爱利亚的巴门尼德（Παρμενίδης）（约前515-前445），公元前5世纪的古希腊哲学家，最重要的“前苏格拉底”哲学家之一，是埃利亚学派的一员。生于埃利亚（Ἐλέα，位于现在意大利南部沿岸），主要著作是用韵文写成的《论自然》，如今只剩下残篇，他认为真实变动不居，世间的一切变化都是幻象，因此人不可凭感官来认识真实。

经历

巴门尼德出生于意大利南部的埃利亚，这座城市是由希腊的流亡者建立的。受到克塞诺芬尼的影响，产生了自己的哲学。

他建立了著名的埃利亚学派，影响众多后世的哲学家，比如芝诺、恩培多克勒、留基波、普罗泰戈拉、苏格拉底。其中芝诺是他的学生，他捍卫老师的哲学观点，并提出了芝诺悖论为其辩护。

巴门尼德在65岁时由学生芝诺陪同前往雅典，传说他与年轻的苏格拉底进行了对话。

观点

一切皆一

巴门尼德反对赫拉克利特的万物流变的观点。他认为一切事物的多样性和变幻只是一个幻觉，整个宇宙只有一个东西，并且永恒不变、不可分割，他称之为“一”。

他是这样论证的：要么存在者存在，要么存在者不存在，但是存在者不存在是错误的。如果我们接受了赫拉克利特的观点，会认为事物会发生变化与生老病死。但巴门尼德认为，如果我们认为事物会消失，我们就犯了认为“存在者不存在”的错误。

真理与意见

巴门尼德的“存在”是通过逻各斯这条道路达到的。由于“存在”作为系词（“是”）是任何语言表述中的确定性体现，因而使得思维有了自己确定的对象；感觉由于流变而处于“非存在”之中，无法用思维来确定。因此，巴门尼德强调“存在物”只能存在于思想和语言中，而那些作为感觉对象的、处于生灭流变中的具体事物，由于无法用语言确切地表述出来、固定下来，因而都是“非存在”。在他看来，无论是米利都学派把变化无常的“非存在”当做万物的本原，主张“非存在”存在，还是赫拉克利特的火本原说，都是虚妄的、荒谬的“意见”。只有坚持“存在物”存在，“非存在物”不存在，才是唯一的“真理之论”。

外部链接

• Parmenides, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Lecture Notes: Parmenides", S Marc Cohen, University of Washighton
• Parmenides, On Nature at Elea.Org
• Parmenides' of Elea Way of Truth with an annotated bibliography
• Parallel text of three translations (two English, one German)
• Parmenides Bilingual Anthology (in Greek and English, side by side)
• Fragments of Parmenides parallel Greek with links to Perseus, French, and English (Burnet) includes Parmenides article from Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

Parmenides of Elea (/pɑːrˈmɛnɪdiːz ... ˈɛliə/; Greek: Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης; fl. late sixth or early fifth century BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia (meaning "Great Greece," the term which Romans gave to Greek-populated coastal areas in Southern Italy). He is thought to have been in his prime (or "floruit") around 475 BC.^[a]

Parmenides has been considered the founder of metaphysics or ontology and has influenced the whole history of Western philosophy.^[b] He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Zeno's paradoxes of motion were to defend Parmenides' view.

The single known work by Parmenides is a poem, On Nature, only fragments of which survive, containing the first sustained argument in the history of Western philosophy. In it, Parmenides prescribes two views of reality. In "the way of truth" (a part of the poem), he explains how all reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and necessary. In "the way of opinion", Parmenides explains the world of appearances, in which one's sensory faculties lead to conceptions which are false and deceitful, yet he does offer a cosmology.

Parmenides' philosophy has been explained with the slogan "whatever is is, and what is not cannot be". He is also credited with the phrase out of nothing nothing comes. He argues that "A is not" can never be thought or said truthfully, and thus despite appearances everything exists as one, giant, unchanging thing. This is generally considered one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of being, and has been contrasted with Heraclitus's statement that "No man ever steps into the same river twice" as one of the first digressions into the philosophical concept of becoming. Scholars have generally believed that either Parmenides was responding to Heraclitus, or Heraclitus to Parmenides.

Parmenides' views have remained relevant in philosophy, even thousands of years after his death. Alexius Meinong, much like Parmenides, defended the view that even the "golden mountain" is real since it can be talked about. The rivalry between Heraclitus and Parmenides has also been re-introduced in debates in the philosophy of time between A theory and B theory.