| 姓： | 祝 |
| 名： | 允明 |
| 字： | 希哲 |
| 網筆號： | 枝指生 |
| 今属： | 江蘇蘇州市 |
| 出生地： | 長洲 |
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祝允明（1460年－1526年），字希哲，號枝山。因生而右手有六指，是一名多指畸形病患者，因此自號為“枝指生”。明代文學家、書法傢，長洲（今屬江蘇蘇州市）人。當時與徐禎卿、唐寅、文徵明號稱“吳中四才子”。
生平
祖父祝顥字維清，正統四年進士，工書法。父祝????，早卒。母徐氏，武功伯徐有貞之女。妻李氏，中書捨人李應禎（後升太僕少卿）長女。祝允明是一名多指畸形病患者,但自幼天資聰穎，勤奮好學，5歲時就能書一尺見方的大字，9歲便能作詩文，被稱為“神童”。10歲已博覽群書，文章瑰麗，才智非凡。17歲即中秀纔，弘治五年，32歲中壬子科舉人，此後屢試不第。授廣東興寧縣知縣，不久遷任應天府通判。謝病歸裏，嘉靖五年（1526年）卒。
成就
祝允明 嵇康酒會詩
擅長詩文和書法，特別是其狂草頗受世人贊譽，流傳有“唐伯虎的畫，祝枝山的字”之說。王世貞在《藝苑卮言》中評價道：“天下書法歸吾吳，祝京兆允明為最，文待詔徵明、王貢士寵次之”。祝枝山所書寫的“六體書詩賦捲”、“草書杜甫詩捲”、“古詩十九首”、“草書唐人詩捲”及“草書詩翰捲”等都是傳世墨跡的精品。
祝允明的著作有，《懷星堂集》30捲、《蘇材小纂》6捲、《祝子罪知》7捲、 《浮物》1捲、《野記》4捲、《前聞記》 1捲、《志怪錄》5捲、《讀書筆記》1捲。
註釋
- ^ 《傢藏集》捲五十一《跋祝生文稿》：“允明年七八歲時，其大父參政公一日適為文成請客書之，予時亦在坐，見生侍案旁，嘿然竟日，竊異之。因指文中難字以問，無弗識者，益奇之，且料其他日必能事此也。”
- ^ 陸粲《祝先生墓志銘》稱：“先生少頴敏，五歲作徑尺字。……九歲能詩，有竒語。”
- ^ 《明史·捲二百八十六》：祝允明，字希哲，長洲人。祖顯，正統四年進士。內侍傳旨試能文者四人，顯與焉，入掖門，知欲令教小內竪也，不試而出。由給事中歷山西參政。並有聲。允明以弘治五年舉於鄉，久之不第，授廣東興寧知縣。捕戮盜魁三十餘，邑以無警。稍遷應天通判，謝病歸。嘉靖五年卒。
允明生而枝指，故自號枝山，又號枝指生。五歲作徑尺字，九歲能詩，稍長，博覽群集，文章有奇氣，當筵疾書，思若涌泉。尤工書法，名動海內。好酒色六博，善新聲，求文及書者踵至，多賄妓掩得之。惡禮法士，亦不問生産，有所入，輒召客豪飲，費盡乃已，或分與持去，不留一錢。晚益睏，每出，追呼索逋者相隨於後，允明益自喜。所著有詩文集六十捲，他雜着百餘捲。子祝續，正德中進士，仕至廣西左布政使。
參考文獻
Zhu Yunming (Chinese: 祝允明; 1461–1527) was a Chinese calligrapher, poet, writer, and scholar-official of the Ming dynasty, known as one of the "Four Talents of Wu" (Suzhou). Most admired for his accomplishment in calligraphy, he is also a popular cultural figure for his uninhibited lifestyle and iconoclastic thinking. He criticized the orthodox Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi and admired the philosophy of mind advocated by Wang Yangming. He wrote a large number of essays that criticize traditional values, and was an influence on the iconoclastic philosopher Li Zhi.
Biography
Zhu was born in 1461 in Changzhou County, modern Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. His courtesy name was Xizhe (希哲), and art name Zhishan (枝山). Born with a supernumerary thumb on one hand, Zhu gave himself the sobriquet "Zhizhi Scholar" (枝指生; zhizhi refers to preaxial polydactyly in Chinese). He was said to have been able to write calligraphy with large characters at the tender age of four and compose poetry by the age of eight. He became a certified student at 16, and succeeded in the provincial examination of 1492, but never passed metropolitan examinations.
Zhu was appointed as the county magistrate of Xingning, Guangdong, in 1514. He served as the principal editor of the Gazetteer of Xingning County (in the reign of Zhengde), during his five-year term. In 1521, he was promoted to Controller-General of Yingtian Prefecture (modern Nanjing). He resigned in less than a year on a plea of illness. He dedicated the rest of his life to writing and died in 1527.
Together with Tang Yin, Wen Zhengming and Xu Zhenqing, Zhu was one of the "Four Talents of Wu (Suzhou)" (吳中四才子), his calligraphy is the most noted in the quartet. He excelled at small standard script (xiaokai), but was of wild-cursive (kuangcao) fame. His friends attributed his affinity for this highly expressive calligraphy to his impetuous personality.
Zhu was also known as an unorthodox thinker against Neo-Confucianism. In his later life, he described himself as a "wild man". He finished various collections of miscellaneous notes. Some scholars believe that his work of judgements on historical personalities influenced Li Zhi's Cang Shu.
In popular culture
Zhu's nonconformist thinking and lifestyle have made him a subject of popular legends. Stories about him have been written into a novel, The Romance of Zhu Yunming.
Selected works
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- 懷星堂集 [Collection of Huaixing Hall]
- 蘇材小纂 [Collected Biographies of Eminent People from Suzhou]
- 前聞記 [Memoir of By-gone Events]
- 猥談 [Trivial Talks]
References
- ^ a b Denis Crispin Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
- ^ a b c d Kang-i Sun Chang; Stephen Owen (2010). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature: From 1375. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–42. ISBN 978-0-521-85559-4.
- ^ a b c d "Introduction [of Zhu Yunming]". National Palace Museum.
- ^ a b Tony Barnstone; Ping Chou (2005). The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry. Anchor Books. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-385-72198-1.
- ^ Goodrich, Fang, Luther Carrington, Chaoying (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 570–576. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.