，同时严令对冲进皇宫的起义军血腥屠戮，无一幸免，并捕杀在城外的头目林清等。天理教起义被镇压。
在对外交涉中，嘉庆帝力主严禁鸦片，对英国侵略者在沿海的骚扰活动保持了高度警惕性，对英国提出的帮助清朝镇压起义军，帮助澳门葡人抵御法国的居心叵测的要求，明智地严辞拒绝。嘉庆二十一年(1816年)，拒绝了英国提出的建立外交关系、开辟通商口岸、割让浙江沿海岛屿的要求。而闭关锁国的传统观念，也使其对外来事物采取盲目排斥态度。嘉庆帝在内乱频仍、外患渐逼中，倾力企图维护清王朝的稳定巩固，然而不可逆转的历史发展趋势，使清王朝的败落于嘉庆末年已完全表面化，并从此日渐走向衰亡。
卒谥受天兴运敷化绥猷崇文经武孝恭勤俭端敏英哲睿皇帝。庙号仁宗。道光帝即位，于“孝恭”前加上“光裕”二字。葬河北易县清西陵昌陵
乾隆曾先后立过三个皇太子。第一个皇太子是皇后富察氏所生的皇次子永琏。乾隆认为“永琏乃皇后所生，朕之嫡子，聪明贵重，气宇不凡”。乾隆即位后，亲书密旨，立永琏为皇太子，藏在乾清宫“正大光明”匾额之后，但永琏9岁时死去。第二位皇太子是永琮。乾隆在永琏病故后，又立皇九子永琮，但他2岁时又因痘症早殇。第三位皇太子是皇十五子颙琰，就是后来的嘉庆皇帝。嘉庆的名字本来叫永琰，为什么改“永”作“颙”呢？这里简单介绍一下清朝皇帝的名讳。清太祖努尔哈赤、清太宗皇太极、清世祖福临的名字，没有避讳的规定，只是在《实录》、《玉牒》等特定文献出现的御名上贴黄（就是将名字用黄签盖上）。清帝名字避讳，从康熙帝开始。大致的情况是：康熙名字玄烨的“玄”字，避讳时缺末笔；雍正名字胤禛的“胤”字，避讳时缺末笔，同时命他的兄弟将“胤”字改作“允”字；乾隆名字弘历（当时写作“弘历”）的“弘”字，避讳时缺末笔。“历”字，则改作“暦”字。到嘉庆永琰时，乾隆考虑君主名讳，“永”字为常用字，避讳不便，命将永琰的“永”字，改为不常见的“颙”字。永琰继位之后，就改称为“颙琰”。清朝皇帝的名字，将排辈份的字，改为特别的字，是从嘉庆开始的。
嘉庆二十五年（1820年）七月，嘉庆再次去木兰游猎，驻于避暑山庄。头痛发热，之后病情日益严重，嘉庆知道不好，连忙宣召大臣赛冲阿、托津等入室，宣布立即传位于皇次子绵宁（后因避讳改为旻宁），25日死于避暑山庄。
相关记载
乾隆帝退位后，本应住在宁寿宫，让新皇帝住在养心殿，但他不愿迁出，而让嘉庆居毓庆宫，赐名“继德堂”。乾隆经常御殿，受百官朝贺，嘉庆则处于陪侍的地位。朝鲜使臣到北京，目击记载说：嘉庆“侍坐太上皇，上喜则亦喜，笑则亦笑”。又记载：赐宴之时，嘉庆“侍坐上皇之侧，只视上皇之动静，而一不转瞩”。《清史稿·仁宗本纪》也记道：“初逢训政，恭谨无违。”
人物评价
与他的父、祖相比，嘉庆皇帝是一位既没有政治胆略又缺乏革新精神，既没有理政才能又缺乏勇于作为品格的平庸天子。“平庸”两个字，是嘉庆皇帝的主要性格特点。嘉庆朝是清朝由盛转衰的时代：上承“励精图治、开拓疆宇、四征不庭、揆文奋武”的“康乾盛世”，下启鸦片战争、南京签约、联军入京、帝后出逃的“道咸衰世”。清朝社会的固有矛盾已经积累了180年，嘉庆皇帝扮演了大清帝国由极盛而转为衰败的历史角色。然而，嘉庆的平庸，并不是他的性情所致，而是历史的必然，在乾隆晚期，清朝已经出现了衰败的迹象，白莲教的起义，再加上乾隆晚年举办寿宴过度的奢华，使得嘉庆初期国库空虚，所以说乾隆实际上是留下了个烂摊子给嘉庆。而嘉庆却克勤克俭，还想着法子给老百姓减税，还有他诛杀大贪官和珅，手段老练，办事迅速，这样的皇帝能被称作平庸吗？但话又说回来，清朝宫廷的腐败与黑暗，已将注定了这个封建王朝，必将走向灭亡。因此，我才说嘉庆的平庸，是历史的必然。
小资料
据一份资料：在嘉庆当政的1800年，中国的GDP（国内生产总值）占全世界GNP（国民生产总值）33%，欧洲占28%，美国只占0.8%;一百年前即1900年中国GDP只占全世界6.2%，欧洲占62%，美国占23.6%。1997年中国的GDP占全世界GNP3.5%，而美国占25.6%，虽然中国经济体系世界排名第七（略低于意大利），但个人所得世界排名第八十二。如果不是1978年的改革开放政策，情况更差。（摘自21/9/199【香港信报】「投资者日记」）
嘉庆登基后对后妃的册封：
“奉太上皇帝之命，遣东阁大学士王杰为正使、礼部侍郎多永武为副使，持节赍册宝，册立嫡妃喜塔腊氏为皇后”；“遣礼部尚书德明为正使、礼部右侍郎周兴岱为副使，持节赍册宝，册封侧妃钮祜禄氏为贵妃“；“遣礼部尚书纪昀为正使、内阁学士扎郎阿为副使，持节赍册印，册封刘佳氏为諴妃”；“遣礼部左侍郎铁保为正使、内阁学士那彦成为副使，持节赍册印，册封侯佳氏为莹嫔”；此时，嘉庆还是皇子时的格格沈佳氏已经去世。
嘉庆四年（公元1799年）正月初三，乾隆皇崩逝，正月十五嘉庆皇帝正式公布了和珅的二十大罪状。
嘉庆帝后妃
孝淑睿皇后，喜塔腊氏，副都统、内务府总管和尔经额之女，仁宗为皇子时聘为嫡福晋，仁宗即位后册为皇后，嘉庆二年二月崩。生一子，宣宗，即道光帝，二女，一殇，一下嫁玛尼巴达喇。
孝和睿皇后，钮祜禄氏，礼部尚书恭阿拉之女，仁宗为皇子，册为侧福晋。仁宗即位后，封贵妃。孝淑皇后崩后，乾隆帝命其为皇后，先封为皇贵妃，嘉庆六年，册为皇后。嘉庆二十五年八月，嘉庆帝在热河巡行时崩，孝和皇后传旨令宣宗道光帝即位。宣宗即位后尊为皇太后，道光二十九年十二月崩，年七十四。生二子，绵恺、绵忻，一女，殇。
恭顺皇贵妃，钮祜禄氏。嘉庆初年，被选入宫，封为如贵人，累进如妃。宣宗尊为皇考如皇妃，文宗时尊为皇祖如皇贵太妃，薨，年七十四。生一子，绵愉，二女，皆殇。
和裕皇贵妃，刘佳氏。仁宗为皇子时，已为嘉庆帝的福晋，嘉庆初年，封为妃，进封贵妃，宣宗尊为皇考禧皇贵妃，一子，殇，一女下嫁索特纳木多布斋。
华妃，侯佳氏，嘉庆初封莹嫔，一女，殇。
简嫔，关佳氏。
逊嫔，沈佳氏。
淳嫔，董佳氏，嘉庆初年赐号淳贵人，嘉庆六年（1801年）四月册封为淳嫔。二十四年（1819年）十月十三日去世。
其他后妃信妃，刘佳氏；恩嫔，乌雅氏；荣嫔，梁氏，皆由贵人进位；安嫔，苏完尼瓜尔佳氏，由常在进位，并且都在道光帝时受到尊封。
嘉庆共生有5子9女。
长子，未命名，穆郡王。
爱新觉罗旻宁，次子，清宣宗，道光帝。
爱新觉罗绵恺，三子，敦恪亲王。
爱新觉罗绵忻，四子，瑞怀亲王。
爱新觉罗绵愉，五子，惠端亲王。
嘉庆皇上先后有两位皇后，第一位叫孝淑睿皇后，她生的第一个儿子死了，生了第二个儿子就是旻宁就是道光。但是这个孝淑睿皇后在嘉庆二年病故，这一年旻宁十六岁，那嘉庆又续了一个皇后，就是第二任皇后，叫孝和睿皇后，孝和睿皇后有两个儿子，一个是皇三子叫绵恺，一个是皇四子叫绵忻。孝和睿皇后对旻宁很好，十六岁孩子没有母亲了，对他倍加爱护和关照，所以旻宁做皇子的时候和他这两个弟弟，同父异母弟弟，就是绵恺和绵忻的关系也很好，和他继母的关系也很好，正是因为有这种关系，所以嘉庆皇帝突然驾崩的噩耗传到北京的时候，皇太后在皇宫立即派人五百里加急把皇太后的懿旨，因为这时候嘉庆死了，她算太后了，皇太后的懿旨送到承德，大意是说，说皇次子旻宁在嘉庆十八年的重大事件中，立有功劳，她懿旨，皇次子旻宁立即尊位，就是马上继承大位，旻宁就是道光接到皇太后的懿旨，叩头谢恩，感激不已，大家知道，因为旻宁不是太后的亲生子，她自己还有亲生的两个儿子，在没有找到嘉庆秘密立储的遗诏的时候，她说让旻宁，不是自己的亲生儿子继承皇位，应当说这个胸怀还是比较博大的，没有借这个机会做手脚，让自己的儿子继承皇位，所以道光跪在地上磕头，感谢皇太后的恩典。
孝和睿皇后在道光年间受到了道光皇帝的格外尊重，道光二十九年（公元1849年）十二月，七十四岁的孝和睿太后病危，道光皇帝经常到寿康宫侍奉汤药，当时年近七十的道光帝也在受疾病的折磨。孝和睿太后于当月十一日去世。道光皇帝以最沉痛的方式操办丧事。结果，道光帝的疾病恶化，一个月后，道光三十年正月十四，他死在了圆明园的慎德堂。
清仁宗孝和睿皇后
清仁宗孝和睿皇后钮祜禄氏（1776-1850年），礼部尚书恭阿拉之女。曾入侍仁宗藩邸为侧福晋。生第七女，夭折；生第三子绵恺、第四子绵忻。嘉庆元年(1796年)正月仁宗继位，册封为贵妃。二年(1797年)四月，孝淑睿皇后卒。五月，太上皇弘历敕谕继位中宫，先封为皇贵妃，释孝服后行册礼。六年(1801年)四月立为后。二十五年（1820年）八月，仁宗卒于热河，宣宗继位，尊其为皇太后，居寿康宫，上徽号恭慈皇太后。
道光二十九年十二月十一日(1850年1月23日)卒，享年74岁。次年正月，宣宗卒。文宗为后上谥，祔太庙。咸丰三年(1853年)葬于清西陵昌陵之西，称为昌西陵。咸丰、同治朝累加谥，为孝和恭慈康豫安成钦顺仁正应天熙圣睿皇后。
父亲 乾隆帝
母亲 孝仪纯皇后魏佳氏
皇后 孝淑睿皇后喜塔腊氏
孝和睿皇后钮祜禄氏
皇贵妃 恭顺皇贵妃钮祜禄氏
和裕皇贵妃刘佳氏
妃 华妃侯佳氏
恕妃完颜氏
庄妃王氏
信妃刘佳氏
嫔 简嫔关佳氏
逊嫔沈佳氏
恩嫔乌雅氏
荣嫔梁氏
淳嫔董佳氏
安嫔苏完尼瓜尔佳氏
皇子 皇长子（早殇，母和裕皇贵妃）
道光帝旻宁（母孝淑睿皇后）
惇恪亲王绵恺（母孝和睿皇后）
瑞怀亲王绵忻（母孝和睿皇后）
惠端亲王绵愉（母恭顺皇贵妃）
皇女 皇长女（早殇，母简嫔）
皇次女（早殇，母孝淑睿皇后）
庄敬和硕公主（母和裕皇贵妃）
庄静固伦公主（母孝淑睿皇后）
慧安和硕公主（母逊嫔）
皇六女（早殇，母华妃）
皇七女（早殇，母孝和睿皇后）
皇八女（早殇，母恭顺皇贵妃）
慧愍固伦公主（母恭顺皇贵妃）
He was the son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen (和珅) (the corrupt favourite of Qianlong) and attempted to restore the state and curb the smuggling of opium inside China.
Early yearsHe was born at the Old Summer Palace (圆明园/圓明園), 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing, and was given the name Yongyan (永琰), changed into Yongyan (顒琰) when he became emperor: the first character of his private name was changed from 永 to 顒, both pronounced Yong, as the former is used commonly. This novelty was introduced by his father the Qianlong Emperor who thought it not proper to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the long-standing practice of naming taboo.
He was the fifteenth son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was a Han Chinese concubine of the second rank Ling (令贵妃/令貴妃), who became a favorite of Qianlong. She was posthumously made Empress Xiaoyichun (孝仪纯皇后/孝儀純皇后) when her son became emperor. She was the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an official in the Qing administration whose Han Chinese family had long been integrated in the Manchu elites. In 1818 Emperor Jiaqing made his mother's family officially Manchu, and changed their Chinese family name Wei into the Manchu clan name Weigiya.
After the first two original choices for heir to the throne succumbed early to disease, in December 1773 Yongyan was secretly chosen by Qianlong to be the next emperor. In 1789 he was made Prince of the 1st rank Jia (嘉亲王/嘉親王).
At the end of his reign, Qianlong worked closely with a Manchu government minister called Heshen. Prince Jia hated the notoriously corrupt Heshen for his abuse of power, and vowed to punish the minister once he became emperor.
Accession to the throne
Portrait of the Jiaqing Emperor in his studyIn October 1795, in the 60th year of his reign, Emperor Qianlong announced his intention to abdicate in favor of Prince Jia: he did not think it proper to rule longer than his grandfather, the late Kangxi Emperor. Prince Jia acceded to the throne and proclaimed the era name of Jiaqing (Chinese: 嘉慶; Manchu: ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ saicungga fengšen) in February 1796. For the next three years however, Jiaqing ruled as Emperor in name only. Decisions were made by his father, the Retired Emperor Qianlong.
With the death of Qianlong at the beginning of February 1799, Jiaqing took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power. He was stripped of his titles and properties, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess He Xiao, a sister of the new emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates.
At the time the empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao Rebellions (1795–1806), as well as an empty treasury. Emperor Jiaqing engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. However, due in part to large outflows of silver from the country as payment for the opium smuggled into China from British India, the economy declined.
Court intrigues and incidentsMembers of the Qing royal family (relatives of Jiaqing) tried to assassinate him twice – in 1803 and in 1813. The princes involved in the attempts on his life were executed. Other members of the imperial family, numbering in the hundreds, were exiled.
Opposition to ChristianityThe Great Qing Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811 a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and abrogated in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.
FamilySee also: Qing Dynasty nobility and Ranks of Imperial Consorts in China#Qing
Consort
EmpressesPer imperial regulations, there was only one Empress at any given time. However, that did not prevent others from being elevated to that position after the death of an existing empress. During Jiaqing's reign, there were two empresses, each serving in different periods of time:
Lady Hitara of the Hitara (Manchu) clan, who became Empress when Jiaqing ascended the throne in 1796. She was the mother of Daoguang Emperor (2nd son of Jiaqing) She is known posthumously as Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后).
Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan (孝和睿皇后) (1776–1849), elevated after Empress Xiaoshurui died in 1798.
Imperial Noble ConsortsPer imperial regulations, only two Imperial Noble Consorts are allowed at any given time.
Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun, of the Niohuru clan (恭順皇貴妃) (1787–1860).
Imperial Noble Consort Heyu (d. 1833) of the Lugiya clan.
ConsortsPer imperial regulations, only four Consorts are allowed at any given time. Not counting those who were later elevated to higher titles and those who were elevated posthumously, there was effectively only two consorts during Jiaqing's reign.
Consort Hua (d. 1808) of the Hougiya clan.
Consort Zhuang (d. 1811) of the Wang clan.
Consort Shu of the Wanyan clan (Posthumously elevated. Never served as Consort in life)
Imperial ConcubinesPer imperial regulations, only six Imperial Concubines are allowed at any given time.
Imperial Concubine En (d. 1846) of the Wuya clan
Imperial Concubine Xuan of the Chengiya clan
Imperial Concubine Jian (d. 1780) of the Guangiya clan
Imperial Concubine Rong (d. 1826) of the Liang clan
Imperial Concubine Chun (d. 1819) of the Dongiya clan
Imperial Concubine An (d. 1837) of the Guargiya clan
Children
SonsFirst son: Mianmu, son of Imperial Noble Consort Heyu.
Second son: Mianning (綿寧) ( 16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850), son of Empress Xiaoshurui (Lady Hitara), succeeded his father as the Daoguang Emperor in 1820
Third son: Miankai (绵恺), son of Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan
Fourth son: Mianxin (绵忻), son of Empress Xiaoherui, of the Niohuru clan
Fifth son: Mianyu (绵愉) (1814–1865). Son of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun, of the Niohuru clan
DaughtersFirst daughter (1780–1783) her mother was Imperial Concubine Xuan.
Second daughter (1780–1783) her mother was Empress Xiaoshurui.
Heshuo Princess Zhuangjing [庄敬和硕公主] (1781–1811) daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Heyu.
Kurun Princess Zhuangjing [庄静固伦公主] (1784–1811) daughter of Empress Xiaoshurui.
Princess Hui'an (1786–1795).
Sixth daughter (1789–1790) daughter of Consort Hua.
Seventh daughter (1793–1795) daughter of Empress Xiaoherui.
Eighth daughter (1805) daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun.
Ninth daughter (1811–1815) Kurun Princess Huimin (慧悯固伦公主) posthumously in 1820, daughter of Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun.
Death and burialOn 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, the Daoguang Emperor.
Renzong was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Changling (昌陵 – meaning "Splendid tomb") mausoleum complex.