愛利亞的巴門尼德（Παρμενίδης）（約前515-前445），公元前5世紀的古希臘哲學家，最重要的“前蘇格拉底”哲學家之一，是埃利亞學派的一員。生於埃利亞（Ἐλέα，位於現在意大利南部沿岸），主要著作是用韻文寫成的《論自然》，如今衹剩下殘篇，他認為真實變動不居，世間的一切變化都是幻象，因此人不可憑感官來認識真實。

經歷

巴門尼德出生於意大利南部的埃利亞，這座城市是由希臘的流亡者建立的。受到剋塞諾芬尼的影響，産生了自己的哲學。

他建立了著名的埃利亞學派，影響衆多後世的哲學家，比如芝諾、恩培多剋勒、留基波、普羅泰戈拉、蘇格拉底。其中芝諾是他的學生，他捍衛老師的哲學觀點，並提出了芝諾悖論為其辯護。

巴門尼德在65歲時由學生芝諾陪同前往雅典，傳說他與年輕的蘇格拉底進行了對話。

觀點

一切皆一

巴門尼德反對赫拉剋利特的萬物流變的觀點。他認為一切事物的多樣性和變幻衹是一個幻覺，整個宇宙衹有一個東西，並且永恆不變、不可分割，他稱之為“一”。

他是這樣論證的：要麽存在者存在，要麽存在者不存在，但是存在者不存在是錯誤的。如果我們接受了赫拉剋利特的觀點，會認為事物會發生變化與生老病死。但巴門尼德認為，如果我們認為事物會消失，我們就犯了認為“存在者不存在”的錯誤。

真理與意見

巴門尼德的“存在”是通過邏各斯這條道路達到的。由於“存在”作為係詞（“是”）是任何語言表述中的確定性體現，因而使得思維有了自己確定的對象；感覺由於流變而處於“非存在”之中，無法用思維來確定。因此，巴門尼德強調“存在物”衹能存在於思想和語言中，而那些作為感覺對象的、處於生滅流變中的具體事物，由於無法用語言確切地表述出來、固定下來，因而都是“非存在”。在他看來，無論是米利都學派把變化無常的“非存在”當做萬物的本原，主張“非存在”存在，還是赫拉剋利特的火本原說，都是虛妄的、荒謬的“意見”。衹有堅持“存在物”存在，“非存在物”不存在，纔是唯一的“真理之論”。

外部鏈接

• Parmenides, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Lecture Notes: Parmenides", S Marc Cohen, University of Washighton
• Parmenides, On Nature at Elea.Org
• Parmenides' of Elea Way of Truth with an annotated bibliography
• Parallel text of three translations (two English, one German)
• Parmenides Bilingual Anthology (in Greek and English, side by side)
• Fragments of Parmenides parallel Greek with links to Perseus, French, and English (Burnet) includes Parmenides article from Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

Parmenides of Elea (/pɑːrˈmɛnɪdiːz ... ˈɛliə/; Greek: Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης; fl. late sixth or early fifth century BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia (meaning "Great Greece," the term which Romans gave to Greek-populated coastal areas in Southern Italy). He is thought to have been in his prime (or "floruit") around 475 BC.^[a]

Parmenides has been considered the founder of metaphysics or ontology and has influenced the whole history of Western philosophy.^[b] He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Zeno's paradoxes of motion were to defend Parmenides' view.

The single known work by Parmenides is a poem, On Nature, only fragments of which survive, containing the first sustained argument in the history of Western philosophy. In it, Parmenides prescribes two views of reality. In "the way of truth" (a part of the poem), he explains how all reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and necessary. In "the way of opinion", Parmenides explains the world of appearances, in which one's sensory faculties lead to conceptions which are false and deceitful, yet he does offer a cosmology.

Parmenides' philosophy has been explained with the slogan "whatever is is, and what is not cannot be". He is also credited with the phrase out of nothing nothing comes. He argues that "A is not" can never be thought or said truthfully, and thus despite appearances everything exists as one, giant, unchanging thing. This is generally considered one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being, and has been contrasted with Heraclitus's statement that "No man ever steps into the same river twice" as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides.

Parmenides' views have remained relevant in philosophy, even thousands of years after his death. Alexius Meinong, much like Parmenides, defended the view that even the "golden mountain" is real since it can be talked about. The rivalry between Heraclitus and Parmenides has also been re-introduced in debates in the philosophy of time between A theory and B theory.