现代中国  (1924年3月10日～2018年10月30日)

姓：	查
名：	良镛
籍贯：	浙江海宁袁花镇
 小说评论 Novel review： 《三十三剑客图》 《月下老人祠的签词》 《也谈对联》 《围棋杂谈》 《谈各国象棋》 《书的“续集”》 《钱学森夫妇的文章》 《历史性的一局棋》 《快乐和庄严》 《北国初春有所思》 《《相思曲》与小说》 《“大国者下流”》 《金庸的中国历史观》 《金庸北大演讲记录》 《金庸作品集序》 《康熙朝的机密奏折》 《韦小宝这小家伙》 《历史人物与武侠人物》 《袁崇焕评传》 作家评传 Author critical biography： 《金庸小传》 武侠 Martial Arts： 《鸳鸯刀》 《白马啸西风》 《越女剑》 《侠客行》 《飞狐外传》 《越女剑 SWORD OF THE YUEH MAIDEN》 《鹿鼎记》 《碧血剑》 《鸳鸯刀》 《白马啸西风》 《倚天屠龙记》 《射雕英雄传》 《天龙八部 Tian Long Ba Bu》 《神雕侠侣》 《连城诀》 《书剑恩仇录 The Book and The Sword》 《雪山飞狐》 《笑傲江湖》 《文汇报》：金庸对王朔猛烈批评的回复 阅读金庸 Louis Cha Leung-yung在小说之家的作品!!!

查良镛，GBM ，OBE（英语：Louis Cha Leung-yung[注 1]，1924年3月10日－2018年10月30日），笔名金庸，男，浙江海宁人，中国近现代最著名的文学家和社会活动家之一，香港四大才子之一，武侠小说泰斗，1948年起到终老，一直在香港生活。
本名查良镛，1924年生，浙江海宁人，出身望族。大学主修英文和国际法。早年曾先后于中央政校、东吴大学研读法律。历任《东南日报》记者、《大公报》编译、《新晚报》编辑以及长城电影公司编剧、导演。1959年在香港创办《明报》，任主编兼社长历35年。1955年创作第一部武侠小说《书剑恩仇录》，1972年完成《鹿鼎记》封笔，共创作武侠小说15部。
笔名来由：镛字拆开。

金庸，本名查良镛（zhā liáng yōng，英：Louis Cha），1924年2月6日出生于浙江省海宁县。金庸是新武侠小说的代表作家之一，被普遍誉为武侠小说作家的“武林泰斗”，更有“金迷”们尊称其为“金大侠”或“查大侠”。

大学主修英文和国际法。毕生从事新闻工作，曾在上海《大公报》、香港《大公报》及《新晚报》任记者、翻译、编辑，1959年创办香港《明报》，任主编兼社长历35年，期间创办《明报月刊》、《明报周刊》、新加坡《新明日报》及马来西亚《新明日报》等。

现为中国作家协会名誉副主席，《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》主要起草人之一、香港最高荣衔“大紫荆勋章” 获得者、华人作家首富。金庸著有“飞雪连天射白鹿，笑书神侠倚碧鸳”，14部脍炙人口的武侠小说。

金庸-简介
金庸
金庸，男，生于中国 浙江省 海宁县 袁花镇。1929年5月入读家乡海宁县袁花镇小学，先就读于浙江省嘉兴市第一中学（嘉兴一中），为写讽刺训导主任的文章被开除，转学去了衢州。1942年自浙江省衢州中学毕业，1944年考入中央政治大学外交系，1946年赴上海东吴法学院修习国际法课程。

自1955年的《书剑恩仇录》开始至1972年的《鹿鼎记》正式封笔，他共创作了十五部长、中、短篇小说。其作品内容丰富，情节跌宕起伏，有豪侠气概，有儿女柔肠，有奇招异法，凡此种种，引人入胜。曾被多次拍摄、制作成影视作品、电脑游戏，对当代青年的影响极其广泛。他也曾以林欢作笔名，为长城电影公司编写剧本，更曾合作导演过两部电影，也曾以姚馥兰为笔名撰写电影评论。

早年在香港 《大公报》、《新晚报》和长城电影公司任职。后创办香港《明报》、新加坡《新明日报》和马来西亚《新明日报》等，形成《明报》集团公司。查良镛先生五十年代中期起应报社之约，开始写作连载性的武侠小说。到七十年代初写完《鹿鼎记》而封笔，共完成了十五部。他曾用其中十四部书名的第一个字串在一起，编成“飞雪连天射白鹿，笑书神侠倚碧鸳”的对联。

他的小说既继承了传统白话小说的语言风格，又对旧式武侠小说从思想内容到艺术手法作了全面的革新。这些作品以古代生活为题材，却体现出现代精神，同时富有深厚的文化内涵，因而赢得亿万读者的喜爱，达到雅俗共赏的境界。金庸不仅是杰出的小说大师，同时又是一位出色的社评家。他写有近两万篇社评、短评，切中时弊，笔锋雄健犀利，产生了很大影响，曾被人赞誉为“亚洲第一社评家”。
金庸-写作生涯
金庸是香港著名的新闻工作者和社会活动家，也是中国著名的文学家和学者。金庸毕生从事新闻工作，是华人世界中卓有成就的报人。金庸早期曾在上海《大公报》、香港《大公报》和《新晚报》先后当过记者、翻译和编辑。


金庸
于1959年，他亲手创办了香港《明报》，之后又相继创办了《明报月刊》和《明报周刊》，并在新加坡创办了《新明日报》、在马来西亚创办了《新明日报》。
自1959年至1993年，金庸曾担任香港《明报》社长、董事长、名誉董事长。在此期间，金庸为《明报》撰写社评二十余年，出版有《香港的前途》等中英文政论集。为此，金庸于1981年获英国授以“英帝国官佐勋”衔(OBE)，于1992年获法国总统授以"荣誉军团骑士勋衔"、奖励其对新闻事业、政治、评论、文学创作及文化交流的贡献。金庸于七十年代至八十年代，担任香港廉政专员公署市民咨询委员会召集人和香港法律改革委员会委员。
自1985年至今，他还历任中华人民共和国 香港特别行政区基本法起草委员会委员、政治体制小组负责人之一，基本法咨询委员会执行委员会委员，以及中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会香港特别行政区筹备委员会委员。金庸于2000年荣获香港特别行政区颁授最高荣誉大紫荆勋章。

2001年国际天文学会以“金庸星”命名北京天文台发现的一颗小行星。
金庸-个人家事
金庸甜蜜结婚照曝光
著名诗人徐志摩是金庸的表兄，有人认为《书剑恩仇录》中陈家洛的形象是来自于金庸心中徐志摩的形象。

金庸是琼瑶的远亲，金庸的堂妹为琼瑶的舅母。

金庸堂兄弟查良鉴曾任中华民国法务部部长、中华民国最高法院院长，其弟查良钊，人在台湾。

近代著名翻译家和诗人穆旦（原名查良铮）为金庸远房堂兄。
金庸表哥蒋复璁曾任台湾故宫博物院院长（撰于《连城诀》后记）。

台湾摇滚乐团樱桃帮主唱查查〈本名查家雯〉是金庸侄孙女。
金庸结过三次婚，第一任妻子叫杜治芬，因婚外情背离了他。第二任妻子叫朱玫，却是金庸生了婚外情，背离了她。金庸和朱玫是1956年5月1日结婚的，当时金庸还在《大公报》工作，用笔名林欢写着影评。夫妇二人在现在的坚尼地道二号租房居住，生下了他们的大儿子查传侠。能与亿万富豪金庸白头偕老的女子叫林乐怡（洋名阿May），即金庸的第三任也是现任妻子。她认识金庸时才16岁，比金庸小20多岁。他们俩是在北角丽池一间酒店里擦出爱的火花的。
金庸-笔名缘起
当年金庸与梁羽生订下武侠小说之约时，曾想过笔名的问题。后来决定把自己名字的“镛”字一分为二，成为“金庸”。这就成为了他的笔名。金庸先生也用过其他的笔名，例如用姚馥兰(英文“你的朋友[Your Friend]”音译)写影话，如用林欢这笔名写影话也写电影剧本，在读者中间也曾留下印象。但比起用金庸这笔名写武侠小说来，就远不如它的家喻户晓，妇孺皆知。
金庸-荣誉奖项
金庸一生获颁荣衔甚多，其中包括：
英国政府OBE勋衔（1981年）、法国政府荣誉军团骑士勋衔（1992年）、法国文化部法国艺术及文学司令勋衔（2004年]）；

英国牛津大学、剑桥大学、新加坡东亚研究所荣誉院士；

香港大学、香港理工大学、香港公开大学、加拿大UBC大学名誉博士；

日本创价大学、香港大学、北京大学、南开大学、浙江大学、广州中山大学、四川大学、华东师范大学、杭州大学、苏州大学、清华大学等校名誉教授；

浙江大学人文学院院长（非名誉或荣誉职位，见CCTV央视专访）；

浙江大学人文学院教授（终身制，非名誉或荣誉职位）、博士生导师；

1998年，获香港市政局颁授的“文学创作终身成就奖”；获香港（及海外）文学艺术协会颁授“当代文豪金龙奖”，同获此奖的还有巴金和冰心。

2000年，获香港政府颁赠的最高荣誉大紫荆勋章。

2001年，国际天文学会将一颗由北京天文台发现的编号10930的小行星命名为“金庸”。

2003年3月，位于澳门新马路的文化会馆开设金庸图书馆，金庸亲临开幕并任荣誉顾问，馆藏中国、英国、日本、泰国、印度尼西亚版金庸小说。

2005年，剑桥大学授予金庸荣誉文学博士名衔，金庸随即以81岁高龄赴剑桥大学攻读历史学博士，预计两到三年完成学业。

2006年，於12月完成剑桥大学硕士论文《初唐皇位继承制度》（The imperial succession in early Tang China）。

2005年10月，金庸先生以年事已高和想去剑桥大学进修研究为由，提出辞去浙大人文学院院长职务，学校曾再三恳留。不久前，金庸再次请辞，学校经过认真研究，尊重金先生意愿，同时恭请担任浙江大学人文学院名誉院长。授聘仪式于2007年月11月25日举行。
2010年9月，武侠小说名家金庸(查良镛)86岁考获英国剑桥大学博士。

公职
香港廉政公署市民咨询委员会召集人、法律改革委员会委员（20世纪70年代至80年代）
香港基本法起草委员会委员、政治体制小组负责人，香港基本法咨询委员会执行委员会委员（1985年至1989年）
全国人大常委香港筹委会委员（1996年至1997年）
中国作家协会第七届全国委员会名誉副主席（2009年9月-）。
金庸-作品
金庸作品
《射雕英雄传》(1957年)
小说作品
金庸曾把所创作的小说名称的首字联成一副对联：飞雪连天射白鹿，笑书神侠倚碧鸳。（见《鹿鼎记·后记》）现在已经广为流传并多次被香港和中国内地拍成电视剧与电影，也是“金迷”的必读书目（括号内为该书开始创作年份）：
飞─《飞狐外传》(1960年)
雪─《雪山飞狐》(1959年)
连─《连城诀》(1963年)
天─《天龙八部》(1963年)
射─《射雕英雄传》(1957年)－－金庸“射雕三部曲”之第一部曲，也是其成名作；被金庸小说的读者称为“侠文化的歌颂”
白─《白马啸西风》(1961年)－－附在“雪山飞狐”之后的短篇小说
鹿─《鹿鼎记》(1969年)（封笔之作）
笑─《笑傲江湖》(1967年)
书─《书剑恩仇录》(1955年)－－第一部小说
神─《神雕侠侣》(1959年)－－金庸“射雕三部曲”之第二部曲，被金庸小说读者称为“情的赞美”
侠─《侠客行》(1965年)
倚─《倚天屠龙记》(1961年)－－金庸“射雕三部曲”之第三部曲
碧─《碧血剑》(1956年)
鸳─《鸳鸯刀》(1961年)－－附在“雪山飞狐”之后的短篇小说
《越女剑》(1970年)－－金庸本意为“卅三剑客图”各写一篇短篇小说，最后只完成了头一篇《越女剑》，亦没有包含在对联之中。

简单来说，金庸的武侠小说经历三个版本：旧版、新版和新修版。1955年至1972年的稿件称为旧版，主要刊在报刊，也有不少没有版权的单行本，现在恐已散佚。1970年起，金庸著手修订所有作品，至1980年全部修订完毕；是为新版，冠名《金庸作品集》，由明河社出版。到了1999年，金庸重新开始修订工作，正名为新修版（或世纪新修版），至今所有新版本均已完成。
每一次修订，情节都有所改动。新修版的故事细节和结局也略有改变，引来不少回响。目前两岸三地的出版分别授权于广州的广州出版社（2005年底开始出版，代替原来的三联书店）、台湾的远流出版社、香港的明河社。题外话：著名科幻、武侠小说家倪匡先生是金庸先生的好友，曾在金庸外游时代笔《天龙八部》。


外文翻译版本
金庸若干作品已被翻译成英文、泰文、越南文、法文、马来文、日文、韩文等在海外流传。其中以日文与英文的最多：
日文版：
《书剣恩仇录》（全4巻、原名：书剑恩仇录、译：冈崎由美）
《碧血剣》（全3巻、原名：碧血剑、监修：冈崎由美、译：小岛早依）
《秘曲 笑傲江湖》（全7巻、原名：笑傲江湖、监修：冈崎由美、译：小岛瑞纪）
《雪山飞狐》（全1巻、原名：雪山飞狐、监修：冈崎由美、译：林久之）
《射雕英雄伝》（全5巻、原名：射雕英雄传、监修：冈崎由美、译：金海南）
《连城诀》（全2巻、原名：连城诀、监修：冈崎由美、译：阿部敦子）
《神雕剣侠》（全5巻、原名：神雕侠侣、訳：冈崎由美・松田京子）
《倚天屠龙记》（全5巻、原名：倚天屠龙记、监修：冈崎由美、译：林久之・阿部敦子）
《越女剣》（全1巻、原名：白马啸西风、鸳鸯刀、越女剑、监修：冈崎由美、译：林久之・伊藤未央）
《飞狐外伝》（全3巻、原名：飞狐外传、监修：冈崎由美、译：阿部敦子）
《天龙八部》（全8巻、原名：天龙八部、监修：冈崎由美、译：土屋文子）
《鹿鼎记》（全8巻、原名：鹿鼎记、译：冈崎由美・小岛瑞纪）
英文版：
The Book and the Sword（《书剑恩仇录》，全一册）牛津大学出版社，译：恩沙（Graham Earnshaw）；监修：闵福德（John Minford）、Rachel May
The Deer and the Cauldron（《鹿鼎记》，3册））牛津大学出版社，译：闵福德（John Minford）
The Legend of the Condor Heroes（《射雕英雄传》）已停止
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain（《雪山飞狐》，全一册）香港中文大学出版社，译：莫锦屏（Olivia Mok）


其它作品
《三剑楼随笔》（与梁羽生、百剑堂主合著）
《袁崇焕评传》（文化普及性作品，非学术性著作，收录在《碧血剑》中）
《三十三剑客图》（又名《卅三剑客图》）
《金庸散文集》
《月云》（带有自传性质的短篇小说）
约两万篇社论，如《宁要裤子，不要核弹》、《火速！救命！——请立刻组织抢救对上梧桐山》、《巨大的痛苦和不幸》、《自来皇帝不喜太子》等，在大陆未结集出版。
是《香港基本法》主要起草人之一。
另外，还有《韦小宝这小家伙》、《一国两制和自由人权》等诸多文学评论、散文、及由他人整理的演讲稿。


《神雕侠侣》

改编成电视电影作品
金庸小说作品除了以小说流传，更有改编成电视、电影、漫画、动画、电脑游戏、及相关主题曲，深入全球华人社会的民心。
《天龙八部》
1977，电影，邵氏公司，导演鲍学礼，李修贤饰段誉，恬妞饰木婉清，林珍奇饰钟灵。
1982，电视，香港无线，梁家仁饰乔峰，黄日华饰虚竹，汤镇业饰段誉，石修饰慕容复，陈玉莲饰王语嫣，黄杏秀饰阿朱／钟灵，杨盼盼饰木婉清。
1991，电视，台湾中视，惠天赐饰乔峰，关礼杰饰段誉，崔浩然饰慕蓉复，宋岗陵饰王语嫣。
1994，电影，《新天龙八部之天山童姥》（香港）钱永强，编剧张炭。林青霞饰李沧海，巩俐饰童姥，张敏饰阿紫，徐少强饰丁春秋。
1997，电视，香港无线，《新天龙八部》，黄日华饰乔峰，陈浩民饰段誉，张国强饰慕蓉复，李若彤饰王语嫣。
2003，电视，大陆，制片人张纪中，胡军饰乔峰，林志颖饰段誉，修庆饰慕蓉复，刘亦菲饰王语嫣，刘涛饰阿朱，钟丽缇饰马夫人康敏。

《射雕英雄传》
1976，电视，香港佳视，白彪饰郭靖，梁小龙饰杨康，米雪饰黄蓉。
1977，电影，邵氏公司，傅声饰郭靖，恬妞饰黄蓉，李修贤饰欧阳克，李艺民饰杨康，惠英红饰穆念慈，谷峰饰洪七公，郭追饰周伯通。
1983，电视，香港无线，黄日华饰郭靖，翁美玲饰黄蓉，苗侨伟饰杨康。
1988，电视，台湾中视，黄文豪饰郭靖，潘宏彬饰杨康，陈玉莲饰黄蓉。
1992，电视，香港无线，《中神通王重阳》 郑伊健饰王重阳，梁佩玲饰林朝英。
1993，电视，香港无线，《射雕英雄传之九阴真经》 姜大卫饰黄药师，梁佩玲饰冯蘅。
1993，电影，《射雕英雄传之东成西就》，学者电影公司，导演刘镇伟，张学友饰洪七公，张国荣饰黄药师，梁家辉饰段智兴，梁朝伟饰欧阳峰，刘嘉玲饰周伯通，钟镇涛饰王重阳。
1994，电视，香港无线，张智霖饰郭靖，罗嘉良饰杨康，朱茵饰黄蓉，关宝慧饰穆念慈。
1994，电视，《射雕英雄传之南帝北丐》，香港无线，郑伊健饰段智兴(展智兴)，魏骏杰饰洪七，黄小燕饰程雪芯，陈加玲饰刘瑛，陈慧仪饰苗思恩，黎耀祥饰周伯通。
1994，电影，《东邪西毒》，学者电影公司，导演王家卫，张国荣饰欧阳锋、林青霞饰慕容燕／慕容嫣，梁家辉饰黄药师，梁朝伟饰盲剑客，张学友饰洪七公，刘嘉玲饰桃花。
2003，电视，大陆，制片人张纪中，李亚鹏饰郭靖，周迅饰黄蓉。
2008,电视，香港唐人公司，导演李国立，胡歌饰郭靖，林依晨饰黄蓉。

《神雕侠侣》
1960，电视4集，香港粤语长片，谢贤饰杨过，南红饰小龙女。
1982，《杨过与小龙女》，邵氏公司，张国荣饰杨过，翁静晶饰小龙女。
1976，电视，香港佳视，罗乐林饰杨过，李通明饰小龙女。
1982，电影，邵氏公司，傅声饰杨过，黄淑仪饰小龙女。
1983，电视，香港无线，刘德华饰杨过，陈玉莲饰小龙女。
1984，电视，台湾中视，孟飞饰杨过，潘迎紫饰小龙女。
1995，电视，香港无线31集，古天乐饰杨过，李若彤饰小龙女。
1998，电视，新加坡电视机构，李铭顺饰杨过，范文芳饰小龙女。
1998，电视，台湾台视47集，任贤齐饰杨过，吴倩莲饰小龙女。
2006，电视，大陆，40集，制片人张纪中，黄晓明饰杨过，刘亦菲饰小龙女。

《倚天屠龙记》
1978，电影，邵氏公司，尔冬陞饰张无忌，井莉饰赵敏，余安安饰周芷若。
1979，电视，香港无线，郑少秋饰张无忌，汪明荃饰赵敏，赵雅芝饰周芷若。
1984，电视，台湾台视，刘德凯饰张无忌，刘玉璞饰赵敏，喻可欣饰周芷若。
1986，电视，香港无线，梁朝伟饰张无忌，黎美娴饰赵敏，邓萃雯饰周芷若。
1993，电影，《倚天屠龙记之魔教教主》，永盛电影公司，李连杰饰张无忌，张敏饰赵敏，黎姿饰周芷若，邱淑贞饰小昭。
1993，电视，台湾台视，马景涛饰张无忌，叶童饰赵敏，周海媚饰周芷若，孙兴饰杨逍。
2000，电视，香港无线，吴启华饰张无忌，黎姿饰赵敏，佘诗曼饰周芷若。
2003，电视，台湾华视，苏有朋饰张无忌，贾静雯饰赵敏，高圆圆饰周芷若。

《鹿鼎记》
1977，电视，香港佳视，文雪儿饰韦小宝，程思俊饰康熙。
1983，电影，香港，汪禹饰韦小宝，刘家辉饰康熙。
1984，电视，香港无线，梁朝伟饰韦小宝，刘德华饰康熙，商天娥饰阿珂／陈圆圆，刘嘉玲饰方怡。
1984，电视，台湾中视，李小飞饰韦小宝，周绍栋饰康熙，贝心瑜饰双儿。
1992，电影，寰亚综艺电影公司，周星驰饰韦小宝，温兆伦饰康熙，邱淑贞饰建宁公主，林青霞饰神龙教主，徐锦江饰鳌拜，刘松仁饰陈近南，张敏饰太后。
1998，电视，香港无线，陈小春饰韦小宝，马浚伟饰康熙，梁小冰饰阿珂／陈圆圆。
2000，电视，台湾华视，张卫健饰韦小宝，谭耀文饰康熙，朱茵饰阿珂，林心如饰建宁公主，郑伊健饰陈近南。
2006，电视，大陆，制片人张纪中，正在拍摄中，黄晓明饰韦小宝，應采兒飾阿珂。
《笑傲江湖》
1978，电影，邵氏公司，汪禹饰令狐冲，施思饰任盈盈。
1984，电视，香港无线，周润发饰令狐冲，陈秀珠饰任盈盈，戚美珍饰岳灵珊，董玮饰林平之。
1985，电视，台湾台视，梁家仁饰令狐冲，刘雪华饰任盈盈，应采灵饰岳灵珊。
1990，电影，金公主娱乐，许冠杰饰令狐冲，张敏饰任盈盈，叶童饰岳灵珊，张学友饰林平之。
1992，电影，《笑傲江湖Ⅱ东方不败》，（金公主娱乐），李连杰饰令狐冲，关芝琳饰任盈盈，李嘉欣饰岳灵珊，林青霞饰东方不败。
1996，电视，香港无线，吕颂贤饰令狐冲， 梁佩玲饰任盈盈，陈采岚饰岳灵珊。
2000，电视，台湾中视，任贤齐饰令狐冲，袁咏仪饰任盈盈，陈德容饰岳灵珊。
2000，电视，新加坡电视机构，马景涛饰令狐冲，范文芳饰任盈盈，李锦梅饰岳灵珊，郑秀珍饰东方不败。
2001，电视，大陆央视，制片人张纪中，李亚鹏饰令狐冲，许晴饰任盈盈。
《书剑恩仇录》
1976，电视，香港无线，郑少秋饰陈家洛／福康安／乾隆，汪明荃饰霍青桐，余安安饰香香公主，李司棋饰洛冰。
1981，电影，邵氏公司，狄龙饰陈家洛，白彪饰乾隆。
1986，电视，台湾台视《书剑江山》游天龙饰陈家洛／乾隆，森森饰霍青桐，杨丽音饰香香公主。
1987，电视，香港无线，彭文坚饰陈家洛，罗慧娟饰霍青桐，梁佩玲饰香香公主，任达华饰乾隆，黎美娴饰李沅芷。
1987，电影，许鞍华导演（因片长过长而将下半部改名为《香香公主》分别上映）。
1992，电视，台湾华视48集，导演鞠觉亮， 何家劲饰陈家洛，沈孟生饰乾隆，刘雪华饰霍青桐，傅娟饰香香公主，龙隆饰张召重，金玉岚饰洛冰，于佳卉饰李沅芷。
1994，电视，大陆央视，黄海冰饰陈家洛，王卫国饰乾隆，王菁华饰霍青桐，杨雅娜饰香香公主。
2002，电视，台湾中视、香港唐人公司、新加坡报业传讯，赵文卓饰陈家洛，陈昭荣饰乾隆，关咏荷饰霍青桐，颜颖思饰香香公主，谢君豪饰余鱼同，孙莉饰李沅芷，梁荣忠饰徐天宏。

《雪山飞狐》

笑傲江湖
1977，电视，香港佳视，卫子云(胡一刀/胡斐) 白彪(苗人凤) 罗乐林(田归农) 马海伦(胡夫人) 文雪儿(程灵素) 米雪(袁紫衣) 李通明(苗若兰)
1986，电视，香港无线，吕良伟(胡一刀/胡斐) 谢贤(苗人凤) 曾江(田归农) 赵雅芝(马春花) 陈秀珠(苗夫人南兰) 戚美珍(胡夫人) 景黛音(程灵素) 周秀兰(袁紫衣) 曾华倩(苗若兰) 黄允材(福康安/陈家洛)
1991，电视，台湾，孟飞(胡一刀/胡斐) 龚慈恩(程灵素) 伍宇娟(袁紫衣/袁银姑/圆性) 林炜(福康安/陈家洛) 吕莹盈(马春花) 慕思成(苗人凤) 汤镇宗(田归农)
1998，电视，香港无线，黄日华(胡一刀) 陈锦鸿(胡斐) 佘诗曼(苗若兰) 张兆辉(田归农) 尹扬明(苗人凤) 魏骏杰(福安康/陈家洛) 滕丽明(袁紫衣+马春花-合成新角:聂桑青)
《飞狐外传》
1977，电视，与雪山飞狐合成一剧，剧名仍作雪山飞狐，香港佳视，卫子云饰胡斐， 文雪儿饰程灵素。
1993，电影，嘉禾电影公司，导演潘文杰，黎明饰胡斐，李嘉欣饰程灵素。
碧血剑
1977，电视，香港佳视　陈强饰袁承志，文雪儿饰温青青，石天饰金蛇郎君，李通明饰阿九。
1985，电视，香港无线，黄日华饰袁承志，庄静而饰温青青，毛舜筠饰阿九，苗侨伟饰金蛇郎君。
1993，电影，《新碧血剑》，永盛电影公司，元彪饰袁承志，张敏饰阿九，李修贤饰金蛇郎君。
2000，电视，香港无线，林家栋饰袁承志，欧子欣饰温青青，佘诗曼饰阿九，江华饰金蛇郎君。 　
2006，电视，大陆，总导演、制片人张纪中，正在拍摄中。窦智孔饰袁承志，黄圣依饰温青青，焦恩俊饰金蛇郎君，郭金饰何红药。

《侠客行》
1985，电视，台湾华视，莫少聪 (石中玉 石破天)
1989，电视，香港无线，梁朝伟 (石中玉 石破天)
2001，电视，40集，内蒙古电视台王新民导演，吴健扮演石破天，周莉扮演丁当。

《连城诀》
1989，电视，香港无线，郭晋安饰狄云，黎美娴饰戚芳。
2004，电视，30集，内蒙古电视台王新民导演，吴越扮演狄云，何美钿扮演戚芳，舒畅扮演水笙，杜志国扮演万震山，六小龄童扮演花铁干。
《越女剑》
1986‧电视，丽的电视 李赛凤饰阿青，岳华饰范蠡。
漠漠轻寒上小楼，晓阴无赖似穷秋
金庸-学术研究

金庸
金庸研究涉及法律、历史和佛学诸领域，他曾发表多篇论文，如《色蕴论》、《袁崇焕评传》、《成吉思汗及其家族》、《全真教考》，等待。他于香港大学设立了“查良镛学术基金”，并担任主席，邀请各国学者定期举行学术讲座和研讨会。

自八十年代至今，金庸先后获得香港大学、香港理工大学、香港公开大学、加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学和日本创价大学授以博士学位，并获得香港大学、加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学、中国的北京大学、南开大学、苏州大学和台湾国立清华大学聘任为名誉教授，以及英国牛津大学圣安东尼学院、慕莲学院，英国剑桥大学 鲁宾森学院及李约瑟研究院、澳洲 墨尔本大学和新加坡 东亚研究所选为荣誉院士。

金庸现任浙江大学 人文学院院长、教授、博士生导师；英国牛津大学 汉学研究院高级研究员；加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学文学院兼任教授；香港明河集团有限公司主席。
金庸-金学研究
由于金庸小说深受欢迎，不少文字工作者都提笔撰写感想、书评，於是就有了“金学”一词。不过金庸本身对这名称有点抗拒，认为有高攀专研红楼梦的红学之嫌。现在大多统称“金庸小说研究”。而最先“研究”金庸小说，倪匡第一人。


金庸
当台湾“远景”取得金庸小说版权後，出版一系列由沈登恩主编的“金学研究丛书”，由旗下著名作家分别评论金庸小说，分别有五集《诸子百家看金庸》（三毛、董千里、罗龙治、林燕妮、翁灵文、杜南发等）、杨兴安的《漫谈金庸笔下世界》及《续谈金庸笔下世界》、温瑞安的《谈笑傲江湖》、《析雪山飞狐与鸳鸯刀》及《天龙八部欣赏举隅》、《情之探索与神雕侠侣》（陈沛然）、《读金庸偶得》（舒国治）、《金庸的武侠世界》（苏墱基）、《话说金庸》（潘国森）及《通宵达旦读金庸》（薛兴国）等，其中倪匡写的《我看金庸小说》大受欢迎，一看再看直到五看才告一段落。

期间“博益”及“明窗”亦出版了一系列名人谈金庸的丛书，当时任职《明报》督印人的吴霭仪亦写了《金庸小说的男子》、《金庸小说看人生》、《金庸小说的女子》及《金庸小说的情》，杨兴安的《金庸笔下世界》。当金庸小说在内地正式授权出版後，“金庸小说研究”更为热闹，除小说内容、人物、历史背景以至武功招式及饮食菜谱等，不一而足。其中比较不同版本之间的差别更是研究的重点。现时只有陈墨和潘国森依然经常评论金庸小说。

金学研究书目（普及类）：
孔庆东：《笑书神侠》、《醉眼看金庸》、《金庸侠语》
倪匡：《我看金庸小说》、《再看金庸小说》、《三看金庸小说》、《四看金庸小说》、《五看金庸小说》（下半部为陈沛然所著）
吴霭仪：《金庸小说的男子》、《金庸小说看人生》、《金庸小说的女子》、《金庸小说的情》
杨兴安：《金庸笔下世界》、《金庸小说十谈》
项庄（董千里）：《金庸小说评弹》
合著：《诸子百家看金庸》（五辑）
金庸-人物评价
金庸
金庸著述甚丰，迄今为止他已写下十五部长篇小说，分别为： 《书剑恩仇录》 、《碧血剑》、《射鵰英雄传》、《神鵰侠侣》、《雪山飞狐》、《飞狐外传》、《倚天屠龙记》、《连城诀》、《天龙八部》、《侠客行》、《笑傲江湖》、《鹿鼎记》、《鸳鸯刀》、《白马啸西风》、《越女剑》。其中若干部小说已译成英文、日文、法文、泰文、越文、马来文及朝鲜文等在海外出版发行。同时，这十五部作品均被改编为电视连续剧、广播剧和舞台剧等，陆续在世界各地上演。金庸于五十年代下半叶至六十年代初，还曾担任香港长城电影公司的编剧和导演，创作了十余部电影剧本，其中《绝代佳人》获中华人民共和国文化部金章奖。此外，金庸还为报刊杂志撰写大量的随笔、散文、电影短评和戏剧评论。

与诺贝尔文学奖金
庸能不能拿诺贝尔文学奖这一争论从上世纪90年代末起就有争论，曾有好事之人发出了《一份授予金庸诺贝尔文学奖的倡议书》，附合者有之，反对者有之，恶搞者亦有之。

2002年网络著名流氓组织红通社的创始人之一会飞的猪曾经恶搞过一篇《金庸终获诺贝尔文学奖》一文，结果被作家信以为真，转载至网站头条，被引为笑谈。
金庸-与金庸有关的游戏
网游《金庸群侠传》
网络游戏
：《金庸群侠传1》、《金庸群侠传2》、《天龙八部》

单机游戏：新神雕侠侣，新神雕侠侣2情缘之约

魔兽RPG游戏：梦幻金庸群侠传，金庸群侠传，新金庸群侠传1，新金庸群侠传2，倚天屠龙记，天龙八部，笑傲江湖2五岳剑派，笑傲江湖，笑傲江湖2外传东方再起，天龙八部之六脉神剑，鹿鼎记，射雕英雄传，神雕，神雕2，真.倚天屠龙记
金庸-获得剑桥大学博士
2010年9月，武侠小说名家金庸(查良镛)86岁考获英国剑桥大学博士，金庸的老师、剑桥汉学名誉教授麦大维(David McMullen)表示，金庸的博士论文研究唐代盛世时期，东宫太子继承皇位制度，由开国的唐高祖说到唐玄宗，不单生动刻划了古代太子的礼节、职责、继位仪式及东宫的影响力，更透过整合正史、野史，分析太子继位牵涉的宫廷政治及权力斗争。

2010年7月，剑桥大学决定向金庸颁授哲学博士学位。金庸和其它博士生一样，撰写论文的过程中会拿着草稿跟麦大维多次讨论修订。金庸申请念博士时，已获剑桥颁授荣誉博士。金庸曾说自己追求的不是学位，而是学问，而他获剑桥取录的条件是：博士论文一定要有创见。
金庸-2010中国作家富豪榜
2010年11月15日，《2010年度中国作家富豪榜》出炉，金庸以350万元的年版税收入排名第十二。
香港四大才子
收起
香港四大才子指的是香港四名出色文人，分别为金庸、倪匡、黄霑和蔡澜，四人各有所长，而且均为好友，也是腹中饱有文学之辈，因而合称香港四大才子。四人中，黄霑已因癌病于2004年逝世，当时是一件轰动香港的大事。四大才子是一个时代的象征，是香港文化的一个缩影，是一段富有传奇色彩的里程碑。在我们谈及香港文化的时候，希望我们的脑际随时可以想起：写流行曲的沾叔与写科幻的倪匡、写美食的蔡澜和写武侠的金庸，他们并称为“香港四大才子”。
人物 生卒 籍贯 擅长 代表作
金庸 1924---- 浙江海宁 武侠、时评 《飞狐外传》； 《倚天屠龙记》《神雕侠侣》；《射雕英雄传》
倪匡 1935--- 上海 侦探、武侠、言情 《六指琴魔》；卫斯理系列；浪子高达系列
黄霑 1941--2004 广州 写作、作词 《上海滩》；《铁血丹心》；《沧海一声笑》；《我的中国心》
蔡澜 1941-- 广东潮州 制片人、美食家、作家 《今夜不设防》；《忙里偷闲》；《附庸风雅》；《狂又何妨》

Louis Cha Leung-yung GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; 6 February 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong (Chinese: 金庸), pronounced "Gum Yoong" in Cantonese, was a Chinese wuxia ("martial arts and chivalry") novelist and essayist who co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Pao in 1959 and served as its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer.

His wuxia novels have a widespread following in Chinese communities worldwide. His 15 works written between 1955 and 1972 earned him a reputation as one of the greatest and most popular wuxia writers ever. By the time of his death he was the best-selling Chinese author, and over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide (not including an unknown number of pirated copies). According to The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature, Jin Yong's novels are considered to be of very high quality and are able to appeal to both highbrow and lowbrow tastes. His works have the unusual ability to transcend geographical and ideological barriers separating Chinese communities of the world, achieving a greater success than any other contemporary Hong Kong writer.

His works have been translated into many languages including English, French, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, Malay and Indonesian. He has many fans outside of Chinese-speaking areas, as a result of the numerous adaptations of his works into films, television series, comics and video games.

The asteroid 10930 Jinyong (1998 CR₂) is named after him.

Jin Yong is named along with Gu Long and Liang Yusheng as the "Three Legs of the Tripod of Wuxia".

Early life

Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (海寧查氏), whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭; died 1727). His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (查文清), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (查樞卿), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s. Zha Shuqing was later posthumously declared innocent in the 1980s.

Cha was an avid reader of literature from an early age, especially wuxia and classical fiction. He was once expelled from his high school for openly criticising the Nationalist government as autocratic. He studied at Jiaxing No. 1 Middle School in 1937 but was expelled in 1941. He continued his high school education at Quzhou No. 1 Secondary School and graduated in 1943.

Education

Cha was admitted to the Department of Foreign Languages at the Central University of Political Affairs in Chongqing. Cha later dropped out of the school. He took the entrance exam and gained admission to the Faculty of Law at Soochow University, where he majored in international law with the intention of pursuing a career in the foreign service.

In 2005, Cha applied at Cambridge University for a doctorate in Asian Studies, which he obtained in 2010. In 2009, Cha applied for another doctorate in Chinese literature at Peking University, which he earned in 2013.

Career

Cha was a journalist. When Cha was transferred to New Evening Post (of British Hong Kong) as Deputy Editor, he met Chen Wentong, who wrote his first wuxia novel under the pseudonym "Liang Yusheng" in 1953. Chen and Cha became good friends and it was under the former's influence that Cha began work on his first serialised martial arts novel, The Book and the Sword, in 1955. In 1957, while still working on wuxia serialisations, he quit his previous job and worked as a scenarist-director and scriptwriter at Great Wall Movie Enterprises Ltd and Phoenix Film Company.

In 1959, Cha co-founded the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao with his high school classmate Shen Baoxin (沈寶新). Cha served as its editor-in-chief for years, writing both serialised novels and editorials, amounting to some 10,000 Chinese characters per day. His novels also earned him a large readership. Cha completed his last wuxia novel in 1972, after which he officially retired from writing novels, and spent the remaining years of that decade editing and revising his literary works instead. The first complete definitive edition of his works appeared in 1979. In 1980, Cha wrote a postscript to Wu Gongzao's taiji classic Wu Jia Taijiquan, where he described influences from as far back as Laozi and Zhuangzi on contemporary Chinese martial arts.

By then, Cha's wuxia novels had gained great popularity in Chinese-speaking areas. All of his novels have since been adapted into films, TV shows and radio dramas in Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. The important characters in his novels are so well known to the public that they can be alluded to with ease between all three regions.

In the late 1970s, Cha was involved in Hong Kong politics. After Deng Xiaoping, a Jin Yong fan, came to power and initiated the reform and opening-up process, Cha became the first non-Communist Hong Konger to meet with Deng. He was a member of the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting committee but resigned in protest after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989. He was also part of the Preparatory Committee set up in 1996 by the Chinese government to monitor the 1997 transfer of sovereignty.

In 1993, Cha prepared for retirement from editorial work and sold all his shares in Ming Pao.

Personal life

Cha's parents were Zha Shuqing (查樞卿) and Xu Lu (徐祿). He had four brothers and two sisters, and was the second oldest among the seven of them. His brothers were Zha Liangjian (查良鏗; 1916–1988), Zha Lianghao (查良浩; b. 1934), Zha Liangdong (查良棟; fl. 1930s) and Zha Liangyu (查良鈺; b. 1936). His sisters were Zha Liangxiu (查良琇; b. 1926) and Zha Liangxuan (查良璇; 1928–2002).

Cha married three times. His first wife was Du Zhifen (杜治芬), whom he married in 1948 but divorced later. In 1953, he married his second wife, Zhu Mei (朱玫), a newspaper journalist. They had two sons and two daughters: Zha Chuanxia (查傳俠), Zha Chuanti (查傳倜), Zha Chuanshi (查傳詩) and Zha Chuanne (查傳訥). Cha divorced Zhu in 1976 and married his third wife, Lin Leyi (林樂怡; b. 1953), who was 29 years his junior and 16 years old when they married. In 1976, his son Zha Chuanxia, then 19 years old, committed suicide after a quarrel with his girlfriend while studying at Columbia University.

Death

On 30 October 2018, Cha died after a long illness at the Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong, aged 94.

His funeral service was held privately at Hong Kong Funeral Home in Quarry Bay in 13 November 2018 with his family and friends, with well known figures including writers Ni Kuang, Chua Lam, Chip Tsao, Benny Lee, producer Zhang Jizhong, actor Huang Xiaoming, former President of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Poon Chung-kwong, image designer Tina Liu, politicians Tung Chee-hwa and Edward Leong, and founder of Alibaba Group Jack Ma among them in attendance.

At noon, his coffin was moved to Po Lin Monastery at Ngong Ping, Lantau Island, where he was cremated and his ashes was interred at the Hoi Wui Tower’s columbarium.

Decorations and conferments

In addition to his wuxia novels, Cha also wrote many non-fiction works on Chinese history. For his achievements, he received many honours.

Cha was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by the British government in 1981. He was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur (1992) and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (2004) by the French government.

Cha was also an honorary professor at Peking University, Zhejiang University, Nankai University, Soochow University, Huaqiao University, National Tsing Hua University, Hong Kong University (Department of Chinese Studies), the University of British Columbia, and Sichuan University. Cha was an honorary doctor at National Chengchi University, Hong Kong University (Department of Social Science), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, the Open University of Hong Kong, the University of British Columbia, Soka University and the University of Cambridge. He was also an honorary fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford and Robinson College, Cambridge, and a Waynflete Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.

When receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge in 2004, Cha expressed his wish to be a full-time student at Cambridge for four years to attain a non-honorary doctorate. In July 2010, Cha earned his Doctor of Philosophy in oriental studies (Chinese history) at St John's College, Cambridge with a thesis on imperial succession in the early Tang dynasty.

Novels

Cha wrote a total of 15 fictional works, of which one ("Sword of the Yue Maiden") is a short story and the other 14 are novels and novellas of varying lengths. Most of his novels were first published in daily instalments in newspapers, then later in book editions. The novels are:

English title	Chinese title[T 1]	Date of first publication	First published publication	Character count
The Book and the Sword	書劍恩仇錄	8 February 1955 – 5 September 1956	New Evening Post	513,000
Sword Stained with Royal Blood	碧血劍	1 January 1956 – 31 December 1956	Hong Kong Commercial Daily	488,000
The Legend of the Condor Heroes	射鵰英雄傳	1 January 1957 – 19 May 1959	Hong Kong Commercial Daily	918,000
Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain	雪山飛狐	9 February 1959 – 18 June 1959	New Evening Post	130,000
The Return of the Condor Heroes	神鵰俠侶	20 May 1959 – 5 July 1961	Ming Pao	979,000
The Young Flying Fox	飛狐外傳	11 January 1960 – 6 April 1962	Wuxia and History (武俠與歷史)	439,000
White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind	白馬嘯西風	16 October 1961 – 10 January 1962	Ming Pao	67,000
Blade-dance of the Two Lovers	鴛鴦刀	1 May 1961 – 31 May 1961	Ming Pao	34,000
The Heavenly Sword and Dragon Saber	倚天屠龍記	6 July 1961 – 2 September 1963	Ming Pao	956,000
A Deadly Secret	連城訣	12 January 1964 – 28 February 1965	Southeast Asia Weekly (東南亞周刊)	229,000
Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils	天龍八部	3 September 1963 – 27 May 1966	Ming Pao and Nanyang Siang Pau	1,211,000
Ode to Gallantry	俠客行	11 June 1966 – 19 April 1967	Ming Pao	364,000
The Smiling, Proud Wanderer	笑傲江湖	20 April 1967 – 12 October 1969	Ming Pao	979,000
The Deer and the Cauldron	鹿鼎記	24 October 1969 – 23 September 1972	Ming Pao	1,230,000
Sword of the Yue Maiden	越女劍	1 January 1970 – 31 January 1970	Ming Pao evening supplement	16,000
Yue Yun	月雲	1 January 2000 – 31 January 2000	Harvest Magazine	>3,300

Of these, the long novels The Legend of the Condor Heroes, The Return of the Condor Heroes and The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber make up the Condor Trilogy (considered by many to be Cha's magnum opus) and should be read in that order. The novel Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils can also be somehow seen as a prequel story to the Condor Trilogy. The novella Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain and its prequel novel The Young Flying Fox are companion works with the same protagonist, and numerous characters from The Book and the Sword appear in The Young Flying Fox. A few major characters from Sword Stained with Royal Blood also appear in Cha's final novel The Deer and the Cauldron as minor characters, and some characters and sects from The Smiling, Proud Wanderer are mentioned in Sword Stained with Royal Blood.

Couplet

After Cha completed all his works, it was discovered that the first characters of the first 14 titles can be joined together to form a couplet with 7 characters on each line:

Traditional Chinese

飛雪連天射白鹿
笑書神俠倚碧鴛

Simplified Chinese

飞雪连天射白鹿
笑书神侠倚碧鸳

Loose translation

Shooting a white deer, snow flutters around the skies;
Smiling, [one] writes about the divine chivalrous one, leaning against bluish lovebirds (or lover)

Cha stated that he had never intended to create the couplet. The couplet serves primarily as a handy mnemonic to remember all of Cha's works for his fans.

• "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was left out because it would be an odd number, thus the couplet would not be complete, also because the "Sword of the Yue Maiden" was so short it was not even considered a book.

Editions

Most of Cha's works were initially published in instalments in Hong Kong newspapers, most often in Ming Pao. The Return of the Condor Heroes was his first novel serialised in Ming Pao, launched on 20 May 1959. Between 1970 and 1980, Cha revised all of his works. The revised works of his stories are known as the "New Edition" (新版), also known as "Revised Edition" (修訂版), in contrast with the "Old Edition" (舊版), which refers to the original, serialised versions. Some characters and events were written out completely, most notably mystical elements and 'unnecessary' characters, such as the "Blood Red Bird" (小紅鳥) and "Qin Nanqin" (秦南琴), the mother of Yang Guo in the first edition.

In Taiwan, the situation is more complicated, as Cha's books were initially banned. As a result, there were multiple editions published underground, some of which were revised beyond recognition. Only in 1979 was Cha's complete collection published by Taiwan's Yuenching Publishing House (遠景出版社).

In China, the Wulin (武林) magazine in Guangzhou was the first to officially publish Cha's works, starting from 1980. Cha's complete collection in Simplified Chinese was published by Beijing's SDX Joint Publishing in 1994. Meanwhile, Mingheshe Singapore-Malaysia (明河社星马分公司) published his collection, in Simplified Chinese for Southeast Asian readers in 1995.

From 1999 to 2006, Cha revised his novels for the second and last time. Each of his works was carefully revised, re-edited and re-issued in the order in which he wrote them. This revision was completed in spring 2006, with the publication of the last novel, The Deer and the Cauldron. The newer revised edition, known variably as the "New Century Edition" (世紀新修版), "New Revised Edition" (新修版) and "New New Edition" (新新版), is noted for its annotations where Cha answers previous criticisms directed at the historical accuracy of his works. In the newer revision, certain characters' personae were changed, such as Wang Yuyan, and many martial art skills and places have their names changed. This edition faced a number of criticisms from Cha's fans, some of whom prefer the older storyline and names. The older 1970–80 "New Edition" (新版) is no longer issued by Cha's publisher Mingheshe (明河社). In mainland China, it is re-issued as "Langsheng, Old Edition" (朗声旧版) in simplified Chinese characters format.

Patriotism, jianghu and development of heroism

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Chinese nationalism or patriotism is a strong theme in Cha's works. In most of his works, Cha places emphasis on the idea of self-determination and identity, and many of his novels are set in time periods when China was occupied or under the threat of occupation by non-Han Chinese peoples such as the Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols and Manchus. However, Cha gradually evolved his Chinese nationalism into an inclusionist concept which encompasses all present-day non-Han Chinese minorities. Cha expresses a fierce admiration for positive traits of non-Han Chinese people personally, such as the Mongols and Manchus. In The Legend of the Condor Heroes, for example, he casts Genghis Khan and his sons as capable and intelligent military leaders against the corrupt and ineffective bureaucrats of the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty.

Cha's references range from traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, martial arts, music, calligraphy, weiqi, tea culture, philosophical schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and imperial Chinese history. Historical figures often intermingle with fictional ones, making it difficult for the layperson to distinguish which are real.

His works show a great amount of respect and approval for traditional Chinese values, especially Confucian ideals such as the proper relationship between ruler and subject, parent and child, elder sibling and younger sibling, and (particularly strongly, due to the wuxia nature of his novels), between master and apprentice, and among fellow apprentices. However, he also questions the validity of these values in the face of a modern society, such as ostracism experienced by his two main characters – Yang Guo's romantic relationship with his teacher Xiaolongnü in The Return of the Condor Heroes. Cha also places a great amount of emphasis on traditional values such as face and honour.

In all but his 14th work, The Deer and the Cauldron, the protagonists or heroes are explored meticulously through their relationships with their teachers, their immediate kin and relatives, and with their suitors or spouses. In each, the heroes have attained the zenith in martial arts and most would be the epitome or embodiment of the traditional Chinese values in words or deeds, i.e. virtuous, honourable, respectable, gentlemanly, responsible, patriotic, and so forth.

In The Deer and the Cauldron, Cha departed from his usual writing style, creating in its main protagonist Wei Xiaobao an antihero who is greedy, lazy, and utterly disdainful of traditional rules of propriety. Cha intentionally created an anticlimax and an antihero possessing none of the desirable traditional values and no knowledge of any form of martial arts, and dependent upon a protective vest made of alloy to absorb full-frontal attack when in trouble and a dagger that can cut through anything. Wei is a street urchin and womanising weasel, with no admirable qualities whatsoever.^{[citation needed]} The fiction writer Ni Kuang wrote a connected^{[clarification needed]} critique of all of Cha's works and concluded that Cha concluded his work with The Deer and the Cauldron as a satire to his earlier work and to restore a balanced perspective in readers.

Criticisms

The study of Cha's works has spun off a specific area of study and discussion: Jinology. For years, readers and critics have written works discussing, debating and analysing his fictional world of martial arts; among the most famous are those by Cha's close friend and science fiction novelist, Ni Kuang. Ni is a fan of Cha, and has written a series of criticisms analysing the various personalities and aspects of his books called I Read Jin Yong's Novels (我看金庸小說).

Despite Cha's popularity, some of his novels were banned outside of Hong Kong due to political reasons. A number of them were outlawed in the People's Republic of China in the 1970s as they were thought to be satires of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution; others were banned in the Republic of China (Taiwan) as they were thought to be in support of the Communist Party of China. None of these bans are currently in force, and Cha's complete collection has been published multiple times in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Many politicians on both sides of the Straits are known to be readers of his works; Deng Xiaoping, for example, was a well-known reader himself.

In late 2004, the People's Education Publishing House (人民教育出版社) of the People's Republic of China sparked controversy by including an excerpt from Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils in a new senior high school Chinese textbook. While some praised the inclusion of popular literature, others feared that the violence and unrealistic martial arts described in Cha's works were unsuitable for high school students. At about the same time, Singapore's Ministry of Education announced a similar move for Chinese-learning students at secondary and junior college levels.

Timeline

Era	Dynasty	Novel
6th century BC	Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn period)	Sword of the Yue Maiden
11th century	Northern Song	Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils
13th century	Southern Song	The Legend of the Condor Heroes The Return of the Condor Heroes
14th century	Southern Song/Yuan	The Heaven Sword and the Dragon Saber
16th century	Ming	(The Smiling, Proud Wanderer) (Ode to Gallantry)
17th century	Late Ming/Qing	White Horse Neighs in the Western Wind Sword Stained With Royal Blood The Deer and the Cauldron (A Deadly Secret)
18th century	Qing	Blade-dance of the Two Lovers The Book and the Sword The Young Flying Fox Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain
1930s	The Republic of China (1912–1949)	Yue Yun (Moon Cloud)

Translations of Cha's works

Official English translations currently available include:

• A Hero Born (Legends of the Condor Heroes #1) - is the first volume of the 4-volume novel, translated by Anna Holmwood, published by MacLehose Press.)
• A Bond Undone (Legends of the Condor Heroes #2) - translated by Gigi Chang, continues Holmwood's translation, published by Quercus Publishing.
• The Book and the Sword – published by Oxford University Press, translated by Graham Earnshaw, edited by John Minford and Rachel May.
• The Deer and the Cauldron (in three volumes) – published by Oxford University Press, translated by John Minford.
• Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain – published by Chinese University Press, translated by Olivia Mok.

Other works available in English include:

• The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber – in comic book form by Ma Wing-shing, published by ComicsOne
• The Legendary Couple – in comic book form by Tony Wong, published by ComicsOne
• The Return of the Condor Heroes – in comic book form by Wee Tian Beng, published by Asiapac Books
• Laughing in the Wind – DVD collection of the 2001 CCTV series with English subtitles released in the United States.

Adaptations

There are over 90 films and TV shows adapted from Cha's wuxia novels, including King Hu's The Swordsman (1990) and its sequel Swordsman II (1992), Wong Jing's 1992 films Royal Tramp and Royal Tramp II, and Wong Kar-wai's Ashes of Time (1994). Dozens of role-playing video games are based on Cha's novels, a notable example of which is Heroes of Jin Yong, which was based on the major characters and events in Cha's novels.

As film director

Jin Yong co-directed 2 films produced by Hong Kong's Great Wall Movie Enterprises. In both films he is credited as Cha Jing-yong, his official name in Hong Kong.

Year	English title	Chinese title	Notes
1958	The Nature of Spring	有女懷春	Co-directed with Cheng Bugao, also writer
1960	Bride Hunter	王老虎搶親	Co-directed with Woo Siu-fung, Yue opera film

See also

• Gu Long
• Liang Yusheng
• Woon Swee Oan

References

Further reading

• Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Literature and Postcolonial History, Chapters 3 and 4. Petrus Liu. (Cornell University, 2011).

External links

• Official website 
• (in Chinese) Jin Yong Teahouse (金庸茶館) – fansite of Jin Yong's novels in Chinese
• (in Chinese) Jin Yong Jianghu (金庸江湖) – fansite, forums and complete works of Jin Yong's novels
• Jin Yong on IMDb
• Jin Yong in the Encyclopaedia of Science Fiction
• Jin Yong (Chinese author) at the Encyclopædia Britannic
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