é luó zuòzhělièbiǎo
'ěr · luó wéi · huò luó Mikhail Khorobritbào · luò wéi Boris Mihajlovic
dān 'ěr · shān luó wéi Danielyóu · luò wéi Yuri
fán shì Ivan I (the Money bag)xiè miáo shì Simeon (the Proud)
fán 'èr shì Ivan II (the Fair) · dùn Dimitri I (of the Don)
shì Vasily I 'èr shì Vasily II (the Blind)
fán sān shì Ivan III of Russia (the Great) sān shì Vasily III
fán shì Ivan IV (the Terrible)fèi 'ào duō 'ěr · wàn nuò wéi Fyodor I Ivanovich
bào · dōng nuò Boris Godunovfèi duō 'ěr 'èr shì Feodor II
wěi shì False Dmitriy I shì Vasili IV
'ěr · fèi 'ào duō luó wéi · luó màn nuò Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanovā liè xiè shì Alexis I
fèi 'ào duō 'ěr sān shì Feodor III fán shì Ivan V Alekseyevich Romanov
Peter I jié lín shì Catherine I
'èr shì Pyotr (Peter) II Alekseyevichān · fán nuò Anna Ivanovna
fán liù shì Ivan VI Antonovich suō bái shì · luó Elizaveta Petrovna
sān shì Peter III jié lín 'èr shì Catherine II
bǎo luó shì Paul I shān shì Alexander I
shì Nicholas I shān 'èr shì Alexander II
shān sān shì Alexander III Alexandrovich 'èr shì Nicholas II
liè níng Vladimir Ilich Lenin Ryikov,Leksei Ivanovich
luò tuō Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov lín Joseph Stalin
lín Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov xiǎo Nikita Khrushchev
liè niè Brezhnevān luó Andropov
'ěr nián Chernenko 'ěr qiáo
qīn Boris Yeltsin jīng Vladimir Putin
méi wéi jié Medvedev
'ěr qiáo
é luó lián  (1931niánsānyuè2rìxiànjīn)
'ěr · xiè 'ěr gài wéi · 'ěr qiáo
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1985niánsānyuè11rì1991niánshíèryuè25rì

   'ěr · xiè 'ěr gài wéi · 'ěr qiáo é : МихаилСергеевичГорбачёв, 1931 nián 3 yuè 2 ), chū shēng 'é luó nán luó 'ěr jìnshì lián zhèng zhì jiācóng 1985 nián zhì 1991 nián shì lián gòng chǎn dǎng zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì zǒng shū hái céng jīng dān rèn lián zuì gāo wéi 'āi zhù tuán zhù guó jiā yuán shǒu lián guó fáng wěi yuán huì zhù zhuāng liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài)。 zài zhí shí de zhèng dǎo zhì liǎo lěng zhàn de jié shùwèicǐ 1990 nián huò nuò bèi 'ěr píng jiǎngdàn de gǎi zhèng shǐ lián jiě
  
   'ěr qiáo de tóu shàng yòu xiǎn zhù de tāi wéi guǎng wéi rén zhī de wài mào zhēng
  
   zǎo nián jīng
  
   'ěr qiáo nián qīng shí zài xué xué xué bìng zài rèn shí liǎo hòu lái de lài suōyòu léi suō yīn huàn bái xuè bìng 'ér 1999 nián shì)。 1953 nián 9 yuè men jié hūn, 1955 nián 'ěr qiáo liǎng rén tóng huí dào 'ěr qiáo de xiāng
  
  1952 nián 21 suì de 'ěr qiáo jiā lián gòng chǎn dǎng, 1966 nián 35 suì de shí hòu yòu huò liǎo nóng jīng xué jiā de xué wèicóng qīng yún zhí shàng。 1970 nián chéng wéi nóng cháng nián bèi xuǎn lián gòng chǎn dǎng zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì。 1972 nián dài lǐng dài biǎo tuán shíliǎng nián hòu dāng xuǎn wéi lián zuì gāo wéi 'āi dài biǎo qīng shàonián shì zhí xíng wěi yuán huì zhù 。 1979 nián jiā gòng zhèng zhì zài zhèng zhì nèi rèn shí liǎo de tóng xiāng shǒu lǐng yóu · ān luó ān luó zài hòu shù nián nèi chéng wéi 'ěr qiáo de zhù yào zhě zài dǎng nèi de wèi jǐyǔ gèng duō chū guó de huìzhè xiē xíng hěn shēn yǐng xiǎng liǎo de zhèng jiàn duì shè huì de kàn
   mín zhù huà gǎi
  
   kāng tǎn dīng · 'ěr nián hòu 'ěr qiáo 1985 nián 3 yuè 11 dāng xuǎn wéi lián zuì nián qīng de gòng chǎn dǎng zǒng shū shí shàng chéng wéi lián de shǒu shì tōng guò gǎi kāi fàng lái zhǐ lián gòng chǎn zhù de tuì huà kāi shǐ biāo zhì shì 1986 nián 2 yuè zhào kāi de 27 lián gòng chǎn dǎng quán guó dài biǎo huì
  
  1988 nián 'ěr qiáo xuān lián jiāng fàng liè niè zhù jiǎn shǎo duì dōng 'ōu guó jiā nèi zhèng de gān shè bié shì tíng zhǐ liǎo gān ), de yán rén jiāng zhè zhèng chēng wéi xīn zhù zhè zhèng dǎo zhì dōng 'ōu shè huì zhù guó jiā 1989 nián nèi shēng liǎo liè liè dezhèng zhì zhèn”( dàn duō shì píng de mìngzài luó què shēng liǎo bào shì jiàn), shǐ chēng wéidōng 'ōu biàn”。 dōng 'ōu biàn shí shàng jié shù liǎo cóng 'èr zhàn hòu cháng shí nián de quán shì jiè fàn wéi nèi lěng zhàn wèicǐ 'ěr qiáo 1990 nián 10 yuè 15 huò nuò bèi 'ěr píng jiǎng
  
   dōng 'ōu mín zhù huà de tóng shí xuē ruò liǎo gòng zhèng quán de guó yǐng xiǎng duì guó jiā de kòng zhì néng zuì hòu dǎo zhì liǎo lián de jiě。 1991 nián 8 yuè 19 xiē bǎo shǒu pài zhèng zhì jiā fēn jūn rén chéng 'ěr qiáo zài jiǎ shí dòng liǎo jiǔ shì jiàn”, 'ěr qiáo bèi ruǎn jìn liǎo sān tiānbèi shì fàng hòu xiàn de shēng wàng jiàn zhuìér dāng shí 'é luó jiā méng gòng guó zǒng tǒng de bào · qīn de shēng wàng zhǎng wài zhèng biàn hòu bèi jiāng fēn zhèng zhì chéng yuán chè zhí fēn shèn zhì dài
  
   zǎo zài 1990 nián 'ěr qiáo jiù jīng yǐn bìng dāng xuǎn liǎo lián zǒng tǒng zhí, 1991 nián 12 yuè 25 guó jiā lián chéng hòu bèi xuān zhí lián zhèng shì jiě
   'ěr qiáo gēn zǒng tǒng zài bái gōng shū guǎn
  
   'ěr qiáo guó nèixīn wéide gǎi zhèng duì dōng 'ōu guó jiā nèi zhèng de xīn zhù dǎo zhì liǎo lěng zhàn de jié shù lián gòngde jiě suǒ zài fāng guó jiā zhōng de shēng wàng hěn gāodàn shì zài lián jiě hòu de duàn jiānduō shù 'é luó rén de shēng huó shuǐ píng yòu liǎo tóng chéng de dàotuì biǎn zhíxíng shì fàn zuì liàng zēng jiāyòu rén rèn wéi 'ěr qiáo de gǎi yīnggāi duì guó jiā de fēn liè mòluò de duō kùn nán xiāng dāng de rèn yòu rén rèn wéi zhè shì gòng cháng tǒng zhì suǒ xíng chéng de zhǒng zhèng zhì shè huì jīng wèn zhòng nán fǎn de jiēguǒ rén rèn wéi zhè shì qīn wèile rén quán méi yòu jìn xíng wán zhěng de yóu zhù shì chǎng jīng gǎi de jiēguǒzài 1996 nián de 'é luó zǒng tǒng xuǎn zhōng huò liǎo 1% de xuǎn piào
  
   'ěr qiáo xiàn zhí hòu de 'ěr qiáo bìng shí fēn diàozài luó · gēn shì shì hòu dài biǎo 'é luó chū liǎo de zàng céng lián tóng qīn píng jīng duì chē chén de zhèng tài piān liǎo mín zhùchú liǎo shí shí biǎo xiē zhèng zhì guān diǎn jiàn wài hái shí fēn shí máo wéi shèng LV bāo pāi shè liǎo guǎng gào zhōng wéi LV pāi shè de guǎng gào zhōng chuānzhuó tiáo wén zuò zài lǎo shì hēi chē de hòu pái zhe chē mén shǒushén qíng dòng zuò jiāng yìngzài de shēn bàng fàng zhe wēi dēng de xíng bāotòu guò chē chuāng kàn dào de shì bài de bólín qiángjiù shì měi guó zǒng tǒng gēn céng jīng yào qiú chāi chú de bólín qiángcóng 8 yuè fèn kāi shǐzhè guǎng gào jiù zuò wéi 2007 nián wēi dēng tuán qiū dōng tuī guǎng huó dòng de fēn chū xiàn zài shí shàng cái jīng lèi de bào kān zhì shàngyǐn liǎo guǎng fàn tǎo lùn
   chóngxīn chū shān
  
  2008 nián 9 yuè 30 , 77 suì de 'ěr qiáo xuān jiāng zài lián lǐng dǎo rén zhí 17 nián hòu zài jìn zhèng tán
  
  2009 nián 5 yuè 13 'ěr qiáo xuān zhǔn bèi chuàng jiàn 'é luó mín zhù dǎng shì 2002 nián zhì 2004 nián céng dāng xuǎn 'é luó shè huì mín zhù dǎng lǐng xiùdàn shì gāi zhèng dǎng gēn 2007 nián 4 yuè 'é lián bāng zuì gāo yuàn de cái jué bèi jiě sàndāng nián 10 yuè 'ěr qiáo dāng xuǎn quán 'é luó shè huì yùn dòngshè huì mín zhù dǎng rén lián méngzhù 'ěr qiáo 2009 nián 5 yuè 13 zài jiē shòu 'é luó guó wén chuán diàn xùn shè zhě cǎi fǎng shí xuān :“ men chū jié lùn rèn wéiguó jiā yīngdāng yòu zhè yàng de zhèng dǎngxīn zhèng dǎng chéng chàng wěi yuán huì de gōng zuò jīng dào liǎo guó jiā duō gōng mín de zhī chí qián shōu dào 1 wàn duō rén de zhī chí xìn。”
   píng jià
  
   shì rén duì 'ěr qiáo de píng jià chéng liǎng fēn huà de shìyòu rén duì jìng yǎng zàn měiyòu rén duì kǒu zhū zài shǐ de shàng wèi sàn jìn zhī shíshì gài guān dìng lùnwéi shí guò zǎoduì 'ěr qiáo lián jiě huò zhì shǎo hái yào zài guò hěn duō nián cái néng yòu jiào guān huò jiào zhì de kàn
  
   hěn duō rén bié shì yóu zhù zhě qīn měi qīn fāng zhěrèn wéi 'ěr qiáo jìn liǎo gòng quán zhì de píng jiějié shù liǎo quán shì jiè fàn wéi de lěng zhàn duì zhì miànkān chēng wěi réncóng 'é luó shǐ zhǎn de hóng guān jiǎo kàn 'ěr qiáo kāi chuàng de shì de gǎi shí dài lián jiě 'ěr qiáo tuì chū shǐ táizhǐ shì dài yòu 'ěr qiáo yìn de gǎi jiē duàn de jié shùér zhī hòu de qīn xiàn zài de jīngbìng méi yòu zhōng duàn yóu 'ěr qiáo suǒ kāi shǐ de gǎi 'ěr qiáo qīn jīng sān wèi tǒng zhì zhě suǒ jìn xíng de gǎi suī rán zài nèi róng fāng shàng yòu hěn de tóng chā dàn shì men de gǎi zài zhōng biāo shàng shì xiāng tóng de yào 'é luó gǎi zào chéng wéi xiàn dài huà de mín zhù guó jiā guò 'ěr qiáo de chū zhōng shì lián de mín zhù shè huì zhù huà)。
  2004 nián 6 yuè 11 'ěr qiáo zuǒ jiā qián zǒng 'ěr luó yīng guó qián shǒuxiàng qiē 'ěr rén chū luó · gēn de zàng
  
   'ěr qiáo de jīng gǎi suī rán shī bài liǎodàn jié shù liǎo lín shì gāo zhōng de jìhuà jīng zhì shè huì zhù gōng yòu zhì zhìyǐn liǎo shè huì duì suǒ yòu zhì xíng shì shì chǎng jīng rèn shí guān niàn de hěn gǎi biànyīn jīng gǎi wéi lián chuán tǒng jīng shì xiàng duō zhǒng suǒ yòu zhì xíng shì shì chǎng jīng de zhuǎn biàn chuàng zào liǎo tiáo jiànzài xiàn zài de 'é luó jìn guǎn rén men zhèng jīng zhe jīng zhuǎn xíng shí de zhǒng tòng dàn shì duì bāo kuò yòu zhì zài nèi de zhǒng suǒ yòu zhì xíng shì shì chǎng jīng de rèn shí xiǎn rán jīng shēn huà liǎo
  
   hěn duō rén bié shì qīn gòng chǎn zhù zhě 'é guó de mín zhù zhěrèn wéi 'ěr qiáo shì 'é luó de mín zuì rén gòng chǎn zhù de pàn men rèn wéi 'ěr qiáo de guò cǎo shuàituō shí de duì nèi duì wài gǎi zhèng duì fāng bié shì měi guó de jìn yòu zhì de guòfèn xìn làidǎo zhì liǎo gòng wáng dǎng de yán zhòng hòu guǒé luó de zōng guó rén mín de shēng huó shuǐ píng shì luò qiān zhàngzhè xiē wán quán wéi bèi liǎo jiàn shèmín zhù de shè huì zhù liánde chū zhōng bèi pàn liǎo gòng chǎn zhù shì shuō shì wán quán shī bài liǎo
  
   fāng bān duì 'ěr qiáo yòu hěn gāo de píng jià shì zài 1990 nián huò nuò bèi 'ěr píng jiǎng, 2006 nián 7 yuèzài yīng guó guó guó bān guó dídí mín diào chá biǎo míngōu zhōu fēn mín rèn wéi 'ěr qiáo shì jīng yōu xiù de guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén zhōng zhī chí qián zhě de yòu 59%, zhī chí hòu zhě de zhǐ yòu 12%。


  Mikhail Gaiyeweiqi Gorbachev (Russian: Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв, 1931 年 3 月 2 -), born near Stavropol in southern Russia, the Soviet politicians, From 1985 to 1991 he was general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee, also served as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (head of state) and the Soviet Union, President of the National Defense Commission (Armed Forces Supreme Commander). Policy during his service led to the end of the Cold War, for which he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990, but his reform policy also makes the Soviet Union.
  Gorbachev was young and at the Moscow University Law School, where he met his future wife, Raisa (also translated Resa, she suffering from leukemia and died in 1999). They were married in September 1953, Gorbachev graduated in 1955, the two together back to Gorbachev's home.
  Konstantin Chernenko's death, Gorbachev on March 11, 1985 was elected general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's youngest, in fact, a Soviet top-level officials. He tried to reform and opening to prevent the degradation of Soviet communism, which began in February 1986 marked the 27th meeting of the National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
  As early as 1990, Gorbachev had introduced and was elected to the post of President of the Soviet Union, December 25, 1991 after the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, he was forced to leave the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  May 13, 2009, Gorbachev declared Russia's independence of the Democratic Party ready to create. Gorbachev in 2002 to 2004 and was elected leader of the Russian Social Democratic Party, but the parties under the April 2007 ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation was forced to disband, Gorbachev was elected in October that year the whole Russian social movements "Social Democrats Union "President. Gorbachev on May 13, 2009 In an interview with Russia's Interfax News Agency reporters Cai Fang and Shi Xuanbu: "We concluded that the state should have such a political party, new party set up initiatives to the Committee's work has been State support of many citizens, has received more than 10,000 letters of support. "
  Many people, especially the pro-communists and Russian nationalists, that Gorbachev is Russia's national criminals and traitors to communism. They think that Gorbachev's too hasty with the actual internal and external reform policies, and his West, particularly the United States over almost naive trust, leading to serious consequences of Soviet Communist Party, Russia's comprehensive national strength and people standard of living is plummeting, which are completely contrary to the construction of his "democratic socialist Soviet Union," the mind, and betrayed the cause of communism can be said is completely failed.
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