qīng dài zuòzhělièbiǎo
qián lóng Qian Long(qīng dài)yōng zhèng Yong Zheng(qīng dài)kāng Kang Xi(qīng dài)
shùn zhì Shun Chi(qīng dài)xián fēng Xian Feng(qīng dài)tóng zhì Tong Chi(qīng dài)
guāng Guang Xu(qīng dài)xuān tǒng Xuan Tong(qīng dài)jiā qìng Jia Qing(qīng dài)
dào guāng Dao Guang(qīng dài)
guāng Guang Xu
qīng dài  (1871niánbāyuè14rì1908niánshíyīyuè14rì)
xìng: ài xīn jué luó
míng: zài tián
wǎngbǐhào: qīng zōng
jíguàn: mǎn
kāiduānzhōngjié
zàiwèi1875nián1908nián
光绪1875nián1908nián

  guāng qīng zōng 'ài xīn jué luó · zài tián de nián hàoqīng cháo shǐ yòng nián hào gòng sān shí nián
  
   běn liào
  
   shēng : 1871 héng 1908( 38 suì
  
   mín mǎn
  
   xìng míngài xīn jué luó · zài tián
  
   miào hào zōng
  
   shì hàotóng tiān chóng yùn zhōng zhì zhèng jīng wén wěi rén xiào ruì zhì duān jiǎn kuān qín jǐng huáng
  
   quán chēng zōng tóng tiān chóng yùn zhōng zhì zhèng jīng wén wěi rén xiào ruì zhì duān jiǎn kuān qín jǐng huáng
  
   chū shēngtóng zhì shí nián liù yuè 'èr shí ( 1871 nián 8 yuè 14 shēng xuān mén nèi tài píng chún qīn wáng de huái yìn zhāi
  
   shǔ xiāngyáng
  
   niánguāng sān shí nián shí yuè 'èr shí (1908 nián 11 yuè 14 ) yǒu shí 'èr sān fēn jià bēng yíng tái hán yuán diàn nèi .
  
   xìng shuāng zhòngdú
  
   zài wèi :1875 nián héng 1908 nián (34 nián )
  
   líng qǐnchóng língqīng líng
  
   qīnài xīn jué luó · xuānchún qīn wáng
  
   qīn shì ( bāo mèi )
  
   chū hūn: 18 suì jié hūnpèi 'ǒu shì děng 3 rén
  
   huáng hòu shì ( tǒng guì xiáng zhī zhí )
  
   hòu fēi : shì ( zuǒ shì láng cháng 'èr jǐn fēizhēn fēi )
  
  
  
   wèi rénài xīn jué luó · hào chēng chéng tóng zhì jiān tiāo guāng guāng tóng chún qīn wáng zài fēng zhǎngzǐ
  
   lǎo shī : wēng tóng xià tóng shàn
  
   zuì zhù chí biàn
  
   zuì shī jiá zhàn zhēng zhù zhàn shī bài
  
   zuì xìng zhèng biàn hòu bèi qiú jìnbèi rén yòng shuāng móu hài zhì
  
   zuì tòng xīnqiān dìng guān tiáo yuē》、 zhèng biànzhēn fēi hài
  
   zuì shàn chángshū yīnyuè
  
   zuì huān de bāng yīn wéi rèn wéi bāng shì bēi diào
  
   shǐ píng jiàqīng shǐ gǎolùn yuē zōng qīn zhèng zhī shíchūn qiū fāng bào yòu wéi zhī zhì zhāng qián guó chǐ 'ér shī ráo bài shū píngsuì yǐn xīn jìn xiǎo chénruì gēngzhāngwéi fèn qiáng zhī rán gōng míng zhī shìxiǎn zào jīnwàng tóu shǔ zhī ér wǎng yán zhī wéi chuí lián zài chūtāo huì yíng táiwài zhī láixìn nèi zuò shǐ guó lián bīngliù lóng shòugēng hòufèi cuī shāngyǎn zhì luòér guó yùn yīn 'ér qīng fēi tiān zāiguāng jià bēng hòuqīng yuè nián 'ér wáng
  
   zuò wéi nián qīng fèn de jūn zhùguāng huáng shè wéi zhòngtuī xíng biàn qīng tuì suō tuǒ xié qiú bǎofǎn 'ér zài guān jiàn shí wèile biàn xìn niànzhì shēng 'ān wēi wàizhè jīng chāo chū liǎo wèi kuǐ léi wáng de xíng wéi jià zhí xuǎn shǐ cóng rén shàng kàn shì zhí chēng dào de shēn wéi wángbǎi nián lái shòu jìn lěng luò zénànshèn zhì yòu rén zhǐ nuò ruò néng dàn zuò wéi rénzuò wéi chǎn jiē gǎi liáng yùn dòng de xiān zhě de rén shì xiǎn shì chū dìng liàng deshì huì yán debiàn de zuì zhōng jiēguǒ shì shī bài liǎodàn duì dāng shí shè huì zhǎn liǎo zuò yòng liǎo fēng jiàn zhuān zhì zhù de xiǎng jìn kāi liǎo zhōng guó xiǎng jiě fàng de xiān zài jīng shàngguāng jiē shòu liǎo wéi xīn pài zhǎn mín běn zhù de zhù zhāngwéi zhōng guó mín běn zhù de zhǎn sǎo qīng dào zài wén huà jiào fāng miànkāi bàn xué tánggǎi zhì pài rén chū guó liú xuéyóu děngzhè jiù shǐ zhī shí fènzǐ kuò liǎo yǎn jiègěi cháng jiǔ fēng de guó jiā dài lái liǎo xiē fāng de xiān jìn xiǎng lùn shùguāng huáng kuì wéi jìn dài zhōng guó xiào fǎng fāng lái biàn zhōng guó de kāi míng huáng
  
   guāng duì zhēn fēi de shēn qíngtóng yàng lìng rén gǎn dòng。“ jīn jǐng zhuì liáng yáo diàn bàngcán zhī wèi líng luòyìng yòu huī guānggōu shuǐ kōng liú hèn cháng duàn cháng pàn cǎoyóu yuān yāngměi shīlìng bèi shī
  
   zài tián shì chún qīn wáng de 'ér tài hòu de wài shēngnèi zhídēng shí zhǐ yòu suìliǎng gōng tài hòu ”、“ 'ānchuí lián tīng zhèngde shí quán zhězhì guāng 16 suì guī zhèng”, dàn réng shí zhǎng quánguāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1894 nián), suì jiá cháo xiān shēng dōng xué dǎng zhī luàn běn chèn jìn zhàn hàn chéng chén guó yùn bīng chuánbìng gōng shān zhù jūn yuè zhōng liǎng guó zhèng shì xuān zhànhòu qīng tíng zhàn bàiqiān dìng guān tiáo yuēshǐ chēng wéi jiá zhàn zhēngjiá zhàn bài hòucháo yòu zhì zhī shì biàn chàng wéi xīn biàn lǐng dǎo rén kāng yòu wéi zhù shū lùn xíng zhōng wài gōng bào zhù zhāng biàn céng shù shàng shū guāng yào qiú gǎi xué shēng liáng chāo shàng hǎi zhù biān shí bào chuī biàn qiángzhì guāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1898 nián zōng xià zhào biàn kāng yòu wéi tán tóng děng rén tuī xíng xīn zhèngdàn tài hòu wéi zhù de shǒu jiù pài fǎn duì biàn shì dòng zhèng biàn zōng bèi yōu jìnkāngliáng táo wáng běn
  
   yīn shí jǐn bǎi líng sān tiān chēng wéi bǎi wéi xīnyòu yīn shì nián wéi nián chēng wéi biàn guāng 'èr shí liù niángōng yuán 1900 nián), tuán shìchóu shā wài rényǐn yīngéměiào guó gòng lián jūngōng xiàn běi jīng , guāng , tài hòu táo wáng 'ān . guāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1901 nián), suì xīn chǒujiǔ yuè zài běi jīng guó suǒ dìng de tiáo yuēgòng shí 'èr kuǎn péi kuǎn xiàng wéi zuì zhòngshù gāo bái yín qiān wàn liǎngwéi píng děng tiáo yuē zhōng zuì dehòu chǔsǐ guāng de 'ài fēi zhēn fēiguāng bèi ruǎn jìn yíng tái . zhōng yǐn hèn bìng shì
  
   hòu fēi
  
   guāng zhǐ yòu hòu 'èr fēi 3 rén
  
   guāng shí nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí , 19 suì de guāng huáng xíng hūn diǎn guāng de wèi huáng hòu liǎng fēi dōushì zuò zhù xuǎn dehuáng hòu shì bié rénzhèng shì qīn guì xiáng de 'ér shì xuǎn de zhí wéi huáng hòuwéi de shì zài cháo zhèng jiāo gěi guāng hòuhái néng yòng huáng hòu lái kòng zhì cāo zòng huáng jiān shì zhǎng huáng de dòng
  
   guāng de liǎng wèi fēi shì jǐn fēi zhēn fēièr rén shì qīn jiě mèidàn xiàngmào xìng què xiāng tóngjǐn fēi xiàngmào bānér qiě xìng cuì ruòzhēn fēi mào měi duān zhuāngxìng qíng mǐn
  
   zhēn fēi duì guāng de tóng qíng tiē liǎo guāng duì wèi lái de chōng jǐng qíngtóng shí yǐn liǎo yào zài zhèng zhì shàng bǎi tuō shù yòu suǒ zuò wéi de wàng hūn hòu de shù nián jiān zhēn fēi gòng tóng guò liǎo shēng zhōng xiǎn jiào wéi qīng sōng de shí guāng
  
   guāng de huáng hòu shìshì qīn tǒng guì xiáng de 'érjiù shì lóng huáng hòulóng huáng hòu cháng piào liàng shòu ruòyòu tuó bèizhè mén qīn shì shì huáng tài hòu zhǐ gěi dìng deguāng suī mǎn què nàihuáng hòu shì guāng huáng de hūn yīnwán quán shì zhèng zhì hūn yīn jiāng zhí jià gěi wài shēngmùdì jiù shì zài gōng wéi jiāo fángtàn huáng de nèi qíngkòng zhì cāo zòng huáng bìng wéi 'ěr hòu bǐng zhèngtài hòu chuí lián tīng zhèng zuò diànguāng huáng tóng huáng hòu shì hūn hòuqíng tóu shǐ zhōng shì mén měi mǎn de hūn yīnguāng hòuxuān tǒng wèishàng guāng huáng hòu huī hào wéilóng ”, shì wéi lóng huáng tài hòulóng huáng tài hòu zài mín guó 'èr nián( 1913 niánzhēngyuè shí tài diàn
  
  ▲ zhēn fēi( 1876 nián héng 1900 nián), shìmǎn zhōu xiāng hóng rénqīng cháo guāng huáng de fēi shì zuì wéi shòu chǒng de fēi hòu yīn huò zuì 'ér bèi tóu jǐng shā hài
  
    shēng píng
  
   zhēn fēi nǎi shǎn gān zǒng tài cháng céng rèn yòu shì láng cháng shàn nǎi guǎng zhōu jiāng jūnzhēn fēi jǐn fēi yòu suí cháng shàn zài guǎng zhōu zhǎngdàzhēn fēi 10 suì niáncháng shàn xiè rèn guǎng zhōu jiāng jūn suí tóng běi fǎn běi jīng
  
  1889 niánzhēn fēi liǎng mèi bèi xuǎn gōng zhōng, 13 suì de bèi fēng wéi zhēn pín, 15 suì de jiě jiě fēng wéi jǐn pínpín wéi jiǔ děng gōng liè zhōng de liù děngzhí zhì guāng 'èr shí nián jiá chūn (1894 nián ), yīn tài hòu xún wàn shòu jiā 'ēn jìn pín wéi fēiqián miàn hái yòu huáng hòuhuáng guì fēiguì fēi sān děng
  
   chǒng huò zuì
  
   guāng hūn zhī hòulóng huáng hòu zhú jiàn shī chǒngér jǐn fēi guāng xiāng chù wéi zhēn fēi shēng xìng guāi qiǎoshàn jiě rén gōng hàn huì xià shì huáng zuǒ yòu guāng gòng shí yǐn gòng wán gòng duì nán zhī shì háo zài ,“ zōng yóu chǒng 'ài zhī huáng hòu shèn qīn 。” (《 guó wén bèi chéng》 )
  
  1901 nián chūn qīng tíng guó lián jūn gòu guāng děng zhǔn bèi hái cháo jiàn zhēn fēi suǒ tóu zhī jǐng rán biàn mìng rén jiāng shī bèi lāo chū láizhuāng liàn guānzàng chéng mén wài 'ēn zhuāng de gōng bìng zhēn liè xùn jiéde míng yǎn shì rén 'ěr kǒumín guó 'èr nián (1913 nián ), jǐn fēishí wéi duān kāng huáng tài fēijiāng zhēn fēi qiān zàng guāng jǐng líng fēi pín yuán qǐnbìng wéi xiū jiàn liǎo xiǎo líng táng gòngfèng zhēn fēi de pái wèilíng táng shàng xuán guà 'é zhǐ biǎnshàng shūjīng wèi tōng chéng”, sòng yáng zhēn fēi duì guāng de piàn zhēn qíng
  
  ▲ zhēn fēi de jiě jiě jǐn fēi de jié de mèi mèi qiáng duō liǎoguāng 'èr shí liù nián yuèjǐn fēi suí táo chū liǎo jīng chéng nián duō hòu cái fǎn huí huáng gōngguāng hòuxuān tǒng zūn fēng wéi huáng kǎo jǐn guì fēi。 1913 nián 3 yuè yòu zūn fēng wéi duān kāng huáng guì tài fēi
  
   huí lóng huáng tài hòu hòujǐn fēi jiù chéng wéi jìn chéng nèi xìng cún de fēi zhī shǒu ( lìng wài sān fēi shì jìng huáng guì fēizhuāng huáng guì fēiróng huì huáng guì fēi men sān réndōu shì tóng zhì de fēi )。 jǐn fēi hěn zhuān quán yǎn rán chéng liǎo huáng tài hòuxiào ràng jiào huáng 'é niànjīng cháng guǎn jiào huáng fàng zài yǎn zhōngwèicǐ zài xiē rén de sǒng yǒng xiàgōng kāi jǐn fēi chǎo liǎo jiàshǐ jǐn fēi hěn xià lái tái wéi chū liǎo chén zhòng de dài jiàjǐn fēi wèile chū zhè kǒu de nǎi nǎi qīn zhào jìn gōngduì 'èr rén shī jiā 'èr rén xià huài liǎo guì xià lái 'āi qiúdāyìng quàn gěi jǐn fēi péi dào qiànzuì hòu jīng zhù qīn de quànbèi gěi jǐn fēi dào liǎo qiàn de qīn xìng qiángcóng wèi shòu guò bié rén de xùn chìzhè liǎo huǒhuí dào jiā tūn liǎo piàn yān shā liǎojǐn fēi tīng liǎo zhè xiāo hòuchī jīng xiǎoshēn zhuī jiū shì shì gǎi biàn liǎo duì de tài liǎng rén guān yòu liǎo míng xiǎn huǎn
  
  1924 nián 10 yuè 20 jǐn fēi bìng zhōng nián 52 suì shì zhī wéi wēn jìng huáng guì fēi。 1925 nián 10 yuè 29 zàng chóng líng fēi yuán qǐn dōng bǎo quàn nèi
  
   shí nián hòu, 1938 nián nóng shí yuè huǒ fěi zài jiān dào jué liǎo jǐn fēi lüè zǒu liǎo quán xùn zàng zhēn bǎo
  
   shēng píng jiǎn jiè
  
   tóng zhì shí nián( 1871 niánshēng běi jīng xuān mén wài tài píng pàn chún wáng wéi chún xián qīn wáng xuān yóu xiōng zǎo shāngtóng zhì shí sān nián( 1875 nián 1 yuè 25 ), tóng zhì bìng shì hòu chún qīn wáng zhǎngzǐ shēn fèn gōng wéi shí nián jǐn 4 suìchéng wéi mǎn qīng guān hòu de jiǔ wèi huáng
  
   guāng 'èr shí nián( 1895 nián), jiá zhōng zhàn zhēng bào zhù zhàn
  
   guāng 'èr shí nián( 1898 nián), zhù chí biàn ), tóng nián děng dòng zhèng biànjiāng qiú yíng tái
  
   guāng 'èr shí liù nián( 1900 nián), guó lián jūn qīn huázhù tóng nián 8 yuè 15 bèi yào xié,“ táowǎng 'ānshì chǔsǐ 'ài fēishí wéi 'ài zhēn fēi
  
   guāng sān shí nián shí yuè 'èr shí ( 1908 nián 11 yuè 14 yǒu shí 'èr sān fēn jià bēng yíng tái hán yuán diàn nèishí nián 38 suì
  
   wáng shēng
  
   guāng wèi hòuyóu zhuān quánzhì guāng 16 suì guī zhèng”, dàn réng shí zhǎng quán
  
   guāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1894), suì jiá cháo xiān shēng dōng xué dǎng zhī luàn běn chèn jìn zhàn hàn chéng chén zhōng guó yùn bīng chuánbìng gōng zhù shān qīng jūn yuè zhōng liǎng guó zhèng shì xuān zhànhòu qīng tíng zhàn bàiqiān dìng guān tiáo yuēshǐ chēng wéi jiá zhàn zhēng
  
   nián qīng de guāng huáng yǎn jiàn jiá zhàn zhēng gěi zhōng guó dài lái liǎo de tòng chǐ ,“ gān zuò wáng guó zhī jūn”, xīn xiǎng yòu suǒ zuò wéi jiē shòu kāng yòu wéiliáng chāo chū de biàn zhǔn bèi jìn xíng běn zhù gǎi gāo zhōng guó de guó wèi chéng wéi wéi xīn pài xīn zhōng dejiù shì zhù”。 guāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1898) guāng huáng xià zhào biàn kāng yòu wéiliáng chāotán tóng děng rén tuī xíng xīn zhèngbiàn qiángguāng liǎo xiē yòu běn zhù zhǎn de zhào lìngdàn biàn wēi fēng jiàn shǒu jiù shì de zāo dào wéi zhù de qīng shì guì de náowéi xīn pài kāng yòu wéiliáng chāotán tóng děng rén wàng tuō zài tǒng xiá xīn jūn de zhí 'àn chá shǐ yuán shì kǎi shēn shàngpài tán tóng shēn jiàn yuán shì kǎiyào dòng bīng jiànxié zhù guāng tuī xíng xīn zhèngyuán shì kǎi biǎo shì jiān jué zhōng huáng shàng dìng zhào bàndàn tán tóng zǒu hòu biàn xiàng róng gào yīn yuán dào róng bào fǎn huí jìn chéngguāng liào dào shì qíng bài máng pài rén sòng xìn yào kāng yòu wéi děng rén gǎn kuài táo mìng bèi dài dào zhèng tángbèi xiě liǎo tuì wèi zhào shūjiāng zhèng quán quán jiāo gěi liǎo rán hòu bèi guān jìn liǎo nán hǎi zhōng de yíng tái jiù shì huā chí zhōng yāng zuò kāi jiān de píng fáng zhōngduàn jué liǎo wài biān de qiē jiē chù zuì zhī de zhēn fēi bèi guān zài bié chùkāng yòu wéiliáng chāo táo wáng běntán tóng děng rén bèi shā biàn xuān gào shī bàishǐ qīng wáng cháo gǎi biàn jiù zhāng de xiàn shēng bèi 'ě shāyīn biàn shí jǐn bǎi líng sān tiānyòu chēng wéi bǎi wéi xīn
  
   shī 'ài de tóng nián
  
   qīng gōng 'àn díquè gào rén menguāng shì bìng dedàn shìcóng guāng de tiān kāi shǐrén men jiù huái shì zhèng cháng wángzhè shì shì chū yòu yīn deér jīng guò xiàn dài xué yán jiū zhèng míng shì shí què shí guāng xìng shuāng zhòngdú)。 guāng suī xiāngchènshí shàng bìng shì qīn shēngguāng huáng xìng 'ài xīn jué luómíng zài tiánshì tóng zhì huáng de táng xián fēng huáng de zhí tóng zhì shí nián liù yuè 'èr shí (1871 nián 8 yuè 14 ), chū shēng zài xuān mén tài píng pàn de chún jùn wáng de liǔ yìn zhāi chún qīn wáng xuān shì dào guāng huáng de xián fēng huáng de shìshì tài hòu de mèi mèicóng zhè xiē guān jiǎng shì de zhí yòu shì de wài shēngtóng zhì shí sān nián shí 'èr yuè chū (1875 nián 1 yuè 12 ), qīng zōng huàn tiān huā jià bēngtóng zhì shí nián jǐn 'èr shí suìshēn hòu ànxiōng zhōng zuò yóu wèidàn tóng zhì wéi shēng yìng cóng zuì qīn jìn de qīn shǔ zhòngxuǎn chéng wèi chén men chū de zuì jiā fāng 'ànshì yóu de dào guāng zhǎngzǐ wěi zhī sūn lún zuò wéi de yóu wèidàn tài hòu tóng biǎo miàn shàng shì yīn wéi lún zhī zài zhì shì wěi qīn shēng tóng yàng shì yóu bàng zhī guò shí shàng shì yīn wéi ruò yào zài chún de zhí bèi wèi shēn wéi biàn quán tài hòu shēn fèn lín cháoguó jūn 'èr tiān zhì zhòng lùn rén zuò zhùzhí ràng zhǐ yòu suì de zài tián gōng wèi wéi zài tián jiù shì guāng zhī suǒ néng gòu dāng shàng huáng fāng miàn shì yīn wéi qīn shēng zhī tóng zhì huáng shì hòu chéng huáng wèigèng zhòng yào de hái shì quán xūn xīnzhǎo 'ér huáng zài chuàng zào huì chuí lián tīng zhèng
  
   guāng yuán nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí (1875 nián 2 yuè 25 ), suì de zài tián zài tài diàn zhèng shì wèicóng zhè tiān guāng jiù bèi zhuā zài shǒu huò dāng zuò zhēng duó quán de huò zuò wéi xiǎn shì wēi yán de quán zhànggèng duō de qíng kuàng xià dāng zuò 'àn shàng quē shǎo de bǎi shèhuò shì rèn wán nòng de 'ǒuzhè rán shì zhuān zhì zhèng zhì de yào gōng hòu de guāng shì zài zhōng cháng defán suǒ de gōng zhōng jié jīng cháng duàn de yán xùn chìméi yòu 'àiyǐn shí hán nuǎn méi yòu rén zhēn xīn xīn zhào liàoyìng chàng dǎo yìng jìn zhī shì rén zhǐ diǎn jiē shìméi yòu tóng nián de huān zhì shǐ cóng xiǎo jiù xīn qíng jīng shén kuàizào chéng shēn ruònán dǎng bìng de qīn liú xià liǎo nán zhì de bìng gēntiān zài suǒ zhùmǎn qīng shǐzhōng chēngrén zài yòu nián de shí hòu shòu dào de zhào chū xíngliào yǐn shí wèi hán nuǎn shǐ shì 'ér huì dào qīn péng hǎo yǒu de zhào zhǐ yòu guāng huáng shàng rén gǎn qīn jìnhuáng shàng měi sān cān fàn shí yòu shù shí zhǒngbǎi mǎn zhuō 'àn huáng shàng shāo yuǎn de fàn shí chòu jiē lián shù huànkào jìn huáng shàng de fàn shí suī rán bìng wèi chòu jīng duō jiā néng kǒu。…… zài tián shí suì hòusuī wéi tiān hái 'ér hòu shēn huàn shì yóu shàonián shí shí jié zào chéng desuī wéi shǐ nèi róng yùn dǐng dechóng líng chuán xìn suǒ shù:“ miǎn huái xiān wéi jiǔyòu 'ér xiécháng 'ér jìn zhìzhōng sǔn tiān nián zhī qīn kūn zhī 'ài chén xià shì cóng yàn yóu xiá zhī píng shì mín zhī qiě yòu shèng rén zhī zūn zhě。” zhì xiāng jìnshuō míng guāng ruò duō bìng zhī yuán yīnshí yòu zài tài hòu yín wēi zhī xiàshī tiáoyǎng zhào liào yòu guān
  
   méi yòu 'ài qíng de hūn yīn
  
   àn zhào qīng wáng cháo shàng liú xià de guījuhuáng shí liù suì jiù yào lín cháo qīn zhèngsuí zhe guāng nián líng de zēngzhǎng de hūn qīn zhèng zhú jiàn lín jìn chè lián guī zhèng quán jiāo gěi guāng huáng zhī shì huí gān xīnyòu nài shì zuò zhìduì guāng quán duō fāng xiàn zhìréng yóu zài 'àn zhōng cāo zòng cháo zhèngguāng shí nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí (1889 nián 2 yuè 19 ), shí jiǔ suì de guāng xíng hūn diǎn
  
   guāng de wèi huáng hòu liǎng fēi dōushì zuò de zhùhuáng hòu shì bié rénzhèng shì qīn guì xiáng de 'ér shì lóng huáng hòu
  
   zhè huáng hòu róng mào chǒu lòudàn shì hěn duān zhuāng), liǎn gāo 'éshòu ruò tuó bèi yǎn chǐguāng wéi mǎndàn nài xuǎn de zhí wéi huáng hòuwéi de shì cháo zhèng jiāo gěi guāng hòuhái néng yòng huáng hòu lái kòng zhì cāo zòng huáng tōng guò huáng hòu jiān shì zhǎng huáng de dòng
  
   guāng de liǎng wèi fēi shì jǐn fēi zhēn fēièr rén shì qīn jiě mèidàn xiàngmào xìng què xiāng tóngjǐn fēi xiàngmào bānyuǎn yuǎn shàng zhēn fēiér qiě xìng cuì ruòzhēn fēi mào měi duān zhuāngxìng kāi lǎnghuó mǐn yòu jiàn zhēn fēi de gōng yóu kuài shí tóu tán shuǐ duì guāng de tóng qíng tiē liǎo guāng duì wèi lái de chōng jǐng qíngtóng shízhēn fēi yòu xiàng guāng tuī jiàn liǎo de lǎo shī wén tíng shìzhè wèi píng lùn shí zhèngyōu xīn guó shì de zhù míng qīng liú rén shì hěn yòu cái huá yòu zhèng zhì jiàn bèi guāng zhòng yòng hòuduì guāng hěn yòu yǐng xiǎngyǐn liǎo guāng yào gǎi zhèng zhì bǎi tuō shù 'ér yòu suǒ zuò wéi de wàng hūn hòu de shù nián jiānguāng zhēn fēi gòng tóng guò liǎo shēng zhōng jiào wéi qīng sōng de shí guāngyóu yǐn liǎo zuò wéi rén jūn guó zhù wàng zài zhèng zhì shàng bǎi tuō shù 'ér yòu zuò wéi de wàng zhè diǎnshì zuì yuàn kàn dào de
  
  “ yòu xīn zāi huā huā kāi xīn chā liǔ liǔ chéng yìn。” àn běn lái de qīn shàng jiā qīn kòng zhì guāng de chū zhōng cái ràng de zhí wéi huáng hòurán 'ér qiáng zhì de jiēguǒquè yòu shì fǎndāng niántóng zhì xuǎn huáng hòu 'ā shìér què piān piān ràng tóng zhì huān huì fēijiēguǒ nào zhè wéi guāng xuǎn pèi shì wéi huáng hòu guāng yòu piān piān 'ài zhēn fēi shì jiēguǒ xiǎng 'ér zhīdāng shíguāng míng míng zhī dào chǒng 'ài zhēn fēijiù yào zuì huáng hòuér huáng hòu děng kāi zuì tài hòurán 'ér zài rèn shì qíng shàng shǐ guāng jiù fànwéi zài qíng 'ài gǎn qíng shàng zhī suǒ yuàn qiáng jiā rén
  
   huǐ zhāi chéngjìzǎiguāng shí nián (1892 nián ) zhòng xià zhī shí tiānguāng lóng huáng hòu wéi xiǎo shì zhēng chǎolóng páo dào miàn qián shì duì shēn biān de rén shuō:“ huáng shàng shì suǒ shí nǎi wàng 'ēn zhī lóng shì de qīn zhí huáng hòu jiù shì duì zuì de jìngshí zài nán rěn shòu。” jiē lián shù guāng gōng qǐng 'ān yán hòu guāng de xián jiù suàn xíng chéng liǎo
  
   mèn de huáng shēng
  
   guāng lín cháo qīn zhèng hòu shí suì de biǎo miàn tuì yuán yǎng tiān niánshí quán shì jiùcái jué zhèng shì wǎng fāng miàn chù chù xiàn zhì guāng de quán guó jiā zhòng yào shìdōu yào bǐng chéng de zhǐ bàn fāng miàn yòu tōng guò de zhí héng héng lóng huáng hòu qīn xìn tàijiàn lián yīng děng rénàn zhōng jiān shì guāng de xíng zōngbìng guī dìngguāng měi qīn wǎng yuán xiàng huì bào zhèng tīng hòu xùn shì zhì guāng jīng cháng zhe xīng xīng láitóu dǐng yuè liàng bǎo shòu bēn yòu zhòng shì qínggèng suí shí qǐng shìmíng wéi huáng shí wéi kuǐ léiguāng de zhèng zhì bào néng shí xiàn jiǔ tiān chángjīng shén gèng jiā qíng zhì chàngjiù bìng yòu tiān xīn chóu
  
   cóngmài 'ànkànzài xiāng dāng duàn shí jiān nèiguāng zhì suī wèi jiàn hǎo jīng yāo bèi suān chén děng bìng réng zài dàn zhěn bìng chī yào de shù què xiāng duì jiǎn shǎozhè zhù yào shì guāng zài zhèng zhì shàng yòu suǒ zuò wéi wǎn jiù wēi de zhèng quánzhěng máng zhèng guān zhù zhèng zhì gǎi lìng wàihái yào suí shí yìng de xùn chì shí xiá zhěn bìng chī yào
  
   bìng chán shēn de guāng qīn zhèng hòu de jiàn shìjiù shì zāo féng běn qīn lüè cháo xiānjìn 'ér qīn lüè zhōng guóguāng wéi bèi hòu zhī jué xīn yuán cháo kàng dàn bài de zhì dǎo zhì zhàn zhēng shī bàibèi qiān dìng guān tiáo yuē》, shī péi kuǎnzhè suī shǐ shòu dào zhòng jiā shēn liǎo de dàn gǎi zhèng zhì guó qiáng bīng de xióng xīnguāng zài kāng yòu wéiliáng chāo děng rén de yǐng xiǎng xiàzài zhēn fēi de zhī chí xià guāng 'èr shí nián yuè 'èr shí sān (1898 nián 6 yuè 11 ), bān míng dìng guó shì zhào”, xuān biàn qiáng diào cǎi xuétuī xíng xīn zhèngshòu kāng yòu wéizhuān zhé zòu shì quán xiē shǒu jiù de qīn guì zhòng chén hài guāng huáng zài gǎi zhèng zhì zhōng chù dòng men de wèifēn fēn tóu kào bìng jié tiǎo men de guān shēn kǒng guāng gǎi de chéng gōng huì yǐng xiǎng dào de cáizhè yàng cháo chén nèi chū xiàn liǎohòu dǎng dǎng”( yòu chēngqīng liú dǎng” ), shuāng fāng zhǎn kāi liǎo liè de dǒu zhēng
  
   guāng qīn zhèng de shí niánshì jìn xíng zhèng zhì quán dǒu zhēng de shí niáncóng zhōng jiá zhàn zhēng dào biàn yùn dòngshuāng fāng máo dùn jiān ruì huàguāng 'èr shí nián yuè 'èr shí jiǔ guāng dào yuán jiàn tài hòu tài hòu míng què biǎo shì yào fèi diào guāng bìng móu yóu zhí zǒng róng zài jiǔ yuè chū huáng tài hòu dào tiān jīn yuè bīng shí zhèng biànfèi chú guāng xíng shì wēi guāng dāng tiān jiù gěi dǎng rén yáng ruì xià :“ zhèn wéi shí jiān nánfēi biàn jiù zhōng guófēi shǒu jiù shuāi miù zhī chénér yòng tōng yīng yǒng zhī shì néng biàn ér huáng tài hòu wéi ránzhèn jìn jiàntài hòu gèng jīn zhèn wèi bǎo kāng yòu wéiyáng ruìlín tán tóngliú guāng děng tuǒ chóushè xiāng jiùzhèn shí fēn jiāo zhuó shèng wàng zhī zhì 。” yáng ruì dǎn xiǎojiāng kòu zhù chuán rénguāng děng dào huí yīn yuè chū chū 'èr lián liǎng zhào jiàn yuán shì kǎi shēng wéi shì láng xiánràng zhuān bàn liàn bīng shì xiǎng shǐ yuán shì kǎi gǎn 'ēn bào xiào zhōng huáng tóng shíguāng yuè 'èr hái yòu dào gěi lín ràng zhuǎn gào kāng yòu wéi xùn jīnglín jiāng liǎng dào tóng shí zhuǎn gěi kāng yòu wéitán tóng děng rén jiā kàn liǎo shí fēn gǎn dòngdàn shù shǒu zuì hòu jué zhǐ yòu yuán shì kǎiyóu tán tóng chū miàn qǐng yuán shì kǎi shàng bīngxiān shā diào róng huí bīng bāo wéi yuányuán shì kǎi biǎo miàn shàng mǎn kǒu dāyìng yuè huí dào tiān jīnquè zài yuè liù shàng xiàng róng gào
  
   yuè chū tài hòu yóu yuán huí chéngzhù zhōng nán hǎi luán diàn 'èr tiān cán shéndāng huí yuánhuí yuán qǐng jiē róng diàn shàng chéng qīng jiào fǎn chéngchóngfǎn nán hǎi yíng táifǎn yíng tái hòu chuán guāng lái jiànjiàn dào guāng tài hòu kǒu wàng 'ēn ēn jiāng chóu bào
  
   zài wéi shǒu de shǒu jiù shì de fǎn duì zhèn xiàbiàn yùn dòng zuì zhōng shī bàikāng yòu wéiliáng chāo chū táotán tóng děng liù jūn hàiguāng běn rén bèi ruǎn jìn zài zhōng nán hǎi yíng tái de zhèng zhì shēng shí shàng dào jīng jié shù hòuguāng guò liǎo shí nián méi yòu rén shēn yóu de qiú shēng huó
  
   suī rán míng shàng réng bǎo chí zhe huáng de míng wèidàn shí méi yòu liǎo huáng de quán biàn shī bài hòu yòu jiāng guāng zhì 'ài de zhēn fēi qiú jìn zài zhōng cuì gōng hòu běi sān suǒbìng qiě gěi xià liǎo tiáo guījujīn hòu jìn jiàn huáng shàng
  
   nán hǎi yíng tái shuǐ yún xiè dǎoqióng huá dǎo fēn chù tài chí sān hǎi zhī zhōngxiàng zhēng dōng hǎi sān xiān dǎo péng lāiyíng zhōufāng zhàngyíng tái miàn huán shuǐzhǐ zài běi duān jià bǎn qiáotōng zhì 'àn shàngbǎn qiáo zhōng jiān yòu duàn shì huó dòng deguāng bèi qiú zhī hòu tài hòu biàn mìng lìng rén qiáo bǎn chè diào liǎo miǎn guāng zǒu chū yíng tái dǎo
  
   yíng tái de zhōng xīn jiàn zhù wéi hán yuán diàndiàn hòu wéi hán yuán ménmén wài wéi xiáng luán xià diào qiáodiàn qián wéi xiāng diàngāi diàn cóng běi miàn kàn wéi dān céngcóng nán miàn biān kàn wéi liǎng céngmíng wéipéng lāi ”。 guāng zhù zài hán yuán diàn tàijiàn měi tiān sòng fàn shí jià qiáo bǎnzǒu dào yíng tái láiyòng fàn wán jiù chōu diào qiáo bǎnguāng xīn qíng shí fēn yōu wàn bān nài zhī zhōng xiě xià liǎo fēi zhōu děng shī dōng tiān sān hǎi jié bīngcóng yíng tái tōng guò qiáo cóng bīng shàng dào 'àn biān
  
   shuō yòu guāng dài liǎo xiǎo tàijiàn bīng kāi yíng táibèi xiàn hòuzǒng guǎn tàijiàn lián yīng xià lìng záo bīng fáng guāng kāiguāng shí fēn xiǎng niàn xīn 'ài de zhēn fēichuán yán ràng xiǎo tàijiàn 'àn zhōng gěi zhēn fēi sòng xìntōu tōu xiāng huìměi dào shí gèng jiā tòng hèn chū mài de yuán shì kǎilín zhī shí yán yòng shǒu zài kōng zhōng xiě diàn nèi guà yòu sòng guāng rén jūn yòng rén zhī dào zhóu wén shì:“ guāng bǐng (1906) shí yuè shàng huàn chén quán zhōng jìng shū。” hái yòu xiē biǎn 'é dǒu fāng zhī lèixià kuǎn xiě zhechén quán zhōng jìng shū”。 shí zhè shì guāng de zhī suǒ zhè yàng xiěshì yīn wéi guāng shì duì tài hòu chēng chénbiǎo míng zhōng tài hòu de xīn lái huàn lǎo de liàng jiě shí tài hòu yòu zěn me néng ràng guāng zài qīn zhèng jiū guāng bìng qíng 'èr shí nián zhú jiàn jiā zhōng zhì zhī yuán yóushí biàn shī bài yòu zhe zhí jiē de guān guāng bèi qiú jìn zài yíng tái hòu tài hòu céng fèi zhī 'ér lìng rénguāng zhī yòng xīn dān jīng shòu hòu lái yóu zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīn suī wèi néng shí xiàn guāng nán tuō qiú jìn zhī láo lóngmíng zhī wēi zhǐ yòu zuò dài xīn zhōng shí fēn yōu shāng céng yǎng tiān cháng tànzhēn hàn xiàn yīn 'ér bìng shì jiàn jiā zhòng dài yán
  
   guāng 'èr shí liù nián yuè 'èr shí (1900 nián 8 yuè 15 ), guó lián jūn qīn běi jīng tài hòu cāng huáng chū táoxiāng chuán lín xíng qián hái wàng chǔzhì zhēn fēilìng tàijiàn cuī guì zhēn fēi tuī dào níng shòu gōng wài de jǐng zhōng hài dāng guāng zhī zhēn fēi de xùn hòujīng shén chè bēng kuìjiù bìng chén zhòngzài kāng yóu jiàncóng guāng yòu duō bìngdào qīng nián hòu de bìng qíng zhú jiā zhòng de zhèng zhì chǔjìng jīng shén shēng huó mìqiè xiāng guān jiàn de cháng zhì shì guāng zhì bìng de zhòng yào yuán yīncóng zhè diǎn tán láimín jiān chuán shuō shì zhì guāng yòu bìng fēi quán dào yóu shì zài zhèng biàn hòu bèi qiú jìn de shí nián màn cháng suì yuè zhōng fāng miàn bēi guān shī wàngqián miǎo máng fāng miàn yòu dān xīn shòu xīn qíng jǐn zhāngshēng huó shàng gèng rén xīn zhào liàoshǐ de bìng qíng duàn jiā zhòng 'è huàzhōng zhì zhì guò lùn guāng jiū jìng yīn zài qīng tíng zāo shòu de kòng zhì zài jīng shén zhì shàng shòu dào de zhì cuī cánzài shēn xīn shàng jīng shòu de zhé shèn zhì ròu qīn qíng bèi chāi sàn yòu zhe zhí jiē de lián zhēn wèiguāng shēng méi yòu guò shàng tiān shū xīn de shízhè jiù shì duō bìng chán shēn de gēn yuányīn rèn wéinián qīng de guāng zhī kòng zhì xià de qīng wáng cháo hēi 'àn bài mìqiè xiāng guān
  
   guǒ shuō guāng gōng wéi shì chū zhǒng zhèng zhì yào me de wèi shì qīng tíng zhèng zhì bài de rán
  
   guāng hūn
  
   qīng dài huáng hūn dài huáng shē huá gèng shènshì jìn shē chǐ zhāng zhī néng shì deguāng shì qīng dài zhèng cháng bàn hūn de zuì hòu huáng qián suǒ cún liào jiào quán zuò xiē tòu shì fēn
  
   guāng de hūn diǎn zài guāng shí niángōng yuán 1889 niánzhēngyuè 'èr shí xíngshí nián suì
  
   zhè hūngòng huā fèi yín 550 wàn liǎng zhōng zhǒngwài bànhào fèigòng wéi wàn liǎngzhàn hūn kāi zhī zǒng 'é de zuǒ yòuér yóunèi bànde hòu yìng yòng guān cháo zhūdiàn chāijīn yín zhū bǎo pín wèi suǒ yòng huáng hòu zhuāng lián hòu pín gōng yìng yòng de jīn yín mǐn děnggòng wéi yín 400 wàn liǎng shàngzhàn zǒng hào fèi de 80% zuǒ yòu
  
   zhè xiē yín liǎng zhù yào shì cóng shěng shuì guān zhǐ pài chóu jiě deshì cóng quán guó sōu guā lái de mín zhī mín gāosuī rán qīng wáng cháo de zuì gāo tǒng zhì zhě tài hòu duì chóu bàn guāng diǎn céng jiǎ xīng xīng shuō:“ guó jiā jīng fèi yòu cháng xià zhěng dùn bèi kuǎn kǒng duō shěng shí yòu piān zāiyóu niàn mín jiānài cháo tíng gōng xíng jié jiǎnwéi tiān xià xiāngāi chén děng dāng yǎng chóng shí chù huá zhī yán chì chéng bàn yuánrèn zhēn yuán zhǔn shāo shè mào。” dàn shí zuò wán quán xiāng fǎn hūn diǎn de jīng fèi dàn méi yòujié jiǎnxià láifǎn 'ér zhú jiā guāng shí sān nián yuè 'èr shí míng jiàng zhǐguāng hūn yìng kuǎn xiàng,“ zhù xiān xíng chóu huà yín 'èr bǎi wàn liǎng”, shěng wéi zhǐ pài 'èr bǎi wàn liǎng”。 bàn nián zhī hòuguāng shí nián zhēngyuè shí zǒng guǎn nèi chén kūn miàn fèng zhǐ:“ bàn hūn zhī kuǎn bǎi wàn liǎng shàng yòngzhù zài xíng chóu bǎi wàn liǎng”。 jiǔ yuè 'èr shí liù yòu fèng zhǐ xíng chóu shí wàn liǎng”。 sān gòng chóu yín 550 wàn liǎng
  
   qīng cháo jūn chù dàng 'àn jìzǎiguāng shí nián shàng bàn nián zhí shěng shùn tiān míng xuān huà de liáng jià gāo liáng sān zhǒng liáng shí suànpíng jūn měi cāng shí yín liǎng qián liù fēn guǒ měi rén měi nián kǒu liáng 'àn 'èr shí suàn zhé yín 'èr liǎng jiǔ qián 'èr fēnguāng hūn hào yòng bái yín550 wàn liǎngàn dāng shí de liáng jià zhé suàn gòu mǎi jìn 400 wàn shí liáng shí gòu 190 wàn rén chī nián
  
   dāng shíqīng cháo zhèng chù zài nèi luàn wài huàn cóng shēngtiān zāi rén huò dié de chóngchóng zāinàn zhī zhōng shē chǐ zhāng de huáng hūn jiù shì zài zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng xià xíng deguāng shí niángōng yuán 1884 niánliù yuèshān dōng juéhuǐ huài chéng dōng jīn děng niàn piàn zāo zāiqīng zhèng jǐn yín wàn liǎng zhèn zāiguāng shí nián liǎng guǎng shuǐ huàn jǐn xià lìng yínwàn liǎng zhèn guāng shí 'èr nián běi yùn jué kǒu màn shǐ yǒng píng shòu zāicháo tíng zhǐ yín12 wàn liǎng jiù guāng shí sān nián zhèng zhōu jué kǒunán huáishǐ nánān huī piàn shòu hàiqīng zhèng jǐn jié liú jīng xiǎng cáo zhé yín wàn liǎng zhèn dào liǎo guāng shí niányóu huáng hūn jìnyòng kuǎn kǒng yīnzhè nián suī yòu duō shuǐhuǒbáozhèn děng zāi hài shēngdàn què wèi jiàn yòu yín jiù zāi de zhǐ shì miǎn chú liǎo mǒu xiē de shuì qián liáng liú liǎo13 wàn shí jīng cāng hǎi yùn cáo zhèn shùn zhí zhī zāizhè yàng duì jiàn qīng wáng cháo yòng rén mín shēng qiē yào de kāi zhī liáo liáo ér cóng mín zhòng shēn shàng fēng kuáng zhà de cái duō nán jìliáng
  
   guāng hūn tài mén huǒ
  
   qīng gōng dàng 'àn jìzǎiguāng hūn shì zài guāng shí liù nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí liù( 1890 nián 2 yuè 15 )。 tài mén huǒ shēng zài guāng shí nián shí 'èr yuè shí ( 1890 nián 1 yuè 5 shēn guāng hūn shì zài tài mén huǒ zhī hòu 40 tiān shēng deér shì shēng zài hūn de qián tiān。”
  
   qīng gōng shù wénjìzǎi:“ qīng guāng shí nián shí 'èr yuè tài mén huǒ nián zhēngyuè 'èr shí liù hūn xiū jiàn nǎi zācǎi wéi zhī。” zhè huǒ zāi shēng zài guāng shí nián shí 'èr yuè shí xiān cóng zhēn mén huǒshì liǎng míng zhí bān tàijiàn shǐ yòng dēng huǒ shèn yǐn zhēn mén zài tài mén zhī yòutài diàn zhī qián huǒ hòu jiù yán shāo dào dōng cháo fángtài mén zhāo mén huǒ chí yán shāo liǎo liǎng tiānsuī jīng jiùdàn dōng cháo fáng tài mén bèi wán quán shāo huǐ xiē fàng zài lín shí fáng zhǔn bèi wéi guāng jié hūn diǎn yòng de zhǒng shì yòng pǐnquán shāo guāng
  
   wèishénme táng táng huáng gōng shēng huǒ zhè zhù yào shì píng shí quē fáng fànzhí gèng de shì liǎng míng liù shí suì kāi wài de lǎo tàijiànzhí bān shuì juédài bèi huǒ jīng xǐng shíhuǒ chéng shì shōu shíér qiě dāng shí zhèng shì hán dōng shí jiénèi jīn shuǐ de shuǐ bīng dòng sān chǐzáo bīng shuǐ jiù huǒyán liǎo jiù huǒ shí tài mén shì jié gòu jiàn zhùzhe huǒ lái rán kuài dǐng jiàn zhù jiù
  
   shēn huǒyòu zhào míng shè bèijiù huǒ gèng nánzài huǒ xiàng chù kuò màn yán shí chén men pài gōng jiàng xiān shàng wèi rán shāo de jìn huǒ zhī diànzài liáng zhù shàng shuān shàng shéngpài zhòng duō shì bīng yòng diàn dǎorán hòu zài shàng miàn jiāo shuǐduàn jué huǒ dàozhè cái liǎo huǒ shì màn yán wén xiàn jìzǎiwèile miè zhè chǎng huǒ zāidòng yòng bīng shìgōng jiàng shuǐ huì chéng yuán 7000 rén
  
   wéi 'àn bàn guāng huáng de jié hūn diǎn chóngxiū tài mén děng jiàn zhù jīng lái liǎozhǐ hǎo pài rén huǒ chǎng sǎo gān jìngzhǎo lái péng jiàngzhī lín shí péngzācǎi zhāng dēngmiǎnqiǎng bàn liǎo hūn shìzàiqīng dài zhù · guāng cháozhōng shuō:“ shàng běn yuè shí jiānzhēn mén jiè huǒyán shāo tài mén fáng děng chùsuǒ yòu běn zhí bān zhī zhāng jīng jūn děng jìn chéng zhòng bìng xiǎo xīn kānshǒushí kān tòng hènzhù jiāo xíng yán xíng shěn xùnàn dìng zòuzhí bān zhī qián fēng tǒng lǐng 'ēn quán shū fáng fànjiù zhù jiāo chù。”
  
   liǎng míng zhí bān shǒu shǐ yòng dēng zhú shèn zhì huǒ de tàijiàn bèi pàn chù jiǎo xíngyòu fèng shàng :“ běn yuè shí jiān zhēn mén jiè huǒyán shāo tài mén fáng děng chùjīng wáng chén děng shuài guān yuán biàn bīng miè jiù zhǐ gāi mén jiāng jiù huǒ yuán kāi dānyóu jūn chén chéng lǎngōng qīn wáng qián chén duō táiqīn wáng yàn…… shān zhèng shǐ shān hàn zhān dào jūn zhāng jīng yuàn mén yuán yíng shì wèi zhāng jīng děng dào zhě shèn duōshí shǔ qín fèn chū shēn kān jiā shǎng
  
   suí tóng jiù huǒ zhī shén yíng bīng dīng jūn tǒng lǐng mén bīng dīng bǎi táng 'ā jūn guān rén děngzhù gāi mén chá míng rén shùměi míng shǎng yín 'èr liǎngshuǐ huì shí chù zhe shǎng yín wàn liǎng chǎng jiàng zhe shǎng yín qiān liǎngshòu shāng bīng jiàng shù míngměi míng jiā shǎng yín shí liǎng shàngsuǒ shǎng yín liǎng zhù gěi yóu jūn tǒng lǐng kūn děng chá míng gěi lǐng shì jiǎng
  
   huǒ zāi shì jǐngshēn gōng zhī shí shēnwéi yòu yín wèi tiān wēi jiā xiū shěng , qiē zhèng shì gǎn shāo shè xiè chí。” xiàn zài de tài mén shì huǒ hòu chóngxiū dedāng shí gōng xiàng huáng jiā de zòu bào jǐnjìng cǎi mǎi liào yùn chē jiǎojiàng gōng jiàbìng mǎi bàn tóng jīn děng xiàng yín 'èr shí sān wàn qiān liǎng。” xiàn zài tài mén zhī yòng cáicǎi yòng de shì sōng bǎi zuì zǎo xīng jiàn shí de tài mén shì yòng nán jiàn zhù de
  
   bèi qiú yíng tái
  
    guāng bèi qiú yíng táiyóu de míng qīn xìn tàijiàn jiān shì zhe huò zhě zuò zài táishuāng shǒu bào chóu 'āi shānghuò zhě shuì zài chuáng shàng xiǎngzài tàijiàn de jiān shì jiào sōng xiè shíjiù tōu tōu zhè yàng chàbù duō bèi guān liǎo zhěng zhěng liǎng niánguāng 'èr shí liù nián( 1900 nián), zhōng guó běi fāng bào liǎo qīng miè yángwéi kǒu hào de tuán yùn dòngyǐn yīngéměiào xiōng děng guó lián jūn qīnzài guó lián jūn jìn běi jīng shíguāng bèi dài zhe táo wáng 'ānlín shí qián mìng zǒng guǎn tàijiàn cuī guì jiāng zhēn fēi tuī dōng huá mén nèi de kǒu jǐng nèizài táo wáng zhōng xià lìng jiǎo shā tuán yùn dòngguāng 'èr shí niángōng yuán 1901), suì xīn chǒujiǔ yuè qīng zhèng zài běi jīng guó suǒ dìng de tiáo yuēgòng shí 'èr kuǎn péi kuǎn xiàng wéi zuì zhòngshù gāo bái yín qiān wàn liǎngwéi píng děng tiáo yuē zhōng zuì deguāng 'èr shí nián( 1902 nián yuèguāng yòu bèi dài huí běi jīngréng rán bèi qiú jìn zài yíng táiguāng méi yòu yǒng chōng fēng jiàn lún xiǎng de shù ,“ tiān yán cháng ruò yuè”, xīn jìng bēi chuàngzhōng shēng shì 'āi yuàn de bēi mìng yùn
  
   guāng de bìng qíng rán zhuǎn wēi jiǔ shuō shì lìng tàijiàn jiāng deyòu de xué zhě rèn wéiyóu yuán shì kǎi de pàn mài gào shǐ zhèn liǎo wéi xīn yùn dòngyuán shì kǎi dān xīn hòu guāng chóngxīn zhí zhèngjiāng huì wèn zuì shì jiù qìng qīn wáng jié suàn fèi chù guāng qìng qīn wáng zhī wéi shì chéngjiù xià shǒu shā liǎo guāng yòu yòu xué zhě rèn wéi guāng shì bìng deguāng yòu shēn càn ruò zhí yòu wèi ruò de máo bìngchéng nián hòu yòu yòu huá jīng zhèng zhuàngér qiě tiān tiān hài yòu cháng sòu huàn yòu fèi jié
  
   zhèng zhì shàng de shī cháng de jīng shén gèng shǐ huàn yòu yán zhòng de shén jīng guān néng zhèngxīn shī miánshí zhèn děng zhèng zhuàng xiāng chū xiànshì shì qián nián bìng gāo huāngzhí jiē wáng de yuán yīn néng shì xīn fèi gōng néng de màn xìng shuāi jiébìng xìng gǎn rǎnzhè shuō wéi duō shù xué zhě jiē shòu
  
  2008 nián 11 yuè 2 zài yòng xué de shǒu shí 5 nián yán jiū zhī hòuguó jiā qīng shǐ biān zuǎn wěi yuán huì zài běi jīng xíng qīng guāng yīn yán jiū gōng zuò bào gào huìzhèng shì xuān xìng shuāng zhòngdúguāng bèi rén yòng shuāng duàn jiū chán liǎo 100 nián de guāng yīn zhī jiù jiě。 2008 nián 11 yuè 14 shì guāng shì bǎi zhōu nián,“ guāng yīnzài shí què zhèngbié shǐ
  
   guāng bìng hòu de miào hào wéi zōng jǐng huáng shǐ chēng guāng huáng
  
   tuī jiàn shū
  
  《 yíng tái xuè 》 - líng
  
  《 qīng gōng 'èr nián 》 - líng
  
  《 guó de huí
  
  《 guāng chuán》 - dīng sūn xiào 'ēn
  
  《 chóng líng chuán xìn 》 - yùn dǐng
  
  《 1908 nián guó wǎng shì
  
  《 huà shuō qīng - luò zhī huáng》 - shèng
  
  《 qīng gōng jiù yǐng zhēn wén》 - zuǒ yuǎn
  
  《 shuō 》 - suí juān
  
  《 wǎn qīng fēng yún rén shǐ huà : guāng
  
  《 guāng 》 - lán
  
  《 yán chūn lěng : guāng hòu fēi chuán 》 - zhāng jiàn 'ān
  
  《 zhèng shuō guāng 》 - chè
  
  《 guāng huáng 》 - jiàn zhōng
  
  《 guāng huáng de zhēn fēi》 - wáng shàn
  
  《 guāng huáng VS míng zhì tiān huáng》 - wáng gēn
  
  《 guāng huáng biézhuàn
  
  《 de qián bàn shēng》 - ài xīn jué luó .
  
  《 zhèng shuō qīng cháo shí 'èr 》 - yán chóng nián
  
  《 wáng de yǐn 》 - zhào liáng
  
  《 guāng zhī jiē 》 - chén huà
  
   lìng wàiguāng huáng 15 suì shí hái xiě guò piān hěn yòu míng de zhì wénwéi rén shàng zhě xiān yòu 'ài mín zhī xīnér hòu yòu yōu mín zhī ài zhī shēn yōu zhī qiēyōu zhī qiē mín yuē zhī mín hányuē hán zhīfán mín suǒ néng zhì zhě zhì zhī mín suǒ néng zhì zhě jié chéng jìn jìng zhì zhī
  
   guāng yīn
  
   duō mén 10 yuè 2 gōng xué bào gào guāng què shuāng zhòngdúlái yuányáng chéng wǎn bào)( zhù: 2008 nián
  
   qīng guāng huáng de yīn jìn bǎi nián lái zhí zhòng shuō fēn yúnzhè tuán zhōng zài bǎi nián dào lái zhī qián yòu liǎo xué jié lùn héng héng héng jīn tiān shàng guó jiā qīng shǐ gōng chéng biān zuǎn wěi yuán huì zài běi jīng xíngqīng guāng huáng yīn bào gào huì”, fèn cǎi yòng xiàn dài xíng zhēn gāo shǒu duàn jiǎn de wàn bào gào xiǎn shìguāng shì shēn ( shuāng ) zhòngdú
  
   zài zhè fènguāng yīn bào gàoshàng shǔ míng de hái yòu qīng líng wén guǎn chùzhōng guó yuán néng yán jiū yuàn fǎn yìng duī gōng chéng yán jiū shè suǒběi jīng shì gōng 'ān jiàn dìng zhōng xīn men 'àn zhào guī fàn de jiǎn yàn yào qiú fāng xiān hòu liǎo guāng de liǎng xiǎo tóu yàng pǐn shì
  
   jiēguǒ xiǎn shìguāng tóu zhōng hán yòu gāo nóng de shēnqiě jié duàn hán liàng chā hěn 1 tóu de shēn gāo fēng zhí chū xiàn zài 10 duàn 2 tóu de shēn gāo fēng zhí chū xiàn zài 26 duàn 45 duànér tóng shí duì shì de tóu shēn hán liàngdāng dài rén wéi 0.14-0.59 wēi / guāng tóng shí dài bìng mái zài de lóng huáng hòu wéi 9.20 wēi / qīng cǎo liào guān gān shī tóu wéi 18.2 wēi /
  
   xiàn cún wén xiàn jìzǎiguāng zài gōng zhōng yíng tái bèi qiú jìn jiān céng yòng guò zhōng yào zhōng de xióng huáng huángzhū shā děng huì dǎo zhì shēngǒng shǐ yòng guò liàngzài lùn shàng jiǎngzhè zhǒng yuán yīn néng yǐn guāng màn xìng zhòngdúzhí zhì bìng biàn wáng guò zài màn xìng zhòngdú wáng de qíng kuàng xiàzhòngdú zhě tóu gēn de hán liàng huì gāo zhōng shāoér guāng de qíng kuàng zhī xiāng fǎnzhè zhèng míng liǎo guāng bìng shì cháng yòng zhōng yào de màn xìng zhòngdú
  
   zài shì de tóng shízhuān jiā tōng guò biàn chá liàozhěng liǎo guāng wáng qián 10 tiān de qíng kuàngbìng jié xiàn dài yòu guān shuāng zhòngdú de lùn shùtàn tǎo liǎo guāng shuāng zhòngdú de lèi xíng zhòngdú shí jiān de xià xiàn shàng xiàn
  
   guāng de zhì shī wén zhé shè chū de xiǎng
  
   wéi rén shàng zhě xiān yòu 'ài mín zhī xīnér hòu yòu yōu mín zhī ài zhī shēn yōu zhī qiēyōu zhī qiē mín yuē zhī mín hányuē hán zhīfán mín suǒ néng zhì zhě zhì zhī mín suǒ néng zhì zhě jié chéng jìn jìng zhì zhī
  
   fāng dāng zhuǎn zhàn qián , jūn yún ; chū shī wèi jiéshàng jiāng xīng chényīn míng zhī zhuàng xiāocāng 'ér xióng xùn
  
   guāng zhì shī wén shì shí fēn zhēn guì de shǐ wén xiàn yuē shì shí nián dài chūzài gōng yuàn , dāng shí de shū guǎn yuán xiāo shī yáng tóng zhì lián shēng chēng yòubìng fēi cháng kāng kǎi xiàng jiè shào liǎo guāng de tóng bǎn běn de zhì shī wén men jiè shào
  
   zhè xiē shū yuán lái zhēn cáng zài gōng zhāo rén diàn qìng guānhái yòu fēn zài gōng wài de chún qīn wáng bǎo cúnér xiàn zài tǒng guī gōng yuàn shū guǎn bǎo guǎnhěn shǎo yòu rén jiè yuè
  
   men jiè shào gěi de zhè tào shī wén zǎi fān yuè xiàn men zhǒng lèi shèn duōdàn shì zhì fēn wéi liǎng zhǒng tóng de bǎn běn zhǒng shì guāng cháo chāo běn。……
  
   'èr zhǒng chāo běn wéi xuān tǒng cháo chāo běnnèi róng qián zhǒng chāo běn zhì xiāng tóngér biān pái què bié 。……
  
   guāng de zhè xiē shī wén xiě guāng jiá shēn nián zhì chǒu nián( 1884 nián zhì 1889 nián),《 zhì shī dào rén chén nián( 1892 nián)。 shuō jué fēn shì xué shēng shí dài de zuòguāng cóng gōng de 'èr nián kāi shǐ zài qìng gōng jiù yóu xué wèn yuān de wēng tóng xià tóng shàn děng shòu zhè shí de guāng nián jǐn suì
  
   gēn wēng tóng de jìzǎiguāng shì cóng 1883 nián 12 yuè 7 kāi shǐ xiě zuò dewēng tóng dāng tiān zhōng xiě dào: " shàng chū zuò wàng yún shī shùnyòu zuò shǐ lùn tōng chàng。 " hòujīhū měi dào shū fáng dōuyòu suǒ zuòliǎng nián zhī hòugēn chún qīn wáng ?X de jiàn yào wēng tóng děng jiāng guāng " suǒ zuò shī lùnxiě běn chéng lǎn "。 chū wèile jiā qiáng duì shū fáng de kòng zhì jiān yào qiú jiāng měi tiān guāng zài qìng gōng suǒ zuò de shī wén shàn xiě qīng chǔsuí tóng gōng " bìng chéng lǎn ", suí hòu yòu gǎi wéi " yuè hòu chāo běn jìn chéng "。 men xiàn zài kàn dào de guāng zhì shī wén chāo běnjiù shì gēn dāng shí qìng gōng zhú yuè jìn chéng gǎo běn biān zuǎn 'ér chéng dedàn shìyóu zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīn men jīn tiān kàn dào de zhǒng běn wèi néng jiāng guāng de quán zuò pǐn shōu zài nèirán 'érzài xiàn cún de zhè xiē zuò pǐn zhōng men jìng kàn chū zǎo xiǎng de lún kuònián jǐn shí duō suì de guāng mǐn ruì de xiǎng de fēngxiě chū liǎo piān piān duǎn xiǎo jīng hàn de wén zhāngduì zhōng guó shǐ shàng de xiē rén shì jiàn biǎo píng lùncóng tóng de jiǎo chǎn shù liǎo de zhèng zhì jiàn jiě bào wèiwǒ men yán jiū de zǎo xiǎng gōng liǎo fēi cháng zhòng yào kào de liào
  
   yōu mín niàn měi shēn qiú zhì jīng jīng
  
   zài guāng zǎo xiǎng zhōngmín wéi bāng běnjīng jīng qiú zhì de xiǎng shì hěn zhòng yào de chéng fēn guó dài de " mín guì jūn qīng " xiǎngzài guāng rèn shí shàng xià liǎo shēn shēn de lào yìndāng shí de zhōng guó shè huì wēi rén mín qún zhòng de fǎn kàng dǒu zhēng zhèn hàn zhe qīng wáng cháo de tǒng zhìyīn guāng jiāngkǒng jiā zhōng de " jūn zhě zhōu shù rén zhě shuǐ shuǐ suǒ zài zhōu suǒ zhōu " yǐn wéi zuò yòu míngrèn wéi dài wáng " huò dān 'ān huò shē chǐzòng 'ěr zhī 'ér wàng xīn zhī rèn zhě ", shì zào chéng shuǐ zhōu de gēn běn yuán yīn rèn shí dàohuáng zhǐ yòu 'ài mínguó jiā cái huì cháng zhì jiǔ 'ānrén jūn zhǐ yòu jīng jīng qiú zhìcái huì chū xiàn tài píng zhī shìsuǒ chū liǎo " zhì shì ruò 'ài mín " de zhù zhāng。……
  
   guāng zài zhè xiē shī wén zhōng chū liǎo duō 'ài mín cuò shī tuī suì rén jūn yìng " wǎng bǎi xìng cóng zhī " de zhù zhāng。…… hái píng táng tǒng zhì zhě tiān xià zhì luàn wěi zhū shù de cuò shuō ……
  
   guāng fǎn duì guān qiǎo míng duì rén mín shí xíng pán rèn wéi guó jiā zhī mín zhě shuì 'ér jūn shàng yìng shōu bǎi guān de jìn fèng。……
  
   guāng hái zhù zhāng jié yòng mín cáng mín rèn wéi zhì guó zhī dào yìng " cái wéi xiān jié yòng wéi běn "。…… guāng hái zhù zhāng guì jiǎn dāngfǎn duì " lìng fán tiáo ", shǐ rén mín suǒ cuò shǒu rèn wéi yòu de lìng " chū xíng zhī shèn shànér hòu jiàn shī zhěfēi zhī shànnǎi xíng zhī shàn 'ěr ", yīn zhù zhāng yòu zhì yóu guì yòu zhì rén
  
   guāng de 'ài mín xiǎng hái liàng fǎn yìng zài zǎo nián de shī piān zhōngzài zhì shīshōu de bǎi duō shǒu shī zhōngyòu xiāng dāng duō de piān shì miáo xiě bǎi xìng nóng shì fán máng wéi nèi róng de。…… zhèng shì yīn wéi guāng zǎo nián yòu zhè yàng de xiǎng chǔsuǒ dāng qīn zhèng hòumiàn duì " guó huán chùlíng wéi yōu " de wēi cái néng fèn biàn , " cǎi rén zhī suǒ cháng suǒ wèi "。 zài shàng zhōng shuō: " zhèn gǎi bǎi wéi suì shàng xīn ? nǎi juàn huái chì jiē shàng tiān zhī suǒ zōng zhī suǒ fēi lìng kāng qīnzhèn gōng wéi jìn zhí。 "…… xiǎn ránguāng hòu de zhè xiē yán lùnshì zǎo de mín wéi bāng běn de xiǎng yòu zhe nèi zài lián de
  
   dāng ránguāng zǎo nián de mín wéi bāng běnjīng jīng qiú zhì de xiǎng yòu zhe jiē shí dài de xiàn xìng。……
  
   yīn fǎn duì de shì zhǒng " wéi jié " de zuò ér suǒ zhuī qiú de shì " yíng zhēng qiú jìn ", " mín 'ér mín yuàn '' shì de fēng jiàn xuēcóng 'ér dào " tài rán " tǒng zhì rén mín de zuì zhōng mùdì
  
   qiú xián ruò yòng rén zài guāng zǎo xiǎng zhōng zhàn yòu chū de wèi zhì
  
   zài guāng de zhì shī wén zhōngyòu shǎo piān zhāng shǎn shuò zhe zhè zhǒng " zuò qiān jiān shàyìng jiàng cái "、 " bàng qiú cháng rèn guān wéi xián cái " de xiǎng huǒ huā。…… yīn guāng zhòng shì xuǎn rén cáibìng xuǎn xián rèn néng shì zuò guān dào guó jiā xīng shuāi cún wáng de shì
  
   zài xuǎn yòng rén cái wèn shàngguāng fǎn lùn pái bèixún shēng mén rén de chén guān niàn zhù zhāng xún míng shí shēng qiān wéi cái shì 。…… guāng zǎo nián jiù bèi liǎo zhè yàng de rèn shíyīn zài hòu lái de biàn zhōng néng dǐng zhe wán pài de ,, mào zhe de fēng xiǎn dǎn yòng kāng yòu wéiliáng chāo děng wéi xīn zhì shì zhī shù mínzhì zhī gōng qīng kào men léi fēng xíng tuī xíng xīn dāng biàn jìn xíng dào zuì jiān nán zhī xīn jiù shì de dǒu zhēng liè, " huáng shàng zhì shì shí zhī shǒu jiù chén liǎng yòu hài shì xùn shè zhī shì fàng shǒu bàn shì ", zhuó tán tóngyáng ruìliú guāng lín wéi pǐn jūn zhāng jīngcānyù xīn zhèng。 " bài mìng zhī huáng shàng qīn huáng xiá jiān ?p shòu rénmìng jié zàn xiāng xīn zhèng zhān "。 zhe liáng chāo zhè shēng dòng gǎn rén de miáo shùguāng yǒng gǎn 'ér guǒ duàn zhuó xīn shēng liàng kào xīn shēng liàngbìng de mìng yùn qián men jǐn lián zài de qíng jǐng shì yuè rán zhǐ shàng liǎo ?
  
   zhī rén shàn rèn nánzhī rén jiù shì shí bié rén cáishàn rèn jiù shì qiàdàng shǐ yòng rén cáiguāng zhù zhāng tōng guò " míng shì gōng " de fāng kǎo chá shí bié rén cái。……
  
   guāng de guì zhī chù hái zài néng xián xià shì fǎn duì rén jūn rén zhī 'è zuò wéi xuǎn rén cái de biāo zhǔnzhù zhāng " wáng zhě yòng rén xún zhī xīn ", ér yìng jìn " tiān xià zhī shàn "。
  
   guāng zhòng shì rén cáiyào qiú chén xià zuò xiàn rén cái yòng rén cái de
  
   huái néng jiàn bàng qiú cháng
  
   zhè zhì shī wénhái jiào chū fǎn yìng liǎo guāng huái jiàn de xiǎng。…… zǒng jié liǎo " suí jiàn 'ér wángtáng jiàn 'ér xīng " de jīng yàn jiào xùnhuì chū liǎo " yán zhī kāi sàiguó jiā zhī zhì luàn yān " de jié lùnbìng shuō: " cháo yòu zhí chénshè zhī xìn zāi !"
  
   guāng rèn wéichén xià néng fǒu zhí yán gǎn jiàn rén jūn yòu róng rén zhī liàngyòu jiàn de chéng hěn yòu guān shuō: " rén jūn tīng shùn 'ěr zhī yán shùn 'ěr zhī yán zhì rén jūn tīng 'ěr zhī yán 'ěr zhī yán zhì 。 "
  
   guāng de xiē shī wén zhōnghái biǎo xiàn liǎo duì shì qiǎo wéi shì féng jūn 'è de qiáng liè mǎnrèn wéi men jìng wéi guì qíng zhuàng zhàn qīng shǐ yào qiú guān guó jiā wéi zhòngzhī yán yìng yòu suǒ huì shuō: " wéi chén zhě yòu jiā yán dǎng lùnrán hòu yòu guó jiāruò shì shì shùn cóngshì róng yuè zhī chén 'ěrrén jūn jiāng 'ān lài ?"
  
   duì dài tóng jiàn bié shì xiē jiān ruì 'ěr de píngguāng chū liǎo " yòu zhēn shì fēi " de fēi cháng yòu jià zhí de jiàn jiě。…… guāng de zhè xiē xiǎng zhù zhāng shì fēi cháng zhí chēng dào dezhì jiàn de fāng shìguāng rèn wéi zhǐ yào jiàn zhèng què lùn zhǒng fāng shì chū jūn 。…… " zhī suǒ shìsuī zhòng wéi fēi zhēng zhī zhī suǒ fēisuī zhòng wéi shì zhī ", lēng liǎng duān shì néng jiān tiān xià shì de hěn tuī suì duàn lái fěng quàn xuān gōng de jīng shénbìng zhǐ chū " rén jūn tīng 'ěr zhī yán guò shíér shòu qióngtīng shùn 'ěr zhī yán guò kuài shíér shòu huàn qióng '。…… guāng hái chén gǎn zhí jiànshì zuò guó jiā xīng wàng zhèng zhì kāi míng de zhòng yào biāo zhì zhǐ chū " xīng lóng zhī shì suǒ wèi gǎn yánzhì yòu suǒ gǎn yán guó shì huài "。 dāng zhèng zhì kāi míng zhī , " suī jiē néng shuāi zuǒ yòu jìn chén jiáo 'ér gǎn chū yānshí zhě guān shì biàn "。 yīn chū rén chén yòu sān jiàn zhī de zhù zhāng: " jiàn zài zhīzài jiàn sān zhī ", cái suàn jìn dào liǎo chén de zhí
  
   guāng chǔyú zhōng guó shè huì zhèng zài shēng biàn huà de shí dàimín máo dùn jiē máo dùn shí fēn jiān ruìwài guó miè shìhǎi nèi xīngōng qīng shì shùtōu 'ān gǒu huóxīn shēng liàngbèi shòu shí dài zài guāng de zǎo xiǎng shàngliú xià liǎo shí fēn xiān míng de yìn
  
   guāng jiē shòu liǎo guó dài " xiū cháng " de de biàn zhèng xiǎng de yǐng xiǎngfēi cháng qiáng diào " qióng biàn "。 rèn wéiyào zhì hǎo guó jiā rán yìng " wéi jiàn ", dàn yòu néng " rén zhī chéng huà 'ér zhī "。 guāng zhǐ chūjiāng rén zhī chéng , " xíng qiānzǎi zhī hòufēi 'ěr ", " wéi rén jūn zhě zhí piānér qiú shí biàn tōng zhī ?" zhù zhāng。 " lìng dìng "; " yīn shí shè jiào ", rén men yìng shǒu chéng guī zhí dìng de dōng ér yìng cóng dāng shí dāng de shí qíng kuàng chū zhì dìng xīn de lìngcǎi xīn de cuò shī
  
   guāng rèn wéishì jiè shàng de shì " qǐng qiān biàn ", yīnggāi liú yǒng jìnér yào " xiāng bǎng huáng "。 dàn zhù zhāng biàn ér qiě zhù zhāng jìn kuài biàn yīn wéi jué " tiān xià zhī shìhuài xùn fèn zhě shǎohuài huǎn zhě duō "。 jiànzài guāng zǎo xiǎng zhōng shǎn shuò zhe yǒng biàn chéng de xiǎng guāng huázhè zhǒng xiǎng xiàn liǎo tǒng zhì jiē zài dāng shí qíng kuàng xià qièyào qiú gǎi xiàn zhuàng de jìn jīng shén
  
   zhè tào jiā xué shuō duì guāng de zǎo xiǎng yǐng xiǎng zhì shēnzhù yào biǎo xiàn zài xià de fāng miàn
  
   wéi xīn zhù rèn shí lùn de yǐng xiǎng
  
   yīn wéi guāng tuō shí qīng shì shí jiànsuǒ zài qīn zhèng zhī hòuxiǎn fēi cháng yòu zhìzài jiān ruì de dǒu zhēng miàn qiáncháng cháng shù shǒu yuán zài tóng wéi shǒu de wán pài de jiào liàng zhōngzǒng shì chù chù bèi dòng zāo cuò zhé guǒ guāng tóng 'é guó de zuò fān jiào me guāng zài zhè fāng miàn de ruò diǎn biàn bào gèng wéi qīng chǔ tóng guāng de jìng yòu xiē xiāng zhī chù yòu nián shítóng yàng shòu dào jiě jiě suǒ fěi gōng zhù wéi shǒu de bǎo shǒu shì de duō fāng zhìdàn shì què néng shēn shè huìchū guó yóu guǎng fàn liǎo jiě mín zhòng shēng huó xué wài guó de cháng chùzài shí dǒu zhēng zhōng zēngzhǎng liǎo cáigànzhōng chōng bǎo shǒu shì de wǎng luóér guāng zǎo nián suǒ zǒu de dào què qià hǎo xiāng fǎn
  
   'èrtiān mìng lùn de yǐng xiǎng
  
   sānfēng jiàn lún gāng cháng de yǐng xiǎng
  
   shǒu xiānxiào dào duì guāng hài zhì shēn rèn wéi xiào shì zuò rén zhī gēn běnduō qiáng diào yào " xiào zhì tiān xià "。 guāng zhè zhǒng xiǎng yóu lái jiǔ wéi bèi zhì nián jǐn suì de guāng wéi huáng mùdì shì wèile mǎn zhǐ jìng de quán wàng。…… fān kāi shù huáng yán xíng de " zhù ", guāng cóng bèi rén bào zhe jìn jìn chéngdào míng bái de sān shí nián zhǐ yào shì tóng zhù chùjiù méi yòu tiān dào zhè wèi " qīn " miàn qián cháng guì qǐng 'ān shǐ shì zài fèn yòu wéi de bǎi wéi xīn jiān céng shí 'èr zhuān chéng yuán " qǐng 'ān "。 jiànxiào dào zài guāng tóu nǎo gēn shēn xiàng tiáo xíng de shéng suǒshù zhe guāng de tóu nǎokǔn bǎng zhe guāng de shǒu jiǎo zài zhōng jiá zhàn zhēng shí guāng miàn duì zhe qián fāng xuè fèn zhànjiān dǒuhòu fāng què zhāng dēng jié cǎimáng zhù shòu de xíng shìxīn fén wéi zōng shè dān yōu, " shēng lèi bìng ", rán 'érquè yòu " hòu shēng ", gǎn fàng shǒu zhù zhànyòu zài zhèng biàn qián wán pài dāo huò huòxíng shì wàn fēn wēi ér guāng zài gěi kāng yòu wéi děng rén de zhào hái qiáng diào " shàng shī zhī "。 zhè kǒu kǒu shēng shēng yào " xiào zhì tiān xià de huáng zuì hòu què shǐ biàn chéng liǎo céng duì zhī jìn xiào dào de de jiē xià qiú。 " qiú zhì fān wéi zuì ", " chēng zhào shū 'āi ", guāng de bēi cǎn jié jiǎn zhí shì duì xiào dào de jué miào fěng
  
   zài fēng jiàn lún de yǐng xiǎng xiàguāng fēi cháng qiáng diào rěn ràng
  
   sān duì guāng zǎo xiǎng yǐng xiǎng hěn shēn
  
   shǎo rén zài huí zhè duàn shǐ shícháng cháng duì guāng de jìng 'āi tàn tóng qíng men mányuàn guāng wèi tài shènshuō yīnggāi zhèn zuò jīng shénzhěng dùn jiá bīng zhēn fēng xiāng duì zhǎn kāi dǒu zhēngjiè bǎo xīn chéng guǒzhè men qiě pāo kāi xīn jiù shì xuán shū tándān jiù guāng 'ér lùn shì quē zhè zhǒng fǎn kàng jīng shén dǒu zhēng yǒng dezhè zhǒng xíng wéi shì zhōng guó jiù jiào jué duì róng de lùn zuò zuò rén jūn de miù zuò chén de shì háo fǎn kàng defǒu jiù shì dàoguāng zài píng lùn táng cháo chén zhì táng lùn shì zhī luàn wéi " dāng shù jiǔ zuì zhī 'ér miè zōng " zhè jiàn shǐ shì shí shí shuō: " hòujūn zhōng zōngchén fàn chén fàn jūn ?" guāng rèn wéi wàn zhè yàng zuòyīn wéi zhè shì bèi tiān rén qíng de jiàn guāng zài děng sēn yán de jiù jiào miàn qiánshì gǎn yuè léi chí de
  
   yuè
  
   shǐ shì hóng fēng 1980 nián biān gāi cái yíng tái xuè 》、《 xiāng piāo miǎo 》、《 qīng gōng suǒ 》、《 tài hòu yǎn děng liàobìng cān kǎo liǎo huà qīng gōng yuàn》、《 qīng gōng wài shǐděng biān xiě 'ér chéng
  
   qíng 1889 nián biàn wéi bèi jǐngtōng guò guāng zhēn fēi de 'ài qíng miáo xiě kāng yòu wéiwēng tóng děng rén zhù zhāng biàn fǎn duì tóu jiàngtóng wéi shǒu de fēng jiàn wán shì kāi zhǎn dǒu zhēngfǎn yìng liǎo jìn dài shǐ shàng yīcháng biàn shǒu jiù de jiān ruì de dǒu zhēng
  
  1981 nián 2 yuèjìng 'ān yuè tuán yǎn chū shàng hǎi měi yuànyóu zhuó yúnkǒng mǐn dǎo yǎn xiào zhōng zuòqǔliáng yīn pèi zhū qiū jǐng shè zhāng jiān 'ān zhuāng shè chén péi zào xíng shè wáng shì dǎo chūn fāng shì guāng zhū zhù fēn shì zhēn fēiwèi lán fāng shì chén jīn lián shì wēng tóng pān xiào xiào shì lián yīngshǒu yǎn mǎn zuò 1 yuèhòu zhì gòng tái yǎn 1 yuèshàng hǎi jiā xié huì wéi gāi zhào kāi liǎo zuò tán huìshòu dào liǎo shǐ xué jiā jiè zhuān jiā de hǎo píng


  The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), born Zaitian of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, was the eleventh emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when Cixi launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His regnal name means "glorious succession".
  
  Accession to the throneZaitian was the second son of Yixuan, Prince Chun, and his primary spouse Yehenara Wanzhen, a younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, died without a son. Empress Dowager Ci'an suggested enthroning one of Yixin, Prince Gong's sons as the next emperor, but she was overruled by Cixi. Instead, breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, Cixi nominated her nephew and the imperial family agreed with her choice.
  
  Zaitian was named heir and successor to his uncle, the Xianfeng Emperor, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and used "Guangxu" as his regnal name (or Chinese era name), therefore he is known as the Guangxu Emperor. He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi as a son. For her part, she remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother Empress Dowager". In his childhood, the Guangxu Emperor was taught by Weng Tonghe, with whom he shared a fond relationship.
  
   Years in power
  
  Portrait of the Guangxu Emperor in his studyEven after Guangxu began formal rule, Empress Dowager Cixi continued to influence his decisions and actions, despite residing for a period of time at the Summer Palace, which she had ordered Guangxu's father to construct, with the official intention not to intervene in politics.
  
  After taking power, Guangxu was obviously more reform minded than the conservative leaning Cixi. He believed that by learning from constitutional monarchies like Japan, China would become more politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, Guangxu began the Hundred Days' Reform, aimed at a series of sweeping political, legal, and social changes. For a brief time, after the supposed retirement of Empress Dowager Cixi, Guangxu issued edicts for a massive number of far-reaching modernising reforms with the help of more progressive ministers such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
  
  Changes ranged from infrastructure to industry and the civil examination system. Guangxu issued decrees allowing the establishment of a modern university in Beijing, the construction of the Lu-Han railway, and a system of budgets similar to that of the west. The initial goal was to make China a modern, constitutional empire, but still within the traditional framework, as with Japan's Meiji Restoration.
  
  The reforms, however, were not only too sudden for a China still under significant neo-Confucian influence and other elements of traditional culture, but also came into conflict with Cixi, who held real power. Many officials, deemed useless and dismissed by Guangxu, were begging Cixi for help. Although Cixi did nothing to stop the Hundred Days' Reform from taking place, she knew the only way to secure her power base was to stage a military coup. Guangxu was made aware of such a plan, and asked Kang Youwei and his reformist allies to plan his rescue. They decided to use the help of Yuan Shikai, who had a modernised army, albeit only 6,000-strong. Cixi relied on Ronglu's army in Tianjin.
  
  Ronglu also had an ally, general Dong Fuxiang, who commanded 10,000 Muslim Kansu Braves of the imperial army, including generals such as Ma Fuxiang and Ma Fulu. They were stationed in the Beijing metropolitan area and constantly attacked foreigners and westerners, they were on the side of the conservatives under Cixi during the coup. They were also armed with western rifles and modern artillery, which showed that the conservative faction of Empress Cixi were willing to use western technology.
  
  Taiwanese professor Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖) revealed new research about the coup plot. The Guangxu Emperor may have actually been suckered into a trap by the reformists led by Kang Youwei. A British missionary and a former Japanese prime minister Itō Hirobumi tricked Kang, into agreeing to cede Chinese sovereignty to Itō. British ambassador Sir C. MacDonald said that the reformists had actually damaged the modernisation of China. Empress Dowager Cixi learned of the plot, and decided to put and end to it and save China from coming under foreign control.
  
  However Yuan Shikai was having doubts about the plan. The day before the staged coup was supposed to take place, Yuan revealed all the plans to Ronglu, exposing the Guangxu Emperor's plans. This raised Cixi's trust in Yuan, who thereby became a lifetime enemy of Guangxu. In September 1898, Ronglu's troops took all positions surrounding the Forbidden City, and surrounded the emperor when he was about to perform rituals. Guangxu was then taken to Ocean Terrace, a small palace on an island in the middle of a lake linked to the rest of the Forbidden City with only a controlled causeway. Cixi followed with an edict dictating Guangxu's total disgrace and "not being fit to be Emperor". Guangxu's reign had effectively come to an end.
  
   House arrestFor his house arrest, even court eunuchs were chosen to strategically serve the purpose of confining him. There was also a crisis involving Guangxu's removal and abdication and the installment of a new emperor. Although Empress Dowager Cixi never forced Guangxu to abdicate, and his era had in name continued until 1908, Guangxu lost all honours, respect, power, and privileges given to the emperor other than its name. Most of his supporters were exiled, and some, including Tan Sitong, were executed in public by Empress Dowager Cixi. Kang Youwei continued to work for a more progressive Qing Empire while in exile, remaining loyal to the Guangxu Emperor and hoping to eventually restore him to power. Western governments, too, were in favour of the Guangxu Emperor as the pre-eminent authority figure in China, and refused to recognise Empress Dowager Cixi. A joint official document issued by western governments stated that only the name "Guangxu" was to be recognised as the legal authoritative figure, over all others. Empress Dowager Cixi was angered by the move.
  
  There was dispute, for a period of time, over whether the Guangxu Emperor should continue to reign, even if only in name, as emperor, or simply be removed altogether. Most court officials seemed to agree with the latter choice, but some like Ronglu pleaded otherwise. Pujun, son of the conservative Prince Duan, was designated as his heir presumptive.
  
  Following their victory in the Boxer Rebellion, the Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing on 14 August and a Chinese declaration of war which the Guangxu Emperor opposed, but had no power to stop, the Guangxu Emperor fled with Empress Dowager Cixi to Xi'an, dressed in civilian outfits.
  
  Returning to the Forbidden City after the withdrawal of the allied powers, Guangxu was known to have spent the next few years working in his isolated palace with watches and clocks, which had been a childhood fascination, some say in an effort to pass the time until the death of Empress Dowager Cixi. He still had supporters, both inside China or in exile, who wished to return him to power.
  
   Death
  
  The Guangxu Emperor (fourth from left) with officials and European officers shortly after the Boxer Rebellion, c. 1901Guangxu died on 14 November 1908, a day before Empress Dowager Cixi. He died relatively young, at the age of 37. For a long time there were several theories about Guangxu's death, none of which were completely accepted by historians. Most were inclined to maintain that Guangxu was poisoned by Cixi (herself very ill) because she was afraid of Guangxu reversing her policies after her death, and wanted to prevent this from happening. The fact that the two died a day apart is significant. Another possibility is that Guangxu was poisoned by Yuan Shikai, who knew that if Guangxu were to ever come to power again, Yuan would likely be executed for treason. There are no reliable sources to prove who murdered the Guangxu Emperor. In 1911, Cixi's former eunuch Li Lianying was murdered, possibly by Yuan, implying that they had conspired in the emperor's murder. This theory was offered by Puyi in his biography, who claimed he heard it from an old eunuch.
  
  The medical records kept by the Guangxu Emperor's physician indicate the emperor suffered from "spells of violent stomachache", and that his face would turn blue, typical symptoms of arsenic poisoning. To dispel persistent rumours that the emperor had been poisoned, the Qing court produced documents and doctors' records suggesting that Guangxu died from natural causes, but these did not successfully divert suspicion.
  
  On 4 November 2008, forensic tests revealed that the level of arsenic in the Guangxu Emperor's remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people. Scientists concluded that the poison could only be administered in a high dose one time. China Daily quoted a historian, Dai Yi, who speculated that Cixi may have known of her imminent death and may have worried that Guangxu would continue his reforms after her death.
  
  The Guangxu Emperor was succeeded by Empress Dowager Cixi's handpicked heir, his nephew Puyi, who took the regnal name "Xuantong". Guangxu's consort, who became the Empress Dowager Longyu, signed the abdication decree as regent in 1912, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China. Empress Dowager Longyu died childless in 1913.
  
  After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, the new Republic of China funded the construction of Guangxu's mausoleum in the Western Qing Tombs. The tomb was robbed during the Chinese Civil War and the underground palace (burial chamber) is now open to the public.
  
   Historical viewsIn 1912 Sun Yat-sen praised the Guangxu Emperor for his educational reform package that allowed China to learn more about Western culture. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, historian Fan Wenlan (范文澜) called the emperor "a Manchu noble who could accept Western ideas". Some historians think that the emperor is the first Chinese leader to implement policies of modernisation and capitalism. The Guangxu Emperor also epitomised the lowest imperial power had come since the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and is the only ruler of the Qing Dynasty to have been put under house arrest during his own reign.
  
   Personal life
  
  The wedding of the Guangxu Emperor and Empress LongyuThe Guangxu Emperor had one empress and two consorts in total. His principal spouse was Empress Xiaodingjing, while his two consorts were Consort Jin and Consort Zhen.
  
  Guangxu was forced by Empress Dowager Cixi to marry her niece (his cousin) Jingfen, who was two years his senior. Jingfen's father Guixiang (Cixi's younger brother) and Cixi selected her as Guangxu's Empress Consort in order to strengthen the power of her own family. After the marriage, Jingfen was made empress and was granted the honorific title of "Longyu", meaning "Auspicious and Prosperous" (Chinese: 隆裕) after the death of her husband. However, Guangxu detested Empress Longyu, and spent most of his time with his favourite concubine Consort Zhen (Chinese: 珍妃), (better known in English as the "Pearl Consort"). Rumours say that in 1900, Consort Zhen was drowned by being thrown into a well on Cixi's order after Consort Zhen begged Empress Dowager Cixi to let the Guangxu Emperor stay in Beijing for negotiations with the foreign powers. That incident happened before Empress Dowager Cixi was preparing to leave the Forbidden City due to the occupation of Beijing by the Eight-Nation Alliance in 1900. Like his predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, Guangxu died without an issue. After the Guangxu Emperor's death in 1908, Empress Dowager Longyu reigned in cooperation with Prince Chun.
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