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míng dài  (1377niánshíèryuè5rì1402niánqīyuè13rì)
xìng: zhū
míng: yǔn wén
wǎngbǐhào: jiàn wén ; gōng mǐn huì huáng
miàohào: huì zōng
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1398nián1402nián
建文1399nián1402niánliùyuè

明惠帝朱允炆(1377年12月5日-?)是明朝第二位皇帝,年号“建文”,在靖难之变后下落不明。时驸马都尉梅殷在军中,从黄彦清之议,为发丧,追谥孝愍皇帝,庙号神宗,壬午以后谥不行,至南明弘光元年七月,以与显皇帝庙号复,改上庙号惠宗,谥号为嗣天章道诚懿渊功观文扬武克仁笃孝让皇帝,清朝乾隆元年上谥号为恭闵惠皇帝,后世有人以其年号而称建文帝。

早年
朱允炆是懿文太子朱标第二子,但朱标的长子朱雄英早故,所以明太祖朱元璋就视朱允炆为嫡长孙。洪武二十五年(1392年)皇太子朱标病死,朱允炆被立为皇太孙,由于自幼熟读儒家经书,所近之人多怀理想主义,性情因此与其父同样温文儒雅,即长皆以宽大著称。朱允炆为皇太孙时,曾向太祖请求修改《大明律》,他参考《礼经》及历朝刑法,修改《大明律》中七十三条过份严苛的条文,深得人心。

在位时期
明洪武三十一年(1398年)闰五月,明太祖去世,死前密命驸马梅殷辅佐新君,朱允炆在同月(6月30日)即位,定次年(从1399年2月6日开始)为建文元年。惠帝在六月晋用齐泰为兵部尚书、黄子澄为太常寺卿,七月召方孝孺为翰林院侍讲,在国事上倚重三人。惠帝的年号建文有别于其祖父的洪武,他不想仿效祖父以严刑峻法治国,即位后改行宽政,《明史·刑法二》记载“元年刑部报囚,减太祖时十三矣”,囚犯人数减至洪武时期的三成左右。

明太祖为巩固皇室,大封宗室为藩王,各拥私人护卫军队。对惠帝来说,诸藩王大多为其叔辈,且在封地掌握兵权,心中由是不安。惠帝为皇太孙时曾问黄子澄曰:“诸王尊属拥重兵,多不法,奈何?”子澄回答说诸王军力不足以抗衡朝廷。惠帝即位后,下令各王国的地方文武官员听朝廷节制,采取削藩政策,先后废黜周王、湘王、齐王、代王及岷王。在部署对付年龄最长、军功最多、武力最强大的燕王朱棣时,由于惠帝身边的谋士多缺乏实际的政治经验,以致打草惊蛇,引发了燕王先发制人的念头。朱棣在权衡利害之后,于建文元年(1399年)七月在封地北平起兵反叛。他以“靖难”为名,向京师进军。

尽管朝廷的兵力远胜燕王,由于惠帝下令“毋使朕负杀叔父名”,必须活捉燕王,这样便掣肘了中央军。加上以前太祖滥杀功臣名将,以致朝廷缺乏将才可用,而燕王曾随功臣出征,有雄才、善用兵,将士用命,因此中央军屡为燕军所突破。建文四年(1402年)四月,中央军主力在淮北惨败,燕军乘胜渡过淮河及长江。这时有人劝惠帝离开京城,方孝孺力请惠帝留下等待援兵,“即事不济,当死社稷”。六月十三日,燕王朱棣从金川门攻入京师应天府,惠帝在宫中举火,皇后自焚死,惠帝本人及其太子朱文奎则‘不知所终’,至今其下落仍是未定论的历史之谜。朱棣入京后,先捕杀齐泰、黄子澄、方孝孺及大批忠于惠帝的官员,后方称帝。

后人普遍对惠帝朱允炆抱持同情态度,终明一朝,朱允炆始终为百姓所念念不忘。

建文下落之谜
虽然朱棣宣称在宫中假装找到建文帝(惠帝)的尸体,并为他举行葬礼,但朱棣对建文未死的传言不敢掉以轻心。溥洽是建文帝主录僧,《明史·姚广孝传》记载“初,帝入南京,有言建文帝为僧遁去,溥洽知状,或言匿溥洽所。帝乃以他事禁溥洽。而命给事中胡濙等遍物色建文帝,久之不可得。溥洽坐系十余年。”直到姚广孝病危时请求朱棣释放溥洽,溥洽才获释。

有野史记载,建文帝离宫后出家为僧,云游四方。有诗云:“阅罢楞言磐懒敲,笑看黄屋寄团瓢。南来嶂岭千层迥,北望天门万里遥。款段久忘飞凤辇,袈裟新换衮龙袍,百官此日知何处。唯有群鸟早晚朝。”传言此诗作者是建文帝,但未证实。

另有一说建文帝逃到东南亚,野史传闻郑和下西洋其中任务之一便是寻找建文帝。

1999年,有人认为中国贵州省的红崖天书是建文帝在靖难之役后逃到贵州所作的声讨燕王朱棣的檄文,间接支持建文帝并未死在宫中的说法。

而根据当年明月的《明朝那些事儿》中的观点,朱棣密令胡濙寻找建文帝,19年后胡濙找到了建文帝。建文帝告诉胡濙不会再去争夺皇位,朱棣这才安心,也没有杀建文帝。

2008年1月在宁德金涵乡上金贝村发现的一个高僧墓被认为是建文帝的墓葬所在。这个墓穴也是迄今为止福建发现的最大的高僧墓。

家族列表
父亲 明兴宗孝康皇帝(懿文皇太子)朱标
母亲 吕氏(1402年死)
皇后 孝愍温贞哲睿肃烈襄天弼圣让皇后马氏


朱文奎,和简太子,母皇后马氏
朱文圭,次子,润怀王,母皇后马氏


The Jianwen Emperor (Chinese建文帝pinyinJiànwén Dì; born 5 December 1377, disappeared from 13 July 1402) was the second Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1398 to 1402. His personal name was Zhu Yunwen (朱允炆). The era name of his reign, Jianwen, means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp change in tone from Hongwu ("vastly martial"), the era name of the reign of his grandfather and predecessor, the Hongwu Emperor. His reign did not last long: an attempt to restrain his uncles led to the Jingnan rebellion. The Jianwen Emperor was eventually overthrown by one of his uncles, Zhu Di, who was then enthroned as the Yongle Emperor. Although the Yongle Emperor presented a charred body as Zhu Yunwen's, rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had disguised himself as a Buddhist monk and escaped from the palace when it was set on fire by Zhu Di's forces. Some people[who?] speculated that one of the reasons behind why the Yongle Emperor sponsored the admiral Zheng He on his treasure voyages in the early 15th century, was for Zheng He to search for the Jianwen Emperor, who was believed to have survived and fled to Southeast Asia. Some historians[who?] believe that the Jianwen Emperor had indeed survived and escaped from Nanjing, but the official histories of the Ming dynasty were modified later during the Qing dynasty to please the Manchu rulers.
    

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