lán zuòzhělièbiǎo
· ào luò Nikolai Ostrovsky
· ào luò Nikolai Ostrovsky
lán  (1904niánjiǔyuè29rì1936niánshíèryuè22rì)

zuò jiā píngzhuàn Author critical biographygāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de How the Steel Was Tempered》

yuèdòu · ào luò Nikolai Ostrovskyzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!!
尼古拉·奥斯特洛夫斯基
   · ào luò - gài shù
  
   · ào luò 1904 nián 9 yuè 29 chū shēng zài lán nóng mín jiā tíng páiháng shì jiā zhōng lǎo yāo
  
   ào luò jiā wéi shēng suǒ lěisuǒ yòu hái yòu biàn tiǎo liǎo yǎng jiā de zhòng dāndàn fēi cháng nán de shìjìn guǎn pín dàn suǒ yòu hái xué huì liǎo shū bìng niàn wán liǎo xiǎo xué
  
   wèi lái de zuò jiā zài hái shí dài piántǐ xiàn chū liǎo qiáng de qiú zhī gāo de bǐng fēi cháng chī wén xué
  
   shì jiè zhàn guó nèi zhàn zhēng jiānào luò cān jiā liǎo xià mìng
  
   · ào luò - jīng
  
  1920 niánào luò zài zhàn zhōng shòu liǎo zhòng shāngshāng hòu zài tiě gōng gōng zuòzài jiān liǎo shāng hán wài hái gǎn rǎn liǎo jié bìng qíng xùn 'è huà
  
  1927 nián chū, 22 suì de 'ào luò wán quán tān huàn bìng zài chuáng de shuāng kāi shǐ shī míngzhèng shì zài zhè rén shēng de jiān nán shí jué tōng guò wén xué zuò pǐnlái zhǎn xiàn suǒ chù shí dài de miàn mào rén de shēng huó yàn zuì chū chuàng zuò liǎo xiǎo shuō de qián zhāng jiédàn shǒu gǎo què zài yóu guò chéng zhōng shèn shī shí zuò jiā biàn kāi shǐ liǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuōgāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de shū de chuàng zuò
  
   · ào luò de shēng shì jìn guǎn bǎo shòu bìng tòng zhé dàn 10 nián lái cóng wèi xiàng shén tóuzài néng yán zhòng 'āi jié de qíng kuàng xià zhí yào jiāng zhè miáo xiě zhè dài rén mìng yùn de xiǎo shuō liú chuán hòu shì
  
  《 gāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de shū shì běn zìzhuàn xiǎo shuōcóng zhōng dào yòu guān zuò zhě shēng huó de liàng zhēn shí piàn duànào luò de péng yǒu duì de wén xué chuàng zuò jǐyǔ liǎo zhī chíbāng zhù téng xiě shū gǎo。 1931 nián 10 yuèxiǎo shuō de fēng bìng 1932 nián 'èr 1933 nián 5 yuè shā qīng, 1934 nián chū bǎn
  
   ào luò gāng gāng kāi shǐ xiǎo shuō chuàng zuò shíbìng wèi pèi bèi zhù shǒu de lài suō · 'ěr fěi · ào luò zǎo chū wǎn guīmáng gōng zuòjìn guǎn téng tòng nán rěn jīhū néng dòng dàndàn 'ào luò hái shì jiè zhù bǎn wán chéng liǎo xiǎo shuō de kāi piān。 1931 nián chū de qīn mèi mèi qián wǎng tuán cái gǎi wéi kǒu shù zhù shūměi tiān yào cháng rén nán xiǎng jiàn de kùn nán jǐn yào zhù zuò pǐn de zǒng mài luòjiāng gòu xíng xiàng huà jié huàhái néng wàng suǒ xiě de suǒ yòng de tōng cháng zài shēn wén quán yǒngchéng gōng de rén xíng xiàng yōu měi de wén pēn 'ér chūwèile zhuā zhù zhuǎn shùn shì de líng gǎn zhǐ néng zhěng miánfǎn yín yǒng nǎo hǎi zhōng de zhēn guì piàn duànxiǎo shuō zhōng de měi jīng guò liǎo de jīng xīn chuí liàn
  
  《 gāng tiě shì zěn yàng liàn chéng de shū huò liǎo kōng qián de chéng gōngchāo chū liǎo suǒ yòu rén de zǎo zài 1934 niángāi shū jiù bèi fān chéng lán lán 'ěr duō chǔ shí zhě de lái xìn xuě piàn bān fēn zhì lái
  
   xiē wén xué píng lùn jiāyóu shì xiàn jīn de píng lùn jiā zhí zhì 'ào luò xiǎo shuō de shù jià zhízhēng míng dāng rán shì yǔn dedàn róng zhì de shìzhè zuò pǐn céng bāng zhù shì jiè shǎo guó jiā de zhòng duō zhě guò liǎo zhà kàn shàng yuè de nán guān lìng zhòng duō bīn jué wàng de rén huò liǎo chóngshēngzhè yàng de shì shèng méi zhè cái shì xiǎo shuō de zhēn zhèng jià zhí suǒ zàiér 'ào luò bìng dǒu suǒ xiàn chū de yǒng gǎn jīng shén chéng wéi quán rén lèi wán qiáng kàng zhēng de bǎo
   bǎng yàng
  
   · ào luò - zuò pǐn
  
  
   é guó zuò jiā shēng wéi 'é guó tái gōng liǎo jìn 50 běnchuàng zào liǎo bǎi rén xíng xiàngwéi 'é guó shì de zhǎn zuò chū liǎo hěn gòng xiàn
  
   shēng píng 1823 nián 4 yuè 12 chū shēng zài xiǎo 'ào 'ěr dùn jiē ( xiàn gǎi míng wéi 'ào luò jiē )。 qīn shì guāntuì xiū hòucóng shì shāng huó dòngjiā zhōng lái wǎng de duō shì shāng rén。 1840 nián 'ào luò xué gōng , 1843 nián , 1843 1851 nián xiān hòu zài liáng xīn yuàn shāng yuàn rèn shū guānzài yuàn gōng zuò jiān kāi shǐ xiě zuò。 1847 nián biǎo běn chǎn zhěde piàn duànyǐn wén tán zhù quán xiě chéng hòuyòng jiā rén hǎo suàn zhàngde míng 1850 nián zhèng shì biǎo zài rén zhì shàngshòu dào jìn wén tán de zàn měidàn jǐng chá tīng què jìn zhǐ shàng yǎndào 1861 nián cái gōng yǎncóng hòuào luò jīhū měi nián dōuyòu huò zuò pǐn wèn shì
  
   ào luò chú liǎo jìn xíng chuàng zuò wàihái fān guò shǎo wài guó běn zhōng yòu suō shì , W.、 , C.、 'ěr duō , C.、 sài wàn wéi , M.de děng rén de zuò pǐn hái shì wèi de shè huì huó dòng jiā。 1865 nián chéng liǎo yǎn yuán lián shè。 1870 niányóu chàng zhì liǎo 'é guó zuò jiā xié huìjīng bīn tǎn duō fāng tóng nián chuàng bàn liǎo yǎn yuán xùn liàn bānpéi yǎng liǎo tuó tuó xiē děng qún jié chū de biǎo yǎn shù jiāzài de chàng xià hái chuàng bàn liǎo fàn rén mín yuàn
  
  1886 nián 1 yuèào luò bèi rèn mìng wéi huáng jiā yuàn de shù zǒng guǎn réndàn hái wèi néng chōng fēn zhǎn kāi duì yuàn zhì de gǎi shù de gāobiàn 6 yuè 14 zài xiè léi ( xiàn wéi luó zhōu 'ào luò ) shì shì
  
   chuàng zuò 'ào luò de chuàng zuò nián dàizhèng féng 'é guó běn zhù zhǎn shí de zuò pǐn fǎn yìng liǎo zhè shí dài de shè huì biàn huà céng shuō shì zūn xún guǒ , .. de chuàng zuò dào de jiān chí jiē shè huì de liáng fēng yòng fěng de chù lái miáo huì dāng shí shè huì de zhòng shēng xiāng shì chū tóu jiǎo de shāng rén jiē céng de bào yòu zhìxīn xīng chǎn jiē tuì huà zhōng de nóng zhù zhù de wěi jiān zhàcán qíngguì guān liáo de mèiduò luò děng děngdōuchéng wèitā zhōng rén de diǎnzǎo de zuò pǐn shǒu běn fēn》 (1852)、《 pín fēi zuì》 (1853)、《 qièwù suí xīn suǒ 》 (1854) děngzài xiǎng shàng dài yòu měi huà 'é guó zōng zhì de qīng xiàngchē 'ěr xuě niè suǒ duì zhè xiē zuò pǐn chū guò píngsuí zhe 19 shì 50、 60 nián dài 'é guó mìng xíng shì de zhǎn de chuàng zuò jìn xīn de jiē duàncóng 1856 nián jīhū suǒ yòu de xīn zuò biǎo zài niè suǒ xiè lín zhù biān dexiàn dài rén zhì shàngzhè shí de zuò pǐnbāo kuò zhù míng de léi 》, yòu jiào míng xiǎn de bào shè huì 'àn shì mìng de qīng xiàngyīn 'ér shòu dào fǎn dòng shì de wéi gōngào luò zàn shí fàng xià qiē de shè huì cáizhuǎn 'ér xiě zuò shǐ cóng 19 shì 60 nián dài yòu chóngxīn miàn duì xiàn shíbìng chū xiàn liǎo chuàng zuò de gāo cháocóng 1868 nián zhí dào 80 nián dài chū de zuò pǐn zài niè suǒ xiè lín zhù biān de guó shì zhì shàng biǎobāo kuò fěng zhì zhě qiān yòu shīzài nèi de liè běnduì nóng zhì cán zhōng tuì huà chū lái de xīn xíng shí jiā 'ōu huà shāng rén jìn xíng liǎo cháo fěngshāo hòu de shī xuě 》 (1873), biǎo liǎo zuò zhě de xiǎng duì rén shēng de tàn suǒ。《 méi yòu péi jià de rénděng běn miáo huì liǎo cái néng zhuó yuè de 'é luó zài dāng shí wěi de shè huì zhōng bèi shòu cuī cán de bēi mìng yùn
  
   ào luò de quán zuòàn nèi róng de xìng zhì rén suǒ shǔ de jiē céng fēn 5 lèi
  
   miáo xiě shāng rén shēng huó de běn:《 quán jiā 》 (1847)、《 jiā rén hǎo suàn zhàng》 (1850)、《 fēi zhī cháng chōng nèi xíng》 (1853)、《 pín fēi zuì》 (1854)、《 rén yǐn jiǔ zuì》 (1856)、《 jié hǎo mèng fàn qián yìng yàn》 (1857)、《 léi 》 (1860)、《 zhī shèng liǎng xīn jiāo》 (1860)、《 guǎn xián shì》 (1861)、《 tiān xià nán shìzhǐ yòu xīn rén》 (1861)、《 shú néng guòshú néng miǎn huò》 (1863)、《 jiān de 》 (1863)、《 xiǎo chǒu》 (1864)、《 chì de xīn》 (1869)、《 rén qiān hǎo》 (1871)、《 zhēn hǎoxìng gèng jiā》 (1877)、《 zuì hòu de shēng》 (1878)、《 xīn fēi tiě shí》 (1880) děngzhè xiē běn zuì zhòng yào de diǎn shì zuò zhě yòng fǒu dìng de tài miáo huì liǎo shāng rén
  
   guān rén mín shēng huó de běn:《 qièwù suí xīn suǒ 》 (1834)、《 nào shì》 (1865) děngzài zhè xiē běn zhōngzuò zhě miáo xiě de shì cóng nóng mín zhuǎn biàn wéi xiǎo shāng rénxiǎo shì mín de xiē rén men bǎo chí zhe mín jiān de fēng guàn shēng huó fāng shì běn yòu xiē lèi mín jiān wén xué zuò pǐn yòu mín fēng wèicéng bèi gǎi biān wéi
  
   miáo xiě xiǎo guān shēng huó de běn:《 qióng xīn niàn》 (1852)、《 féi quē》 (1857)、《 shēn yuān》 (1866)、《 pín rén bào 》 (1872)、《 xīn niàn》 (1876) děng
  
   biǎo xiàn suǒ wèishè huì tóu miàn rén de běn:《 wài shì》 (1851)、《 》 (1851)、《 xìng 》 (1858)、《 zhì zhě qiān yòu shī》 (1868)、《 lái róng kuài》 (1870)、《 sēn lín》 (1871)、《 xuè fàn》 (1874)、《 láng yáng》 (1875)、《 méi yòu péi jià de rén》 (1879)、《 míng líng pěng jiǎo》 (1882)、《 měi nán 》 (1883)、《 de zuì rén》 (1884)、《 shì wài shì》 (1885) děngzhè xiē běn jiē liǎo guì zhù shè huì míng liú men de chǒu 'è líng hún
  
   shǐ :《 zhā luó wéi níng huò 》 (1862)、《 jiàn zhù suí 》 (1866)、《 xīn nuò》 (1867) děngào luò xiě shǐ shì táo xiàn shí hàidàn zhù shì de yòu 'ài guó zhù jīng shén
  
   wàihái yòu suǒ luò wéi yuē xiě debié gēn de hūn shì》 (1878)、《 mán rén》 (1880)、《 yòu guāng 》 (1881), niè wéi rén xiě dewàng xiǎng》 (1881)。
  
   guān diǎn xiě zuò fāng 'ào luò rèn wéi běn yīnggāi shì wéi quán rén mín 'ér xiě de”。 qiē wén xué zuò pǐn gèng jiē jìn guǎng rén mín tái shàng yǎn chū de yào xiěde qiáng 'ér yòu yào yòu de xìng liè de zhēn chéng de gǎn qíngyào yòu shēng dòng 'ér yòu de rén zài suǒ yòu 'é guó diǎn zuò jiā zhōng de běn zhàn yǎn chū mùdì jué duō shùào luò rèn wéixiě rén mín de shēng huówèirénmín xiě zuò háo huì jiàng wén xué de jià zhíxiāng fǎn,“ zēng jiā de liàngshǐ zhì yōng duò luòzhǐ yòu zhēn zhèng wèirénmín suǒ wén jiàn de zuò pǐncái néng yǒng chuí xiǔzhè yàng de zuò pǐnchí zǎo zǒng huì bèi bié de mín ér zuì hòu bèi quán shì jiè suǒ jiě xīn shǎng”。
  
   ào luò měi xiě běndōuyào duì suǒ miáo xiě de shì zuò shēn de guān chá zhōu de kǎobìng sōu chōng fēn de liào xiě běn zhī qián jǐn kāi liè zhōng rén míng dānér qiě hái kāi liè shuí shì bàn yǎn shénme juésè de míng dān suǒ xiě de rén de xìng de guàn yòng de yán dōuyòu huó de zài xiě zuò guò chéng zhōng cháng cháng gēnghuàn bàn yǎn zhěshǐ zhī gēngxiāng shì cóng 'ér shǐ dìng de yǎn yuán zuì néng huī men de shù cái néngào luò zào liǎo zhǒng lèi xíng de xíng xiàngshǐ yǎn yuán men néng huī de diǎn bìng chéng gōngshǐ men yōng yòu de yīn duō yǎn yuán bié 'ài dài zhè wèi zuò jiā
  
   ào luò zhòng shì tái de biǎo xiàn de běn duì bái qīng dòng tīng yán yōu měi néng zhǎng tái shàng de wèi zhì diào néng qià dào hǎo chù 'ān pái yǎn yuán shàng xià chǎngzhè jiù shǐ de běn yǎn chū yòu hěn gāo de xìng
  
   ào luò cháng 'ōu míng jiā de zhōng rén xiě jìn de zuòshǐ zhī gèng wéi 'é guó yǎn yuán guān zhòng suǒ jiē shòu 'āilìn guǐ》 ( qiān lìn rén》 ) zhōng de shǒu cái 'ā gòng xiě jìn depín rén bào 》; xiǎo zhòng shēng zhōng de cái féng de 'ér xiě jìn de zuì rén》, hěn hǎo de xiào guǒzài pái guò chéng zhōng jīng cháng tīng yǎn yuán de jiànxiū gǎi de běn。《 léi zhōng jié lín guān shàonián shēng huó de báijiù shì gēn bàn yǎn jié lín de yǎn yuán de shù xiě jìn de
  
   píng lùn 'ào luò de chuàng zuò zài 'é luó wén xué zhōng yòu zhēn guì de měi xué jià zhíé guó de zhòng yào píng lùn jiā zuò jiā luó liú chē 'ěr xuě niè niè suǒ gāng chá luò liè hàn nuò chá 'ěr děng cóng tóng de jiǎo jǐyǔ 'ào luò gāo de píng jià luó liú rèn wéi 'ào luò shì wèi shú 'é guó shēng huó de rénshì rén lèi xīn de tiān cái miáo huì zhěxìng miáo xiě de jiàng shuōào luò néng zhuā zhe shēng huó de shí zhìshí dài de mài 'ào luò zài léi zhī qián de duō běn zhōng suǒ miáo huì de 'é guó shēng huóchēng zuò hēi 'àn wáng guó de xíng xíng lùn shù zhè wèn de wén zhāng míng wéihēi 'àn wáng guó》, zhè shì 'é guó shè huì shǐ wén xué shǐ shàng de zhòng yào wén xiàn。《 léi chū xiàn luó liú jiù xiě chū piān xīn de wén xiàn xìng lùn wénhēi 'àn wáng guó de xiàn guāng míng》。 rèn wéi léi zhù rén gōng jié lín zài zōng jiào xìnfēng jiàn shì mèi děng céng céng zhī xiàyǒng gǎn chū liǎo de kàng de tóu jìnbiāo zhì zhe zài 'é guó mìng chéng shú de xíng shì xià shàn liángměi hǎo de zhōng rěn rěnkuà chū kōng yīn de zhè shì mìng làng jiāng dào lái de xiān shēngào luò de zuò céng zài 'é guó tái shàng guǎng fàn shàng yǎnzào jiù liǎo yōu xiù de 'é guó yǎn yuán xiǎo yuàn céng yǎn chū 'ào luò de 'ér wén míng tǎn zài 1926 nián dǎo yǎn dehuǒ de xīn》, méi zài 1924 nián dǎo yǎn desēn lín》, dōuchéng liǎo zhòng de shì jiànzhí dào 20 shì 80 nián dàiào luò de xiē míng hái shì lián yuàn de bǎo liú ào luò zuò zuì zǎo jiè shào dào zhōng guó de shì léi 》。 1921 nián chū bǎn liǎo gěng zhī fān deléi 》, 1937 nián gǎi míng léi 》, zài shàng hǎi yǎn chūdào 80 nián dài zhōngzài zhōng guó yòu 20 duō jiā yuàn tuán yuàn xiào yǎn chū chú léi zhī wài, 1922 nián chū bǎn liǎo zhèng zhèn duó depín fēi zuì cén dezuì chóu》 ( shú néng guòshú néng miǎn huò》 )。《 zuì chóucéng yóu qián yíng zhāng gēng gǎi biān wéiài hèn 1936 nián zài shàng hǎi yǎn chū。《 méi yòu péi jià de rén》 ( bīng ) zhì zhě qiān yòu shī》 ( lín líng ) kàng zhàn shèng hòu xiāng zài shàng hǎi chū bǎnhòu zhě 1962 nián yóu běi jīng rén mín shù yuàn yǎn chūhái yòu xiē 'ào luò de běnhuò gǎi biān wéi zhōng guó xíng shì de ( chén bái chén gēn méi yòu péi jià de réngǎi biān dexuán zhī liàn》, yòu míngmài yóu láng》 ), huò bān shàng yín ( de zuì réngǎi biān wéi diàn yǐng 》 ), shòu dào zhōng guó rén mín de 'ài


  Nikolai Alexeevich Ostrovsky (Russian: Николай Алексеевич Островский) (29 September 1904 – 22 December 1936) was a Soviet socialist realist writer, who published his works during the Stalin era. He is best known for his renowned novel How the Steel Was Tempered on the Russian Civil War.
  
  Life
  
  Nikolai was born in the village of Viliya (Russian: Вилия) near Ostroh in the Volyn' governorate in Ukraine (Volhynia), then part of the Russian Empire, into a Ukrainian working class family. He attended a parochial school until he was nine and was an honor student. In 1914, his family moved to the railroad town of Shepetivka where Nikolai started working in the kitchens at the railroad station, a timber yard, then becoming a stoker's mate and then an electrician at the local power station. In 1917, at the age of thirteen he became a Bolshevik party activist. At the same period he contracted Ankylosing spondylitis which would later blind and paralyze him.
  
  According to the official biography, when the Germans occupied the town in spring of 1918, Nikolai ran errands for the local Bolshevik underground. In July 1918 he joined the Komsomol and the Red Army in August. He served in the Kotovsky cavalry brigade. In 1920 he was reportedly wounded near Lviv and contracted typhus. He returned to the army only to be wounded again and was demobilized on medical grounds. However, in the autobiography written by Ostrovsky himself he doesn't mention that he had served in the Red Army.
  
  In 1921, he began working in railway workshops of Kiev as an electrician and as the secretary of the local Komsomol.
  
  Suffering from rheumatism and typhus, in August 1922 he was sent to Berdyansk, a resort on the Sea of Azov, for treatment. In October 1922 he was officially declared an invalid; however he continued working. In 1923 he was appointed Commisar of the Red Army's Second Training Battalion and Komsomol secretary for Berezdov in western Ukraine. In January 1924 he went to Izyaslav as the head of Komsomol district committee and in August 1924 he joined the Communist Party. In 1925, with his health rapidly declining, he went to Kharkov for medical treatment and in May 1926 he went to a sanatorium in the Crimea. By December 1926 polyarthritis deprived him of almost all mobility and be became virtually bedridden. In December 1927 Nikolai began a correspondence course at the Sverdlov Communist University in Moscow that he completed it in June 1929. In August, he lost his vision.
  
  Undaunted by his immobility and blindness, in 1930, he began work on first novel, How the Steel Was Tempered, which became renowned and influential in the Communist world. He also wrote articles for newspapers and journals and spoke often on the radio. In April 1932 he became a member of the Moscow branch of the Association of Proletarian Writers and in June 1934 he joined the Union of Soviet Writers. On October 1, 1935, he was awarded the Order of Lenin.
  
  After suffering for years from paralysis, illness and blindness due to congenital Ankylosing spondylitis as well as complications after the typhus, Nikolai died on 22 December 1936, aged 32. His death did not allow him to complete his second novel, Born of the Storm on the Russian Civil War in Ukraine.
  Legacy
  
  His novel How the Steel Was Tempered is considered one the most influential works of Communist literature. In Moscow during the Communist period was built the Ostrovsky Museum and the Ostrovsky Humanitarian centre. The preserves his study and bedroom, while other exhibits include showcases of achievements of disabled people like Nikolai Fenomenov and Ludmilla Rogova.
  Quotations
  
   Man's dearest possession is life. It is given to him but once, and he must live it so as to feel no torturing regrets for wasted years, never know the burning shame of a mean and petty past; so live that, dying he might say: all my life, all my strength were given to the finest cause in all the world- the fight for the Liberation of Mankind.
    

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