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雷沙德·克利尼茨基，波兰诗人、翻译家。1943年出生在奥地利的圣瓦伦丁。波兹南大学波兰语系毕业。在20世纪70年代至80年代初，他的诗歌作品主要通过萨米亚特（samizdat）即地下出版物方式广为人知，是“新浪潮”的代表诗人。早期诗歌追随“语言诗歌”的诗人塔·佩普尔，作品随意性大，诗性随着语言的机智（linguistic wit）力量而汹涌爆发。后期作品发生很大的转变，风格倾向于深沉和格言式的精辟。他也是著名的诗歌翻译家，先后出版有诗集《出生证》（1969）、《集体有机体》（1975）、《一无所剩》（1981），以及诗选集《未被虚无征服》（1989）、《欧洲之子》（1990）。2017年出版英语版选集《磁极》和《我们的生命生长》。现居克拉科夫。
Life and works
He was born on 28 June 1943 in St. Valentin, Austria. After World War II, he moved to Poland, where he graduated from Marie Curie High School No. 2 in Gorzów Wielkopolski. He further studied Polish philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. He made his literary debut in 1964 in Poznań's literary club Od nowa, where he publicly read out one of his untitled poems. His first poem was published in 1966 (Wczasowstąpienie) in a literary magazine Pomorze. In 1968, he wrote Pęd pogoni, pęd ucieczki ("The Impulse to Pursue, the Impulse to Flee"), which one year later appeared in his first book of poetry Akt urodzenia ("The Birth Certificate"). He also published articles in an emigration weekly Wiadomości ("The News").
In the 1970s and 1980s, he was actively involved in the opposition movement against communist authorities of the Polish People's Republic. In 1971–1973 he worked at the editorial office of the Kraków-based Student magazine where he met many prominent members of the generation of the Polish New Wave (1968–1976) including Adam Zagajewski and Stanisław Barańczak. He was the signatory of Letter of 59, which was a reaction of Polish intellectuals against the undemocratic changes in the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic. As a direct consequence of this, his works were officially banned between 1976–1980. He collaborated with Workers' Defense Committee and in the period of 1977–1981, he published articles in Zapis magazine. In 1980, he took part in a hunger strike in St. Christopher's Church in Podkowa Leśna as an act of solidarity with the detained political dissidents Dariusz Kobzdej and Mirosław Chojecki. He published numerous texts and articles in opposition magazines such as Solidarności Wielkopolski ("Greater Poland Solidarity"), Obserwator Wielkopolski ("Greater Poland's Observer") and Bez Debitu ("Without Debit"). He also published his works in Zeszyty Literackie ("Literary Notebooks"). In 1988, he co-founded wydawnictwo a5 publishing house in Poznań, which specialized in the publication of poetry books. Since 1991, he has been running a publishing company together with his wife Krystyna. Nowadays, Krynicki is seen as one of the foremost representatives of contemporary Polish poetry alongside Adam Zagajewski and Ewa Lipska. In 2015, he became a member of the Polish Academy of Learning.
Themes
His early poems contain a wealth of poetic devices and evoke gloomy imagery which presents reality as "a nightmare of chaos, emptiness and nothingness". The all-prevasive feeling of oppression and hostility characteristic of his works in this period can be interpreted in political, ethical and metaphysical aspects. Krynicki's approach to poetry at that time "concentrated on language in order to discern the falsehoods perpetrated in language by the totalitarian ideology. The goal was to escape from the lies of communist new-speak". His later works represent a radical shift from complex, Baroque poems to short, simple, miniature poems that evolved from "an imperative of internal self-perfection, cleansing the world of falsehood, and refusing to submit to various concepts of nothingness". Their aim was to inspire the reader to contemplate the world and to encourage empathy.
Awards
Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award (2015)
Gdynia Literary Prize for the translation of Paul Celan's Psalm and Other Poems (nomination) (2014)
Stone Award at the City of Poetry Festival in Lublin (2008)
Silver Medal for Merit to Culture - Gloria Artis (2005)
Friedrich-Gundolf-Preis (2000)
Kościelski Award (1976)
Selected publications
Pęd pogoni, pęd ucieczki ("The Impulse to Pursue, the Impulse to Flee"), Warsaw, 1968
Akt urodzenia (The Birth Certificate), Poznań, 1969
Organizm zbiorowy ("The Collective Organism"), Kraków, 1975
Nasze życie rośnie. Wiersze ("Our Life is Growing: Poems"), Paris, 1978
Niewiele więcej. Wiersze z notatnika 78-79 ("Not Much More. Poems From the Notebook 78-79"), Kraków, 1981
Jeżeli w jakimś kraju ("If in Some Country"), Underground publisher S.i.s.n, 1982
Ocalenie z nicości ("Salvation from Nothingness"),K rakow, 1983
Niepodlegli nicości ("Independent of Nothingness: Selected and Revised Poems and Translations"), Warsaw, 1988
Magnetyczny punkt. Wybrane wiersze i przekłady ("The Magnetic Point: Selected Poems and Translations"), Warsaw, 1996
Nie szkodzi, 2002
"Kamień, szron", Kraków, 2005
Wiersze wybrane ("Selected Poems"), Kraków, 2009
Przekreślony początek - selected poems, Wrocław, 2013
References
"Ryszard Krynicki (ur. 1943)". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki Words Without Borders". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"ROCZNIK POLSKIEJ AKADEMII UMIEJĘTNOŚCI ROK 2015/2016" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki - Laureate of the Zbigniew Herbert Award 2015". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung". Retrieved 2017-11-26.
"Magnetic Point: Selected Poems". Retrieved 2017-11-25.
"Ryszard Krynicki". Retrieved 2017-11-25.