| 罗纳德·威尔逊·里根 | |||||||
| Ronald Wilson Reagan | |||||||
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Early career
Ronald Reagan in 1927 at age 16, Reagan around the Rock River in Dixon's Lowell Park to find a lifeguard job, where he served as lifeguard for 7 years, is said to save a drowning man 77. Reagan later joked that the drowned man had not thanked him. Reagan on the achievements of the future very proud of this, they will show visitors to the White House hanging in the Oval Office of the Rock River photo.
Hollywood
In 1937, when Ronald Reagan in California as Chicago's baseball spring training before the cup broadcaster, he conducted an audition, get 7 years in the Warner Brothers contract. Reagan's clear voice, be happy with style and sportsmanship made him a large body quite the crowds; most of his role in B-class film's leading man. His first film performance was in 1937's Love Is on the Air. To the end of 1939, he has performed in over 19 films. He served as Knute Rockne, All American football player, he played George Gipp, a well-known lines as "Go for the Gipper win a ball!" Which won the Gipper nickname that accompanied his life. Reagan was the best performance since that is the 1942 Kings Row, plays a young man to be amputated, and later he used that line, "I left the body where?" As the title of his autobiography. Other well-known films include Tennessee's Partner, Hellcats of the Navy, This Is the Army, while in Bedtime for Bonzo in a while because he is and chimpanzee starred Erzao widely ridiculed. Hollywood Walk of Fame, also left his mark.
Reagan on January 24, 1940 and actress Jane Wyman (Jane Wyman) marriage; them in 1941 gave birth to her daughter Maureen, 1945 年 adopted a baby boy Michael; Then in 1947, gave birth to her daughter Christine, but shortly after birth died. They divorced in 1948. (Reagan was the only U.S. president ever divorce) Ronald Reagan on March 4, 1952 married, married actress Nancy Davis (Nancy Davis), in the same year on November 21 gave birth to daughter Patti. In 1958, their second child Ron.
Reagan was originally a supporter of the Democratic Party, support Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his New Deal implemented. In the late 1940s he was Harry Truman's supporters S · the most famous one. To the early 1960s, he changed in the social and economic conservative firm, and in 1976, said: "New Deal is the fundamental basis of fascism." His first political role of the chairman of the American Actors Guild, Actors Guild contains most of the Hollywood actor, Ronald Reagan declared, but the communist Actors Guild has been infiltrated. In this position, he Un-American Activities Committee (Un-American Activities Committee) to testify on Communist infiltration of Hollywood. He also spy some of his attitudes that hold a disloyal actor, close to the Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that his code name "Agent T-10", but he did not publicly condemn them. His public statements on the opposition to set up Hollywood blacklist, but in private he and his first wife Jane Wyman was in 1947, met with FBI agents to inform them of some is that "the destruction of suspected militants."
Because I believe the Republican Party's ability to fight against communism, and believed him to do so to gain more political support, Reagan gradually abandoned the Democratic Party's tendency to support Republican presidential candidates began to -1,952 and 1956 of Dwight Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon in 1968.
In 1971, he and the Democratic Party's parliamentary chairman 鲍伯莫瑞迪 (Bob Moretti) cooperate in reforming the social welfare of California. Reagan had earlier opposed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1965 votes. But he later changed the position, and that the Civil Rights Act, "if necessary, to use military force to law enforcement." Reagan also opposed the establishment of a larger federal dam-Dos Rios dam so the dam would flood the valley of the Indian farms. Later, with Reagan and his family to summer hiking, going to visit the Sierra Nevada is the proposed construction of a highway location, study after he renounced the construction plan. In the death penalty issue, he strongly supported the maintenance of the death penalty, but the California Supreme Court in People v. Anderson decision in making the case before 1972 in California, all death sentence invalid, even though the decision was later reversed by constitutional amendment, but The decision to become the largest setback Reagan. Although Reagan supported the death penalty, but in office he issued two pardons and probation orders are not followed in the Reagan governor of California had such a pardon prisoners to death. Reagan's only one execution in the April 12, 1967, that the death penalty in California until 1992, after the date of the death penalty had no more.
Presidential election
The nomination and election of Ronald Reagan's political career in the important moment, when Gerald Ford was seen as a Republican veteran of the House of Representatives because of his re-election several times, but was elected majority leader, to become someone else and vice president and the President, but Ronald Reagan once again in the National Congress was defeated by a few votes. Ronald Reagan in the National Assembly on the speech, described the danger of nuclear war and the threat of the Soviet Union in moral, after listening to his moving speech, many people said "very sorry had voted in error."
In 1980, Reagan finally won the party nomination as presidential candidate. While Reagan in the early voting states of Iowa Department of conference party lost George H · W · Bush, but he's voting in other states in the next victory. In the National People's Congress, the Reagan partner had sought the Vice-President Gerald Ford, but in the end did not materialize. Reagan chose the opposite nomination election rival George Bush for H · W · partner.
1984 presidential election
Domestic policy
Reagan's first term is the main objective of the U.S. economic recovery, when the U.S. economy is in the so-called stagflation (economic stagnation with high inflation). Under Reagan the first command is to stop the federal government price controls on oil in order to restore domestic oil production and exploration on the dynamics of the market. To address the double-digit inflation, Reagan supported Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker (Paul Volcker) to dramatically raise interest rates to achieve the reduction of money supply goals. Economists 米尔顿佛利 Reagan was aware of the people described in "To succeed in curbing inflation, financial control and short-term recession is inevitable." Reagan's use of tightening the money supply with a comprehensive approach to tax cuts to stimulate business investment (based on Ronald Reagan's saying: "Chicago school of economics, supply-side economics, call it whatever you how. I noticed that some people even call it Reaganomics until it begins to take effect until the ...")。 Reagan's opponents ridiculed it as "voodoo economic", "trickle-down effect", and "Reaganomics," but Ronald Reagan launched a successful comprehensive tax, the tax cut bill in 1981 to implement the scale is unprecedented in U.S. history. Income tax rate reduction will not only greatly reduced, but also to eliminate the tax system, many of the loopholes.
In order to end inflation and tight money supply, the U.S. economy beginning in July 1981 a sharp decline, and in November 1982 dropped to the bottom, recession almost broke the record of the Great Depression. However, the U.S. economy after the recession years of 1981 -1982, after 1983 a dramatic robust recovery, this wave of economic growth also continued for several years until the end of Reagan's term of office had not yet stopped, a period in American history the longest economic expansion and rising unemployment in the original mid-1984 has been reduced to the number of early 1981, and in the next few years, also continued to decline.
At that time the majority of the House of Representatives by the Democratic Party, is opposed to Reagan so reduced social welfare and other domestic spending. Some critics argued that Reagan substantial bet that the budget policy of the military industry, in fact belong to the classical Keynesian economics, and that the ensuing economic growth is not caused by tax cuts, but the result of government spending substantially .
To address the budget deficit, the Reagan administration, a large number of domestic and foreign loans by the Treasury, to the Reagan second term, private debt has been held from 1980 to 26% of GDP, rose substantially to 41% in 1989, is since 1963 the highest record. In 1988, a total of 2.6 trillion USD in debt, foreign debt amounted to more than the domestic, the United States from the original into the world's largest creditor nation the world's largest borrowing countries.
Gay rights movement the Reagan administration was criticized for not promptly Department and others in the rise of HIV-AIDS at that time. The White House in October 1982 from the first discussion of this disease; Reagan in the 1985 press conference, the first public discussion of the Government Department in this disease measures.
Although Reagan's second term is the most significant diplomatic policy, but he also led a number of important domestic bills. In 1982, Reagan signed the bill to the 1965 Voting Rights Act (Voting Rights Act) to extend the 25-year period - even though the election campaign in 1980, he had opposed an extension. The bill protects the blind, the handicapped, and illiterate voting rights.
Reagan was the first advocate of communism will collapse the world's major leaders. In the March 3, 1983 he said: "I believe that communism is a sad and bizarre human history page - still in the last page." At that time the mainstream Western view of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union, a group of new coming generations, while the Western world must cooperate with them. But Reagan was advocating the Soviet Union is undergoing a severe economic crisis, he intends to cut through the exchange of the Soviet Union and Western technology to make this crisis to increase. That the Soviet Union, the worst was "contrary to the tide of human history, wipe away the freedom and dignity of its people."
U.S. scholars on the Cold War, the orthodox view is that these "As a free and democratic western countries continued status in the military, ideological and economic system power to maintain superiority, culminating in the surrender of the Soviet Union and the Cold War. These factors Communism revealed the illegal nature of the moral and highlighted its economic stagnation. "This view can be Republican (Ronald Reagan emphasized the role) and the Democratic Party (emphasis Truman, Kennedy, Johnson and Carter's long-Wai blocking policy) to accept. This view was widely accepted by Eastern European countries. For example, the Polish Solidarity leader Lech Walesa in 2004, it said: "When Ronald Reagan talked about, I have to talk to him my personal point of view, we have people in Poland are to us point to talk about him. Why? because we have given his freedom. "West Germany's Chancellor Helmut Kohl said:" His presence is the world's lucky. In Ronald Reagan called korba Geoff Berlin Wall collapsed 2 years after the Berlin Wall really down, but 11 months later, Germany will be unified. "Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern said:" President Reagan was a staunch communist insurgents, he play an important role in ending communism and the division of Europe after World War II, "later in 1989 became president of Czechoslovakia Vaclav Havel said:" He is a person who hold a firm principle, there is no doubt that he prompted the collapse of communism. "
The Reagan administration to "Only strength can be caused by the peace" in the name of the policy of large-scale arms expansion, the name is tough to control foreign policy, Theodore Roosevelt and his famous "soft-spoken, armed with sticks (meaning military strength) . " Reagan established the Government's new policy towards the Soviet Union won the Cold War as the ultimate goal, this strategy was named NSDD-32 (National Security Decisions Directive), this strategic plan outlines the Reagan against the Soviet Union in three fronts: economic - to reduce the Soviet Union for opportunities for high technology, and to reduce its resources, including down the Soviet Union in the world market of goods value; military - increased military spending the United States to consolidate the position in the negotiations on the United States and the Soviet Union forced the transfer of more economic resources to military purposes; and in secret - to support the worldwide anti-Soviet forces from Afghanistan's anti-Soviet guerrillas, to Poland's Solidarity trade union movement (which is also supported by George Soros and the Holy See). Reagan and the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed initiative, known as the "Star Wars" to the establishment of outer space-based missile defense network. This is often outside the United States as a threat, because it could offset the Soviet Union, the United States, "mutual assured destruction" capability - in theory would allow the United States launched the first strike nuclear war and survive the next Soviet counterattack; as experience might lose the status of the arms race in the balance as well as the strategic foundation of the world, the Soviet Union's leaders and people for the situation more and more frustrated. In October 1986 Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev met in Iceland, Gorbachev will be in the United States, eager to abolish this defense, but also offensive missile defense network. In the March 11, 1990, Lithuania's newly elected Vytautas Landsbergis (Vytautas Landsbergis) under the leadership of President declared independence from the Soviet Union, the rest of the Soviet state also declared independence in 1991, one after another, the Soviet Union was formal collapse. Margaret Thatcher this description: "The Reagan shot will not win the Cold War."
Reagan advocated a U.S. economic recovery; rapid computerized economy, high technology is the main force, but the Soviet Union lags far behind in this respect, even the high-tech South Korea has also gone beyond it, and every year backward . Reagan further against the U.S. and its allies against the Soviet Union out of high technology to the Soviet Union the situation even worse. A time when oil prices high, the output of this backwardness of the Soviet Union a lot of oil to cover, but this advantage in the early 1980s have been lost. To economic competition and the West is clearly the need for radical reforms, Gorbachev began the reform, he expects the new policy of openness (glasnost) and new thinking (perestroika) the Soviet economy can be re-revival, but Reform is not a solution, but create more resentment of the Soviet system. Reagan's massive arms build-up and his hard-line anti-Soviet statements, resulting in the Soviet Union in 1983, a routine NATO exercise (Able Archer 83) produced near panic, although the crisis of nuclear war ended quickly with the exercise subsided, but this exercise also shows that Reagan's tough stance may have negative consequences. Some historians such as Beth B. Fischer in his book The Reagan Reversal in favor of the crisis on Reagan's policies had far-reaching effects, making his attitude toward the Soviet Union from direct confrontation to rapprochement policy.
Reagan term support for right-wing government of El Salvador very controversial, because he feared civil war in El Salvador, FMLN could win. The war led to 75,000 deaths, 8,000 missing and 100 people homeless. But Reagan was originally guaranteed by the democratic electoral process was also part of success.
In 1980, the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war, the United States initially neutral, but it later became involved. Sometimes the United States to support both sides, but mainly to support Iraq because the United States that Iraqi President Hussein, the Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini than a threat to regional security was low. Kissinger indicated that the U.S. policy is "not allow any party to lose." If the United States fear Iran will be encouraged by the victory of the Arab countries, fundamentalist Islam, which may lead to the overthrow of secular government, thus jeopardizing the Western countries in local companies, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Kuwait and other places. After the initial military victory in Iraq war situation began to reverse, Iran may win in 1982, the U.S. government then tried to cut off the Iranian regime to obtain weapons of opportunities (but later began shipping weapons to Iran and led to the Iran-Contra affair). The United States also provided many of Iraq's military regime on intelligence information and financial support. The U.S. government has allowed some to be used as biological weapons and chemical weapons, "military dual-use goods business," shipping to Iraq, Iraqi agriculture, medical research and civilian purposes in the name of importation of goods, he was Hussein for weapons of mass destruction program.
Vice President Bush and Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in New York City, 1988.
But he also reminds people of the United States as a defender of freedom of impressions and ideas. In his November 27, 1964 speech in which he will lecture topic named "a choice of time" (A Time for Choosing), re-introduction of the Franklin Delano Roosevelt's famous well-known words, "the fate of combined "(rendezvous with destiny). Other speech, he called America "a glorious hilltop city" (shining city on a hill), said the Americans as "generous, with good, bold and courageous, decent and honest" people and have a "dream goal hero of rights. "
Reagan's supporters and opponents noted he was "optimistic cheerful attitude", made him more than the previous popular president. If Jimmy Carter is often smile, but it is a serious smile. Reagan once said that: "the lessons of leadership are the same; to work hard to understand the truth, willing to listen and understand others, a strong sense of responsibility and command, and for the people you represent to make decisions . "
1 bullets hit Reagan in the armpit, only 1 inch away from the heart, Reagan also was able to escape. Surgery to the doctors when Reagan also joked: "I hope you are all Republicans." (Although the doctor is not, but he still replies Road, "we will support the Republican Party.") When the first lady Nancy Reagan arrive the hospital, Reagan Zeyi heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey (Jack Dempsey) when they were down to her famous jokes: "Honey, I forgot to hide the bullets."
* 1982 tax fairness and fiscal responsibility law (Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982)
* Goldwater - Nichols Department of Defense Reconstruction Act (Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986)
Position Name term
Secretary of State Alexander Haig (Alexander M. Haig) 1981-1982
James Baker (James A. Baker III) 1985-1988
法兰克卡鲁奇 (Frank C. Carlucci) 1987-1989
Richard Sandberg (Richard L. Thornburgh) 1988-1989
Donald Hodel (Donald P. Hodel) 1985-1989
Minister of Labour 雷蒙德唐纳 Man (Raymond J. Donovan) 1981-1985
Agriculture Minister 约翰鲁斯林布 Lake (John Rusling Block) 1981-1986
Macquarie Tehaikele (Margaret Heckler) 1983-1985
William Bennett (William J. Bennett) 1985-1988
Transport Minister Andrew Lewis (Andrew L. Lewis, Jr) 1981-1982
Energy Secretary James Edward (James B. Edwards) 1981-1982
Reagan nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court judges the following:
* Anthony Shigeliya (Antonin Scalia) - 1986
* Anthony Kennedy (Anthony M. Kennedy) - 1988
Reagan's personal charm that he can almost make any statements to the public to accept, therefore have the "Teflon President" (meaning non-stick pan, nothing sticks to him) nickname. Iran-Contra affair he denied his knowledge of the deal, but now kept in the Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger archives of the citation will show Reagan informed, this may violate the U.S. Constitution, but he brings public image is "a great, strong Reagan adventure to try to free the hostages in exchange for weapons." Reagan in December 1985 the president wrote a secret "investigation" to record the "arms-for-hostages" scheme. Reagan-era secret documents could have been open since 2001, but President George W. Bush signed a bill to make these documents will continue to be kept confidential indefinitely, making it impossible to know more information in this regard. Reagan's tenure as U.S. support for Nicaraguan terrorists were found guilty International Court of Justice (Nicaragua to the U.S. case), although the United Nations General Assembly resolution calls on the United States subject to judgments, but the U.S. never to pay reparations.
Scandal and controversy
Many other scandals in the Reagan's eight-year term also continue to occur. Reagan aide Michael Deaver and Lyn Nofziger was convicted because of lobbying.
Retirement
June 5, 2004, Ronald Reagan passed away at home, died of pneumonia at the age of 93 years. His body is also open to the public viewing the remains of. The entire state funeral Village Longsheng large number of living of many U.S. presidents and foreign heads of state participated in the funeral. As Reagan was alive cool 爱吉利贝利 company produced jelly beans (Jelly Belly jelly beans), also put a small can in the pocket as he was buried.
Gallup did a poll who is the most popular U.S. president in the investigation. Ronald Reagan received 87% support the highest, followed by order of John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Reagan the next year many of the polls continue to be selected to test the best U.S. presidents.
Time event recognition (%) is not recognized (%)
April 26, 1986 bombing of Libya 7026
No term average of 5739
Reagan is often referred to as "Gipper", comes from his Knute Rockne, All American one in the role played George Gipp, usually accompanied by the famous slogan "to win a ball for the Gipper!." Reagan also was young father nicknamed "Dutch". As president, Reagan's supporters praised his "great communicator" or the recent "great liberator" - referred to his policies led to the collapse of communism and the Cold War's end. His bodyguards had to give him the code name was "Rawhide". He is also known as "Teflon President" means the same as he is like Teflon, nothing sticks to him.
In the February 6, 1988, Washington International Airport renamed Ronald Reagan Washington International Airport. In 2003, its name of "Ronald Reagan No." full service carrier, which is the President of the United States for the first time to surviving aircraft carrier named after, but at the brink of the late President Ronald Reagan Alzheimer's disease I have no way of knowing all this. Many other highways, schools and organizations have to Ronald Reagan in the name. Ronald Reagan in 2005, was awarded two honors:
In 2002, Congress authorized the Reagan home in Dixon, Illinois, as a historical site preservation.
* In 1989, Reagan received an honorary British knighthood on the Bath Knight of Grand Cross of the Knight (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath). So that he can use the name of GCB, but because of his non-British nationals, and did not give him "Sir Ronald Reagan" in the title. So far only Reagan, Eisenhower, Bush made the glory of the three Americans.
Face coin
* Altered Statesman - Ronald Reagan (Taiwan Chinese translation: "difference for politicians: U.S. President Ronald Reagan," Discovery Channel, 2005)
* Great Speeches (2004 年 10 19)
* ABC News Presents - An American Legend (2004 年 7 13)
* Ronald Reagan - A Legacy Remembered (History Channel, 2002)
* American Experience - Reagan (1998 years)
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