| xìng： | chén | ||
| míng： | qìng tóng | ||
| zì： | zhòng fǔ | ||
| jíguàn： | ān huī shěng huái níng xiàn | ||
yuèdòuchén dú xiù Chen Duxiuzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
zǎo nián 1879 nián 10 yuè 9 rì（ qīng guāng xù wǔ nián jǐ mǎo bā yuè 'èr shí sì rì yǐ chǒu）， chén dú xiù chū shēng yú 'ān huī shěng 'ān qìng fǔ chéng nèi（ shǔ yú huái níng xiàn）。 tā 2 suì shí fù qīn chén yǎn zhōng yīn wēn yì sǐ yú sū zhōu huái níng huì guǎn， xiān hòu yóu zǔ fù chén zhāng xù yǐ jí cháng xiōng chén qìng yuán fǔ yǎng chéng rén， zài jiā zhōng xué xí《 sì shū》、《 wǔ jīng》。 1896 nián， 17 suì de chén dú xiù tōng guò yuàn shì chéng wéi xiù cái， dàn zài cì nián fù nán jīng jiāng nán gòng yuàn cān jiā xiāng shì luò bǎng， wèi néng kǎo zhōng jǔ rén。 1897 nián， kǎo rù háng zhōu qiú shì shū yuàn（ zhè jiāng dà xué qián shēn）， xué xí fǎ wén hé zào chuán。 tóng nián yǔ gāo xiǎo lán wán hūn。
1898 nián， chén dú xiù fù dōng běi sì fù chén xī fán chù， 1899 nián nián dǐ， yì hé tuán zài shān dōng qǐ shì， yú shì chén dú xiù huí dào 'ān qìng。
liú xué yǔ bàn bào
《 qīng nián zá zhì》 dì yī qī
《 xīn qīng nián》
wǔ sì yùn dòng zhōng， guó lì běi jīng dà xué de yóu xíng duì wǔ 1901 nián 10 yuè， chén dú xiù shǒu cì liú xué rì běn， jìn dōng jīng hóng wén xué yuàn shī fàn kē xué rì yǔ。 1902 nián 3 yuè fǎn huí， zǔ zhì qīng nián lì zhì shè。 9 yuè， chén dú xiù zài cì fù rì， dú dōng jīng chéng chéng xué xiào lù jūn kē。 chén dú xiù zài rì běn shòu dào xī fāng shè huì zhù yì sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng。 1903 nián 3 yuè 31 rì yè， chén dú xiù、 zhāng jì、 zōu róng 3 rén qiáng xíng jiǎn qù hú běi lù jūn xué shēng jiān dū yáo yù de biàn zǐ， yīn 'ér bèi qiǎn sòng huí guó。
chén dú xiù huí dào 'ān qìng hòu， 1903 nián 5 yuè 17 rì zài cáng shū lóu fā biǎo jù 'é yǎn shuō， chuàng bàn 'ān huī 'ài guó huì。 dāng gōng jiā kāi shǐ zhèn yā shí， chén dú xiù táo wǎng shàng hǎi， hèzhāng shì zhāo、 xiè xiǎo shí、 zhāng jì děng rén chū bǎn《 guó mín rì rì bào》， shè zhǐ shè zài xīn zhá xīn mǎ lù méi chū lǐ。 tóng nián 12 yuè 1 rì， shàng hǎi dì fāng zhèng fǔ jìn zhǐ chū shòu guó mín rì rì bào。 cǐ hòu， tā huí dào 'ān qìng。
1904 nián 3 yuè 31 rì， chén dú xiù hé fáng zhì wǔ、 wú shǒu yī chuàng bàn bái huà wén《 ān huī sú huà bào》， “ ràng 'ān huī rén tōng dá shí shì， cháng diǎn jiàn shí ”。 tā dān rèn suǒ yòu biān ji hé fā xíng gōng zuò。 bào zhǐ zài bù dào bàn nián de shí jiān nèi fā xíng liàng cóng 1000 fèn zēng jiā dào 3000 fèn， chéng wéi zuì shòu huān yíng de bái huà wén bào zhǐ zhī yī。 zhè fèn bào zhǐ cóng 1904 nián dào 1905 nián gòng chū kān 23 qī， měi qī yòu 40 yè， dà yuē 15000 zì。 zì dì 16 bǎn yǐ hòu， gāi bào yòu zēng jiā liǎo 16 gè huà tí， bāo kuò jūn shì、 zhōng guó zhé xué、 wèi shēng xué、 tiān wén xué děng。 zhè xiē zēng jiā de huà tí jīhū dōushì tā zì jǐ suǒ xiě， tā shǐ yòng sān 'ài zhè gè bǐ míng， zhì shǎo fā biǎo liǎo 50 piān wén zhāng。 hòu lái yóu yú shòu dào zhèng zhì yā lì 'ér tíng kān。
1905 nián qiū， zhí jiào wú hú wǎn jiāng zhōng xué， zài wú hú fā qǐ chéng lì fǎn qīng zǔ zhì“ yuè wáng huì” bìng rèn zǒng huì huì cháng。 1907 nián chūn， chén dú xiù dì sān cì liú xué rì běn， rù dōng jīng zhèng zé yīng yǔ xué xiào xué xí， hòu rù zǎo dào tián dà xué xué xí fǎ guó děng xī 'ōu wén huà。
1908 nián chén dú xiù cóng rì běn huí guó， zài háng zhōu zhè jiāng lù jūn xiǎo xué rèn guó wén shǐ dì jiào xí。 1911 nián， xīn hài gé mìng bào fā， chén dú xiù yìng yāo huí xiāng rèn 'ān huī dū dū fǔ mì shū cháng hé 'ān huī gāo děng xué táng jiào wù zhù rèn。
1913 nián， chén dú xiù zhuī suí bǎi wén wèi cān jiā fǎn yuán xiàng chéng“ èr cì gé mìng”， zài wú hú yī dù zāo gōng zhèn péng dài bǔ， hòu huò shì。
1914 nián chūn， fǎn yuán yùn dòng shī bài hòu， chén dú xiù zài dù fù rì běn， xié zhù zhāng shì zhāo bàn《 jiá yín》 zá zhì。 dì yī cì shǐ yòng bǐ míng“ dú xiù” fā biǎo wén zhāng《 ài guó xīn yǔ zì jué xīn》 yī wén， kāi zōng míng yì tí chū“ rén mín hé gù bì jiàn shè guó jiā？ qí mùdì zài bǎo zhàng quán lì， gòng móu xìng fú， sī chéng lì guó jiā zhī jīng shén。” wén zhōng zhǐ chū， yào yòu 'ài guó xīn yě yào yòu zì jué xīn，“ è guó jiā shèn yú wú guó jiā”， rú guǒ shì yī gè rén mín zài qí zhōng méi yòu quán lì， wú xìng fú kě yán de guó jiā，“ guā fēn zhī jú， hé fǎ kě táo， wáng guó zhī nú， hé shì kě bù”， yǐn qǐ yú lùn huá rán， bù shǎo rén zhǐ zé qí bù 'ài guó。
1915 nián xià， chén dú xiù huí dào shàng hǎi， zhù fǎ zū jiè sōng shān lù jí yì lǐ 21 hào。 9 yuè 15 rì chuàng bàn yuè kān qīng nián zá zhì（ yóu qún yì shū shè fā xíng）， cì nián gēngmíng wéi《 xīn qīng nián》（ fù tí LaJeunesse）， zì rèn zǒng biān ji。（ 1926 nián tíng kān） chén dú xiù zài zhè fèn zá zhì de chuàng kān hào shàng fā biǎo《 jìng gào qīng nián》， tí chū 6 gè yuán zé：
1. zì zhù de 'ér fēi nú lì de
2. jìn bù de 'ér fēi bǎo shǒu de
3. jìn qǔ de 'ér fēi tuì yǐn de
4. shì jiè de 'ér fēi suǒ guó de
5. shí lì de 'ér fēi xū wén de
6. kē xué de 'ér fēi xiǎng xiàng de
xuān chuán chàng dǎo“ dé xiān shēng”（ zhǐ“ mín zhù” Democracy） hé“ sài xiān shēng”（ zhǐ“ kē xué” Science）， pī pàn rú jiào hé chuán tǒng dào dé，“ dǎ dǎo kǒng jiā diàn”， yīn 'ér chéng wéi xīn wén huà yùn dòng de zhōng xīn， zài qīng nián rén zhōng yǐng xiǎng hěn dà。
chén dú xiù zài 1917 nián 'èr yuè hào de《 xīn qīng nián》 zá zhì 2 juàn 6 hào fā biǎo《 wén xué gé mìng lùn》， rèn wéi zhōng guó shè huì hēi 'àn de gēn yuán shì“ pán jù wú rén jīng shén jiè gēn shēn dǐ gù zhī lún lǐ、 dào dé、 wén xué、 yì shù zhū duān”， dān dú de zhèng zhì gé mìng bù néng shēng xiào，“ chōng fēn yǐ xiān xuè xǐ jìng jiù wū”， xū yào xiān jìn xíng lún lǐ dào dé gé mìng， yú shì tí chū“ sān dà zhù yì”：“ tuī dǎo diāo zhuó de 'ēyú de guì zú wén xué， jiàn shè píng yì de shū qíng de guó mín wén xué； tuī dǎo chén fǔ de pū zhāng de gǔ diǎn wén xué， jiàn shè xīn xiān de lì chéng de xiě shí wén xué； tuī dǎo yū huì de jiān sè de shān lín wén xué， jiàn shè míng liǎo de tōng sú de shè huì wén xué。” zhù zhāng gǎi wén yán wén wéi bái huà wén， wén zhāng nèi róng yě yào qū xiàng shí jì。
1917 nián 1 yuè， cài yuán péi jiù rèn běi jīng dà xué xiào cháng， pìn rèn wéi běi jīng dà xué wén kē xué cháng bìng jiào shòu wén xué。 dé dào běi jīng dà xué xiào cháng de pī zhǔn， tā shōu jí lǐ dà zhāo、 hú shì、 lǔ xùn hé qián yuán de zuò pǐn。 wèile kuò dà biān ji bù， tā jiāng《 xīn qīng nián》 qiān dào běi jīng。
1918 nián 11 yuè 27 rì， chén dú xiù hé lǐ dà zhāo hé bàn《 měi zhōu píng lùn》 zá zhì。 1919 nián 3 yuè 26 rì yè， cài yuán péi、 tānɡ ěr hé、 mǎ xù lún、 shěn yǐn mò děng zài tānɡ yù jí huì tǎo lùn yīn méi tǐ dà jiā xuàn rǎn de chén dú xiù piáo chāng 'àn 'ér yǐn fā de fēng bō。 1919 nián 3 yuè 26 rì de yè wǎn， běi jīng de tānɡ ěr hé jiā dēng huǒ tōng míng， běi dà xiào cháng cài yuán péi hé lìng liǎng wèi běi dà jiào yuán shěn yǐn mò hé mǎ xù lún zhèng zài zhè lǐ tǎo lùn běi dà wén kē xué cháng chén dú xiù de qù liú wèn tí。 tānɡ ěr hé bù shì běi dà yuán gōng， dàn dāng shí tā shì zuǒ yòu běi jīng xué jiè de zhòng yào rén wù， shèn zhì cài yuán péi zhí zhǎng běi dà yě yòu kě néng yǔ tā yòu guān， suǒ yǐ cānyù liǎo zhè chǎng tǎo lùn。 tóng yàng， shěn yǐn mò hé mǎ xù lún méi yòu zài běi dà dān rèn yào zhí， què yǔ tānɡ ěr hé sī jiāo shèn dǔ， yě jù yòu yī dìng de fā yán quán。 zhè sì gè zhè jiāng rén zhī suǒ yǐ còu zài yī qǐ zhào kāi zhè gè lín shí huì yì， shì yīn wéi běi jīng yòu bào zhǐ kān dēng liǎo chén dú xiù yīn zhēng fēng zhuā shāng mǒu jì nǚ xià bù de xiāo xī。 rén men jīhū dōuzhī dào chén dú xiù shì“ xīn qīng nián” de lǐng jūn rén wù， què hěn shǎo zhī dào tā jīng cháng chū rù yú dāng shí de“ hóng dēng qū” bā dà hú tóng。 ér cài yuán péi qià qià shì yī gè zhù zhòng dào dé jiào yù de xué zhě， chén dú xiù céng jiā rù tā fā qǐ zǔ zhì de“ jìn dé huì”， chéng wéi jiá zhǒng huì yuán bìng yǐ 152 piào dāng xuǎn wéi píng yì yuán。 àn zhào guī zé， jiá zhǒng huì yuán bì xū zūn shǒu“ bù piáo、 bù dǔ、 bù qǔ qiè” de yào qiú。 xiàn zài jū rán chuán chū chén dú xiù de chǒu wén， zì rán yào duì tā yòu suǒ chéng zhì。 tānɡ、 cài、 shěn、 mǎ sì rén lián yè shāng liàng dào shí 'èr diǎn， fāng cái sàn qù。 bù jiǔ zhī hòu， cài yuán péi zhù chí běi dà jiào shòu huì yì， jué dìng fèi chú xué cháng zhì， chéng lì yóu gè kē jiào shòu huì zhù rèn zǔ chéng de jiào wù chù。“ jiào wù cháng dài tì xué cháng” zhè yī tǐ zhì gēnggǎi běn lái dìng yú shǔ jiǎ hòu shí xíng， xiàn zài tū rán tí qián bìng qiě chéng wéi yīcháng tǐ miàn de rén shì biàn dòng。 chén dú xiù bèi bù dòng shēng sè dì jiě chú wén kē xué cháng zhí wù， suī rán jì xù dān rèn jiào shòu、 yóu xiào fāng gěi jiǎ yī nián， dàn tā gēn běi jīng dà xué de guān xì què cóng cǐ pò liè。 zhè jiàn shì duì chén dú xiù de dǎ jī， kě yǐ zài tānɡ ěr hé de rì jì zhōng xún zhǎo dào zhū sī mǎ jì。 liǎng rén zài lù shàng xiāng yù， hòu zhě kàn dào qián zhě“ miàn sè huī bài， zì běi 'ér nán， yǐ nù mù shì”。 zuì zhōng， jiù rèn běi dà wén kē xué cháng bù dào sān nián de chén dú xiù bèi běi dà“ fàng zhú”， cǐ hòu jiē lián zài měi zhōu píng lùn fā biǎo jī jìn wén zhāng， rú《 měi zhōu píng lùn》 18 hào kān dēng de《 èr shí shì jì 'é luó sī de gé mìng》。 4 yuè 20 rì， chén dú xiù gōng kāi diǎn zhāng zōng xiáng、 cáo rǔ lín、 jiāng yōng、 lù zōng yú wéi qīn rì pài sì dà jīn gāng。
1919 nián， wǔ sì yùn dòng bào fā hòu， 6 yuè 8 rì， chén dú xiù zài《 měi zhōu píng lùn》 fā biǎo《 yán jiū shì yǔ jiān yù》， tí chū rù jiān yù hé rù yán jiū shì， shì qīng nián rén shēng zuì gāo shàng zuì yōu měi de shēng huó。 6 yuè 11 rì， chén dú xiù zài chéng nán xīn shì jiè yóu yì chǎng sàn fā《 běi jīng shì mín xuān yán》 bèi bǔ。 9 yuè 16 rì bǎo shì chū yù。
chuàng lì zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng 1919 nián qiū tiān， chén dú xiù yīn fēng huà wèn tí bèi běi jīng dà xué jiě zhí， qián wǎng shàng hǎi。 zhù zài shàng hǎi fǎ zū jiè huán lóng lù yú yáng lǐ 2 hào。 chūn， lǐ dà zhāo jiè shào gòng chǎn guó jì yuǎn dōng jú wài jiāo rén mín wěi yuán bù yuǎn dōng shì wù quán quán dài biǎo wéi jīng sī jī（ wú tíng kāng） jí dān rèn fān yì de 'é jí huá rén yáng míng zhāi lái fǎng， cè dòng chén dú xiù fā qǐ chéng lì zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng。
1917 nián 'é guó shí yuè gé mìng hòu， chén dú xiù hé lǐ dà zhāo děng kāi shǐ yán jiū mǎ kè sī zhù yì， xīn qīng nián zá zhì kāi shǐ xuān chuán shè huì zhù yì。 1920 nián 8 yuè， chéng lì zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng shàng hǎi fā qǐ zǔ。 8 yuè 22 rì， yú xiù sōng、 luó yì nóng děng rén zài chén dú xiù jiā zhōng chéng lì liǎo shè huì zhù yì qīng nián tuán。
zhōng gòng lǐng xiù shí qī de chén dú xiù 1920 nián， chén jiǒng míng zhàn lǐng guǎng zhōu， sūn zhōng shān shuài guó mín dǎng zhōng yāng yóu shàng hǎi qiān wǎng guǎng zhōu， 12 yuè， chén dú xiù yìng yāo qián wǎng guǎng zhōu rèn guǎng dōng shěng jiào yù wěi yuán huì wěi yuán cháng， yóu lǐ dá zuò dài lǐ shū jì。 chén dú xiù zài guǎng dōng shěng lì nǚ zǐ shī fàn xué xiào、 guǎng dōng nǚ jiè lián hé huì fā biǎo yǎn shuō， pī píng chuán tǒng dào dé， yǐn fā dāng dì shǒu jiù rén shì fā qǐ qū chén yùn dòng。 zhè shí， tā yǔ hú shì zài xīn qīng nián de zhèng zhì lì chǎng shàng fā shēng zhēng zhí， hú shì qiáng diào xīn qīng nián yīnggāi zài zhèng zhì shàng bǎo chí zhōng lì， chén dú xiù zé zài dì 8 juàn zhōng fā biǎo《 tán zhèng zhì》 jiā yǐ pēng jī。
1921 nián 7 yuè， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng dì yī cì quán guó dài biǎo dà huì zài shàng hǎi zhào kāi， chén dú xiù méi yòu qián qù chū xí， ér shì pài xīn hūn de chén gōng bó wéi guǎng zhōu dài biǎo， yòu pài bāo huì sēng dài biǎo tā chū xí， dài qù tā de xìn jiàn hé 4 diǎn yì jiàn：“ yī yuē péi zhí dǎng yuán； èr yuē mín quán zhù yì zhī zhǐ dǎo； sān yuē jì lǜ； sì yuē shèn zhòng jìn xíng zhēng fú qún zhòng zhèng quán wèn tí。 zài huì yì shàng， chén dú xiù bèi quē xí xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng jú shū jì。
chén dāng xuǎn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng jú shū jì hòu， jí yú 9 yuè huí dào shàng hǎi。 10 yuè 4 rì， tā hé yáng míng zhāi、 kē qìng shī、 bāo huì sēng yǐ jí qī zǐ gāo jūn màn 5 rén céng yī dù bèi fǎ zū jiè xún bǔ fáng dài bǔ， bèi pàn fá 100 yín yuán。
chén hòu bèi xuǎn wéi dǎng de dì 'èr jiè、 dì sān jiè zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán huì wěi yuán cháng， dì sì jiè、 dì wǔ jiè zhōng yāng wěi yuán huì de zǒng shū jì。
1922 nián 7 yuè 16 rì zhì 23 rì， zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng zài shàng hǎi chéng dū lù zhào kāi“ èr dà”。 dài biǎo yòu chén dú xiù、 zhāng guó dào、 lǐ dá、 cài hé sēn、 gāo jūn yǔ、 wáng jìn měi、 xiàng jǐng yú、 shī cún tǒng děng 12 rén， huì qián， chén dú xiù、 zhāng guó dào、 cài hé sēn qǐ cǎo liǎo《 xuān yán》， zài dà huì tōng guò， guī dìng liǎo dǎng de zuì gāo gāng lǐng hé zuì dī gāng lǐng。 zuì dī gāng lǐng， jí xiāo chú nèi luàn， dǎ dǎo jūn fá， jiàn shè guó nèi hé píng， tuī fān guó jì de dì guó zhù yì de yā pò， dá dào zhōng huá mín zú wán quán dú lì； zuì gāo gāng lǐng， jí zǔ zhì wú chǎn jiē jí， yòng jiē jí dǒu zhēng de shǒu duàn， jiàn lì láo nóng zhuān zhèng de zhèng zhì， chǎn chú sī yòu cái chǎn zhì dù， jiàn cì dá dào yī gè gòng chǎn zhù yì shè huì。 dà huì xuǎn jǔ chén dú xiù wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán huì wěi yuán cháng。 8 yuè 9 rì， chén dú xiù zài cì bèi bǔ， zuì míng shì jiā zhōng cáng yòu wéi jìn shū jí。 zuì hòu pàn fá chén dú xiù dà yáng 400 yuán。
yǔ gòng chǎn guó jì de guān xì xīn shēng de zhōng gòng zài gè fāng miàn dōuyòu lài yú gòng chǎn guó jì de bāng zhù。 1922 nián， gòng chǎn guó jì zhǐ shì zhōng gòng yǔ sūn zhōng shān hé zhōng guó guó mín dǎng hé zuò， chén dú xiù hé jīhū suǒ yòu zhōng gòng lǐng xiù zuì chū dū biǎo shì fǎn duì。 tā yě rì yì duì mò sī kē de yì zhì hé gòng chǎn guó jì duì zhōng gòng de zhǐ huī gǎn dào bù mǎn。 dàn shì dào liǎo tóng nián 8 yuè 20 rì， chén dú xiù zhù chí xī hú huì yì， zhōng yú miǎnqiǎng biǎo shì fú cóng mǎ lín chuán dá de gòng chǎn guó jì zhǐ shì， tóng yì jiā rù guó mín dǎng。 suí hòu chén dú xiù děng rén jiā rù liǎo guó mín dǎng。 bìng qián wǎng mò sī kē cān jiā gòng chǎn guó jì sì dà。
chén dú xiù yī dù jiāng zhōng gòng zhōng yāng qiān wǎng běi jīng， dàn zài 1923 nián 'èr qī bà gōng hòu， wú pèi fú tōng jī chén dú xiù、 mǎ lín， yú shì zài dù qiān huí shàng hǎi。 bù jiǔ zài qiān guǎng zhōu。 1923 nián 6 yuè 12 rì， chén dú xiù zài nà lǐ zhù chí zhào kāi zhōng gòng sān dà， bìng zài dù dāng xuǎn wéi zhōng yāng zhí xíng wěi yuán huì wěi yuán cháng。 1923 nián 9 yuè， zhōng gòng zhōng yāng qiān huí shàng hǎi。
1927 nián 3 yuè 21 rì， dāng guó mín dǎng běi fá jūn zhàn lǐng lóng huá shí， zhōng gòng zài shàng hǎi fā dòng gōng rén wǔ zhuāng bào dòng， chén dú xiù zài běi sì chuān lù héng bāng qiáo nán zhèng chāo lín jiā lǐ， xiàng qián xiàn zhǐ huī bù zhōu 'ēn lái、 zhào shì yán fā bù mìng lìng， gōng dǎ zhá běi tiān tōng 'ān chē zhàn、 shāng wù yìn shū guǎn jù lè bù hé běi huǒ chē zhàn， zhàn lǐng liǎo chú zū jiè yǐ wài de quán shàng hǎi。 chén dú xiù yī dù xiǎng zhǎng wò jìn rù shàng hǎi de dōng lù jūn dì yī jūn dì yī shī shī cháng xuē yuè， dàn shì bái chóng xǐ jiāng xuē yuè diào zǒu， huàn shàng liú zhì， yú shì chén dú xiù xià lìng jiā qiáng shàng hǎi gōng rén jiū chá duì， zhǔn bèi jìn xíng fáng yù zhàn（ jiǎng jiè shí dào shàng hǎi）， chén dú xiù fā biǎo《 gào shì jiè gōng rén jiē jí shū》 hé《 gào zhōng guó gōng rén jiē jí shū》。 4 yuè 4 rì， chén dú xiù yǔ gāng cóng guó wài huí lái de wāng jīng wèi fā biǎo《 wāng、 chén lián hé xuān yán》， bìng suí wāng qù wǔ hàn。
4 yuè 12 rì， gōng rén jiū chá duì hé jiǎng jiè shí zhí jiē chōng tū， fā shēng sì yī 'èr zhèng biàn， guó gòng fēn liè。
4 yuè dǐ zài zhōng gòng wǔ dà réng rán dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng shū jì， dàn shì yǐ jīng méi yòu shí quán liǎo。
7 yuè 12 rì， bào luó tíng zūn zhào sī dà lín de zhǐ shì， chóngxīn gǎi zǔ zhōng gòng zhōng yāng， yóu zhāng guó dào、 zhāng tài léi、 lǐ wéi hàn、 lǐ lì sān、 zhōu 'ēn lái zǔ chéng lín shí zhōng yāng jú jiān cháng wěi。 chén dú xiù bèi tíng zhí， yú shì gěi lín shí zhōng yāng fā liǎo yī fēng cí zhí xìn。 7 yuè 15 rì， wāng jīng wèi fā dòng qī yī wǔ shì biàn， gòng chǎn guó jì hé zhōng gòng zài zhōng guó de shì lì zhōng zāo dào jìn hū huǐ miè xìng de dǎ jī。
8 yuè 7 rì， xīn lái de gòng chǎn guó jì dài biǎo luó míng nà cí zài hàn kǒu zhù chí bā qī huì yì， jìn zhǐ chén dú xiù cān jiā， zài huì yì shàng gōng kāi pī pàn chén dú xiù duì guó mín dǎng tuǒ xié tuì ràng， fàn yòu yán zhòng de“ yòu qīng jī huì zhù yì” cuò wù。 chén dú xiù rèn wéi gòng chǎn dǎng hé guó mín dǎng dōushì xī shōu liǎo zhōng guó dāng shí zuì yōu xiù qīng nián de zǒng huì。
yǔ zhōng gòng fēn dào yáng biāo cǐ hòu， chén dú xiù yóu yú duì gòng chǎn guó jì bù mǎn， qīng xiàng yú tuō luò cí jī de zhù zhāng。 bù guò， tā yě bù zàn chéng tóng yàng bèi lí gòng chǎn guó jì lù xiàn de máo zé dōng nóng mín gé mìng de sī xiǎng。 1929 nián 11 yuè 16 rì， chén dú xiù yīn zài zhōng dōng lù děng wèn tí shàng fā biǎo bù tóng yì jiàn， fǎn duì dāng shí zhōng gòng tí chū de“ wǔ zhuāng bǎo wèi sū lián” de kǒu hào， bèi kāi chú dǎng jí。 hòu fā biǎo《 gào quán dǎng tóng zhì shū》 gōng kāi xìn。 chén dú xiù shì shǎo shù jīng guò 30 nián dài hái xìng cún xià lái de zhōng gòng lǐng xiù zhī yī， dàn duì zì jǐ suǒ chuàng jiàn de zhèng dǎng yǐ jīng bù zài néng chǎn shēng rèn hé yǐng xiǎng。
1931 nián 5 yuè， chén dú xiù chū xí zhōng guó gè tuō pài xiǎo zǔ zhì de“ tǒng yī dà huì”， bèi tuī xuǎn wéi zhōng guó tuō pài zǔ zhì de zhōng yāng shū jì。
1932 nián 10 yuè 15 rì， zài guó mín dǎng jù 'é xuán shǎng duō nián hòu， chén dú xiù bèi shàng hǎi gōng gòng zū jiè xún bǔ fáng yǐ chuàng bàn fēi fǎ zhèng dǎng de zuì míng dài bǔ， suí hòu yí jiāo nán jīng zhèng fǔ。 guó mín dǎng gè dì dǎng bù、 shěng zhù xí、 sī lìng děng fēn fēn zhì diàn zhōng yāng yào qiú yú yǐ yán chéng， gòng chǎn dǎng yě fā biǎo xiāo xī hé chēng tā wéi zī chǎn jiē jí zǒu gǒu、 fǎn gòng xiān fēng de píng lùn。（《 hóng sè zhōng huá》 1933 nián 5 yuè 8 rì dāng rì bào dào《 tuō chén qǔ xiāo pài xiàng guó mín dǎng tǎo ráo》） lìng yī fāng miàn， yǐ jīng chéng wéi míng dòng quán guó de dà lǜ shī de zhāng shì zhāo zhù dòng miǎn fèi wéi chén chū tíng biàn hù， hú shì zhī、 fù sī nián děng rén fēn fēn chū lái wéi qí shuō huà。 [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]
1932 nián 12 yuè 8 rì， dé guó dà kē xué jiā 'ài yīn sī tǎn qù diàn jiǎng jiè shí， qǐng qiú jiāng qí shì fàng。 cǐ wài， zhī míng de xué zhě luó sù、 dù wēi děng rén yě xiàng jiǎng jiè shí zuò chū tóng yàng qǐng qiú。 dàn jiǎng jiè shí bùwèi suǒ dòng。 [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]
1933 nián yǐ pàn chù 13 nián yòu qī tú xíng， 1933 nián 4 yuè， gōng kāi kāi tíng shěn pàn， zhāng shì zhāo zài fǎ tíng kāng kǎi chén cí， yíng dé bàng tīng yī piàn zàn yù。 jiēguǒ， chén bèi“ yǐ wén zì wéi pàn guó zhī xuān chuán” pàn chù yòu qī tú xíng 13 nián。 qiú jìn yú nán jīng lǎo hǔ qiáo dì yī jiān yù。 cǐ hòu， qí zì biàn hèzhāng de biàn hù cí zài tiān jīn《 yì shì bào》 quán wén dēngzǎi， qí tā bào zhǐ yě fēn fēn bào dào， yī shí hōng dòng quán guó， céng chū bǎn guò《 dú xiù wén cún》 de yà dōng shū jú gōng kāi chū bǎn liǎo chén 'àn de zī liào huì biān， hái bèi shàng hǎi hù dōng dà xué、 dōng wú dà xué xuǎn wéi fǎ xué xì de jiào cái。 pàn xíng hòu qiú jìn yú nán jīng。 zài nán jīng yù zhōng， chén lì yòng guó mín dǎng de yōu dài tiáo jiàn， dà liàng yuè dú gǔ jīn zhōng wài de shū jí， qián xīn yán jiū zhōng guó gǔ dài yǔ yán wén zì、 kǒng zǐ、 dào jiā xué shuō děng， wán chéng liǎo bù shǎo yòu jià zhí de xué shù lùn zhù。 [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]
1936 nián 3 yuè， zài《 huǒ huā》 fā biǎo liǎo《 wú chǎn jiē jí yǔ mín zhù zhù yì》， zhǐ chū“ zuì qiǎn bó de jiàn jiě， mò rú bǎ mín zhù zhù yì kàn zuò shì zī chǎn jiē jí de zhuān lì”。 chēng“ mín zhù zhù yì nǎi shì rén lèi shè huì jìn bù de yī zhǒng dòng lì。”“ sī dà lín bù dǒng dé zhè yī diǎn， pāo qì liǎo mín zhù zhù yì， dài zhī yú guān liáo zhù yì， nǎi zhì yú bǎ dǎng， bǎ gè jiē jí sū wéi 'āi， bǎ zhí gōng huì， bǎ zhěng gè wú chǎn jiē jí zhèng quán， zāo tà de jiǎn zhí bǐ kǎo cí jī suǒ yù yán de hái yào chǒu lòu。” [ lái yuán qǐng qiú ]
wǎn nián 1937 nián 8 yuè 23 rì chén dú xiù tí qián huò shì。 tā céng xiàng zhōng guó gòng chǎn dǎng biǎo shì zhī chí， gòng chǎn dǎng yě céng fā biǎo wén zhāng《 chén dú xiù xiān shēng dào hé chù qù》， bìng céng tí chū zhǐ yào chén kě yǐ chéng rèn dāng nián de cuò wù jiù kě yǐ huī fù dǎng jí。 dàn chén jù jué rèn cuò hòu， wáng míng、 kāng shēng děng rén zài yī xiē gòng chǎn dǎng de kān wù shàng shuō chén dú xiù jiē shòu rì běn jīn tiē， zuò“ rì tè hàn jiān”， chén xiě xìn bó chì， suī rán shì jiàn méi yòu jìn yī bù fā zhǎn xià qù， dàn liǎng zhě guān xì yǐ jīng 'è huà。 wáng míng shī shì hòu， zhōu 'ēn lái céng duō cì tuō rén quàn shuō chén dú xiù qù yán 'ān， jūn bèi jù jué。 chén dú xiù wèicǐ duì hǎo yǒu shuō， dǎng nèi de shú réndōu yǐ jīng lí qù huò shì qù， xiàn zài duì gòng chǎn dǎng yǐ bù shú xī。
cǐ hòu tā jù jué chū rèn láo dòng bù cháng， jù jué jiǎng jiè shí chū zī ràng tā zǔ zhì“ xīn gòng dǎng”， jù jué hú shì de yāo qǐng qù měi guó， jù jué tán píng shān yào tā chū miàn zǔ zhì dì sān dǎng de jiàn yì。
xiān hòu zhù zài wǔ hàn、 chóngqìng。 zài chóngqìng zhù yuàn shí， zhōu 'ēn lái、 zhū yùn shān dū qù yī yuàn kàn wàng guò tā， zhōu gèng zī zhù tā 100 yín yuán， dōubèi tā jù jué。 shí jì shàng dāng shí tā jǐn kào wēi bó gǎo fèi shōu rù zhī chēng， zuì hòu gèng bèi gǎn chū yī yuàn。 chén zuì hòu cháng qī yǐn jū zài sì chuān jiāng jīn， bǎo chí dī diào， ér qiě zhuànxiàng liǎo zì yóu zhù yì。 cǐ hòu duì wén xué hé mín zhù fā zhǎn， jì xù dāng nián zài yù zhōng de yán jiū， tè bié duì sī dà lín shí dài de fǎn sī， yě bèi hòu rén rèn wéi nán chū qí yòu zhě。
1942 nián 5 yuè 27 rì chén dú xiù yīn bìng yú sì chuān jiāng jīn hè shān píng shí qiáng yuàn shì shì， xiǎng nián 63 suì。
yǐng xiǎng jí yí chǎn
píng jià jí yǐng xiǎng
jì niàn yǔ jì niàn dì zhù tiáo mù： chén dú xiù mù
chén dú xiù shì shì hòu， yóu yú jīng jì jié jù， jiā shǔ wú lì jiāng qí guī zàng 'ān qìng， zhǐ néng yóu dāng dì shì shēn、 shēng qián yǒu hǎo zī zhù， lín shí cuò yú xī mén wài dǐng shān dèng xiè kāng yuán dì。 mù bēi shàng kè yòu chén dú xiù shēng qián hǎo yǒu 'ōu yáng jìng wú xiě de“ dú xiù xiān shēng zhī mù” 6 gè zì。 1947 nián 2 yuè， chén dú xiù sān zǐ chén sōng nián gēn jù fù qīn yí yán， jiāng qí guī zàng yú 'ān qìng běi mén yè jiā chōng（ xiàn shǔ shí lǐ pū）， yǔ yuán pèi fū rén gāo xiǎo lán hé yú yī zhǒng。 mù bēi shàng kè“ xiān kǎo chén gōng qián shēng zhī mù”（ chén qián shēng shì chén dú xiù cān jiā kē kǎo shí suǒ yòng de míng zì）。 1979 nián 10 yuè， chén sōng nián dé dào dāng dì yòu guān bù mén tóng yì hé zī zhù， yǐ yán nián、 qiáo nián、 sōng nián、 hè nián 4 gè 'ér zǐ de míng yì chóngxiū liǎo mù dì。 bēi wén wéi chuán tǒng xíng wén“ chén gōng zhòng fǔ zì dú xiù、 mǔ gāo tài fū rén hé zàng zhī mù”。 1982 nián 'ān qìng shì zhèng fǔ què dìng chén dú xiù mù wéi shì jí wén wù bǎo hù dān wèi， yòu chóngxiū liǎo mù zhǒng。 cǐ cì suǒ lì bēi shàng kè zhe“ chén dú xiù zhī mù” wǔ gè zì， shí bēi de bèi miàn jǐn yòu shēng zú nián yuè， wú qí tā zì yàng。 1998 nián 5 yuè 'ān huī shěng zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn chén dú xiù mù wéi shěng jí zhòng diǎn wén wù bǎo hù dān wèi。 cǐ hòu gè jí yòu guān bù mén biān liè tóu zī 1300 wàn yuán， duì chén dú xiù mù jìn xíng quán miàn xiū shàn， xiàn mù yuán zhàn dì zǒng miàn jī wéi 1058.85 píng fāng mǐ。 mù zuò běi cháo nán， yóu mù zhǒng、 mù bēi、 mù tái、 hù lán、 mù dào gòu chéng。 mù bēi shàng kè zhe“ chén dú xiù xiān shēng zhī mù” qī gè dà zì。
lìng wài， mù qián chén dú xiù mù de mén piào jià gé wéi： rén mín bì 10 yuán（ ān qìng shì wù jià jú jià guǎn zì（ 2005） 97 hào）， dàn zài chén dú xiù jì niàn guǎn wèi kāi mén shí bìng bù shōu fèi。
2009 nián 10 yuè 30 rì， chén dú xiù jì niàn guǎn zài 'ān qìng jiàn chéng bìng duì yóu kè kāi fàng， zhè shì qì jīn wéi zhǐ zhōng guó guó nèi wéi yī xì tǒng zhǎn shì chén dú xiù yī shēng de jì niàn xìng zhǎn guǎn。
jiā tíng yuán pèi gāo xiǎo lán（ gāo dà zhòng）（ 1876 nián -1930 nián 9 yuè 9 rì）， ān huī liù 'ān huò qiū lín huái xiāng rén， qīng mò 'ān huī tǒng lǐng fù jiāng gāo dēng kē zhī nǚ， yù yòu sān zǐ yī nǚ。 shì yú 'ān qìng。
pèi 'ǒu gāo jūn màn（ gāo xiǎo zhòng）（ 1888 nián -1931 nián）， gāo xiǎo lán tóng fù yì mǔ mèi。 yù yòu 'èr zǐ yī nǚ。 bìng shì yú nán jīng。
pèi 'ǒu pān lán zhēn（ 1908 nián -1949 nián）， jiāng sū nán tōng rén， yīn bìng qù shì yú shàng hǎi， wú zǐ nǚ。
zhǎngzǐ chén yán nián（ 1898 nián -1927 nián）， céng rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng wěi yuán、 zhèng zhì jú hòu bǔ wěi yuán， guǎng dōng、 zhè jiāng jí jiāng sū qū wěi shū jì。 gāo xiǎo lán zhī zǐ。
cháng nǚ chén yù yíng（ chén xiǎo xiù）（ 1900 nián -1928 nián）， bìng shì yú shàng hǎi。
cì zǐ chén qiáo nián（ 1902 nián -1928 nián）， céng rèn zhōng gòng zhōng yāng wěi yuán， zhōng gòng běi fāng qū wěi zǔ zhì bù bù cháng、 hú běi shěng wěi zǔ zhì bù bù cháng、 hú běi shěng wěi shū jì、 jiāng sū shěng wěi zǔ zhì bù cháng děng zhí。 1928 nián 6 yuè 6 rì， chén qiáo nián zài shàng hǎi lóng huá de fēng lín qiáo pàn jiù yì。
sān zǐ chén guāng měi（ 1907 nián -1999 nián）， jìn nián yòu zhèng jù biǎo míng cǐ zǐ shì chén dú xiù yǔ gāo jūn màn zǎo nián suǒ shēng bìng jì yǎng zài sì chuān de， cǐ zǐ chéng nián hòu cái xué chāo qún， dàn cháng qī yǐn jū shǔ zhōng， yóu yú lì shǐ yuán yīn， cǐ zǐ yī zhí wèi chéng rèn shì chén dú xiù 'ér zǐ。
sì zǐ chén sōng nián（ 1910 nián -1990 nián）， céng rèn 'ān qìng shì zhèng xié cháng wěi， ān qìng shì wén shǐ guǎn guǎn yuán， ān huī shěng wén shǐ guǎn guǎn yuán。
yòu nǚ chén zǐ měi（ 1912 nián -2004 nián）， fù chǎn kē yī shēng。 wén gé shí jīng xiāng gǎng qián wǎng měi jiā dì qū， hòu cháng zhù měi guó xíng yī。 tā shì shì hòu zhōng guó zhù niǔ yuē fù zǒng lǐng shì cuī 'ài mín qián qù diào yàn。
yòu zǐ chén hè nián（ chén zhé mín）（ 1913 nián -2000 nián）， 1949 nián hòu cháng zhù xiāng gǎng。 céng rèn《 kē xué mó xíng》 yuè kān biān ji。
ChronologyOctober 9, 1879: Birth in Anqing, Anhui.
1879 to 1901: Early life and education in China.
1901 to 1908: Study in Japan, organising Republican revolutionary groups.
1908 to 1911: Working as a teacher.
1911 to 1915: Participation in the Xinhai Revolution, the post-revolution Republican government, the anti-Yuan Shikai revolution.
1915 to 1920: Leading figure in the May Fourth Movement.
1920 to 1927: Founding and leading the Communist Party of China
1927 to 1932: Leading Communist forces participating in the Northern Expedition, conflict with Chiang Kai-shek leading to the April 12 Incident and massacre of Communists, conflict with Comintern leading to expulsion from Communist Party. Becomes leader of Trotskyists in China.
1932 to 1937: Arrest by Kuomintang authorities and imprisonment.
1937 to 1942: Retires from public life.
May 27, 1942: Death due to heart attack.
Biography
Life in the Qing DynastyChen Duxiu was born in the city of Anqing (安慶), in Anhui (安徽) province. He was born to a wealthy family of officials, the youngest of four children. In his youth, he was described as volatile, emotional, intuitive, non-intellectual, and a defender of the underdog. His father died when Chen was two years old, and he was raised primarily by his grandfather; and, later, by his older brother.
Chen was given a traditional Confucian education by his grandfather, several private tutors, and his elder brother. A thorough knowledge of Confucian literary and philosophical works was the pre-requisites for civil service in Imperial China. Chen was an exceptional student, but this poor experiences taking the Confucian civil service exams resulted in a lifelong tendency to advocate unconventional beliefs and to criticize traditional ideas.
Chen took and passed the county-level imperial examination (鄉試) in 1896, and succeeded in the provincial-level examination (省試) the following year. He later wrote a sardonic memoir in which he reminisced about the filthy conditions, the dishonesty, and the incompetence that he observed when taking the official examinations. 1898, he passed the entrance exam and became a student of Qiushi Academy (currently Zhejiang University) in Hangzhou, where he studied French, English, and naval architecture. He moved to Nanjing in 1902, after he was reported to have given speeches attacking the Qing government, and then to Japan the same year. It was in Japan where Chen became influenced by socialism and the growing Chinese dissident movement. While studying in China, Chen helped to found two radical political parties, but refused to join Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Alliance (Tomngmenghui), which he regarded as narrowly racist. In 1907, Chen left Japan to visit France, before returning to Anhui to teach in a high school later that year. In 1908, he visited Manchuria before accepting a position at the Army Elementary School in Hangzhou.
Life in the Early RepublicAt the turn of the century, the Qing Dynasty (清朝) had suffered a series of humiliating military defeats against the colonial foreign powers, most recently in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the war against the Alliance of Eight Nations that invaded China in reaction to the 1901 Boxer Rebellion. At the same time, widespread corruption within the Qing bureaucracy had left the empire in a state of total economic paralysis. Against this background Chen Duxiu became an increasingly influential activist in the revolutionary movement against both foreign imperialism and the Qing government itself.
Influenced by his time in Japan, Chen founded the Anhui Patriotic Association (安徽愛國會) in 1903 and the Yuewang Hui (岳王會) in 1905. He was an outspoken writer and political leader by the time of the Wuchang Uprising (武昌起義) of 1911, which led to the abdication of the last Qing emperor and the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. in 1912, Chen became the secretary general to the new military governor of Anhui, while also serving as the dean of a local highschool. Chen fled to Japan again in 1913 following the short-lived "Second Revolution" against Yuan Shikai (袁世凱), but returned to China soon afterwards.
In 1915, Chen founded the journal "Youth" in Shanghai. In 1916 the name was changed to "New Youth." It quickly became the most popular and widely distributed journal in China. This journal published articles attacking conservative Chinese morality and promoting individualism. The journal was highly critical of Confucianism, and carried articles promoting the adoption of a Western moral system valuing human rights, democracy, and science, which he believed Confucianism opposed. Chen used the journal to promote vernacular writing at the expense of traditional Confucian writing conventions.
Chen joined the faculty of Peking University in 1917 as the university's dean, at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, who also paid for moving Chen's journal to Beijing. A Marxist study group at the university, led by Li Dazhao, attracted his attention in 1919. At the time, New Youth was highly popular, and Chen decided to run a special edition on Marxism with Li Dazhao as the edition's general editor. The edition of this magazine was the most detailed analysis of Marxism then published in China, and achieved wide readership due to the journal's popularity. Chen's decision to run this edition, and his activities in the May Fourth Movement that same year, motivated conservative opponents within the university to force his resignation in the fall of 1919. Around the time that he was forced out of Peking University, he was jailed for three months for distributing literatue that Peking authorities considered inflammatory, demanding that all pro-Japanese ministers resign, and that the government guarantee and freedom of speech and assembly. After his release, Chen moved to Shanghai and became more interested in Marxism and the promotion of rapid social change. His settlement in the French Concession allowed him to pursue his intellectual and scholarly interests free from official persecution.
Career Within the Chinese Communist Party
Founding the Chinese Communist PartyIn 1921, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and other prominent revolutionary leaders founded the Communist Party of China (中国共产党/中國共産黨). It has been generally asserted that Chen, Li and the other Chinese radicals of the time (including future chairman Mao Zedong) formed the CCP out of diligent study of Marxist theories, inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917. However, many historian
now believe that, for this generation of Chinese radicals, Chen included, the road to Marxism was a long one, with numerous prominent members initially attracted to anarchism or anarcho-communism. Many of the prominent members of the party in 1920 had a very poor understanding of Marxist theory. Over time, the more prominent revolutionaries attracted to the early Chinese Communist Party eventually adopted a more orthodox interpretation of Communism, and were organized through the influence of a Comintern advisor, Grigori Voitinsky, who made a tour of China during 1920-21.
At the First Congress of the Communist Party in Shanghai, Chen was elected (in absentia) as the party's first General Secretary; and, with the assistance of Li Dazhao, he developed what would become a crucial cooperative relationship with the international Communist movement, the Comintern. This cooperation with the Comintern would later prove to be a problem for the fledgling CPC over the next decade, as aggressive foreign Comintern advisors would try to force policy according to the wishes of Moscow and against the will of many prominent CPC leaders, often for the national interest of the USSR. By 1922, the size of the entire Communist Party in China was only about 200 members, not counting those overseas. Chen remained as the undisputed leader of the Chinese Communist Party until 1927, and was often referred to as "China's Lenin" during this period.
Subsequent Efforts to Spread CommunismSoon after the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, in 1920, Chen accepted an invitation by a rebel governor in Guangzhou to serve as the head of the province's education board, but this position dissolved when the government returned to Nationalist control. At the direction of the Comintern, Chen and the Chinese Communists formed an alliance with Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) (Chinese: 中國國民黨; pinyin: Guómíndǎng) in 1922. Although Chen was not convinced of the utility of collaborating with the Kuomintang, he reluctantly carried out the Comintern's orders to do so. Pursuing collaboration with the Kuomintang, he was elected into that party's Central Committee in January, 1924.
In 1927, he and other high-ranking Communists, including Mao Zedong and Borodin, collaborated closely with Wang Jingwei's Nationalist government in Wuhan, convincing Wang's regime to adopt various proto-Communist policies. The Wuhan government's subsequent land reform policies were considered provocative enough to influence various KMT-aligned generals to attack Wang's regime, suppressing it. Chen was forced to resign as General Secretary in 1927, due to his public dissatisfaction with the Comintern order to disarm during the April 12 Incident, which had led to the deaths of thousands of Communists, and because of his disagreement with the Comintern's new focus on peasant rebellions.
Conflict with MaoChen came into conflict with Mao Zedong in 1925 over Mao's essay "An Analysis of Classes in Chinese Society". Although Mao had been one of Chen's students,
he had begun to question Chen's analyses of China. While Chen believed that the focus of revolutionary struggle in China should primarily concern the workers, Mao had started to theorize about the primacy of the peasants. According to Han Suyin in Mortal Flower, Chen "opposed the opinions expressed [in Mao's analysis], denied that a radical land policy and the vigorous organization of the rural areas under the Communist party was necessary, and refused the publication of the essay in the central executive organs of publicity."
Although he recognized the value of Mao's interpretation of Marxism in inciting the Chinese peasants and labourers to revolution, Chen opposed Mao's rejection of the strong role of the bourgeoisie that Chen had hoped to achieve. During the last years of his life, Chen denounced Joseph Stalin's dictatorship, and held that various democratic institutions, including independent judiciaries, opposition parties, a free press, and free elections, were important and valuable. Because of Chen's opposition to Mao's interpretation of Communism, Mao believed that Chen was incapable of providing a robust historical materialist analysis of China. This dispute would eventually lead to the end of Chen and Mao's friendship and political association.
Expelled by the PartyAfter the collaboration between the Communists and Nationalists collapsed in 1927, the Comintern blamed Chen, and systematically removed him from all positions of leadership. In 1929, he was expelled. Afterwards, Chen became associated with the International Left Opposition of Leon Trotsky. Like Chen, Trotsky opposed many of the policies of the Comintern, and publicly criticized the Comintern's effort to collaborate with the Nationalists. Chen eventually became the voice of the Trotskyists in China, attempting to regain support and influence within the party, but failed. Chen continued to oppose measures like "New Democracy" and the "Bloc of Four Classes" advocated by Mao Zedong.
Last Years
Taken in the First Nanjing Prison in the spring of the 26th year of the Republic In 1932, Chen was arrested by the government of the Shanghai International Settlement, where he had been living since 1927, and extradited to Nanjing. Chen was then tried and sentenced to fifteen years in prison by the Nationalist government. Chen was released on parole in 1937, after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Chen was one of the few early leaders of the Communist party to survive the turmoil of the 1930s, but he was never able to regain any influence within the party he had founded. For the last decade of his life, he faded into obscurity. Chen later embraced a form of libertarian socialism,
and refused to side either with the Nationalists or CCP. At the time that he was released, both the supporters of Chen and the pro-Comintern leaders who opposed him had either been killed or had fallen out of favor with the Communist membership. The Chinese Communist Party only managed to survive the purges by fleeing to the northern frontier in the Long March of 1934-5, during which Mao Zedong emerged as leader. Mao and this new generation of Communists would lead the party in China for the next fifty years.
After his release, Chen travelled from place to place until the summer of 1938, when he arrived at the wartime capital of Chongqing and took a position teaching at a junior high school. In poor health and with few remaining friends, Chen Duxiu later retired to Jiangjing, a small town west of Chongqing, where he died in 1942 at the age of 62. Today, he is buried at his birthplace of Anqing.
LegacyAfter the founding of the PRC in 1949, Chen's example was used to warn Communist Party members not to deviate from party orthodoxy. In the Hundred Flowers Campaign, the example of Chen in collaborating with Wang Jingwei's Wuhan government, leading to the ostracism of his peers and the failure of Communist policies at the time, was used by Peng Zhen as a warning never to "forgive" anti-Maoists. After Mao died in 1976, Hua Guofeng gave a speech praising Mao's suppression of "Right and 'Left' Opportunist lines of the Party" as one of the late Chairman's greatest achievements: Chen's was the first person to be named as being correctly suppressed; Deng Xiaoping was the last. Subsequent generations of Chinese have since re-assessed Chen's contributions to Chinese Communism as being somewhat more positive.
Literature
Writing StyleChen felt that his articles should reflect the needs of society. He believed that the progress of society could not be achieved without those who accurately report social weaknesses and sicknesses.
Chen's articles were always expressive. He criticized the traditional Chinese officials as corrupt and guilty of other wrongdoings. He was under constant attack from conservatives in China, and had to flee to Japan four times. In China, he spent much of his life in the French Concession and the Shanghai International Settlement in order to pursue his writing and scholarly activities free from official harassment.
Chen's articles strove to attract publicity, and often arouse discussion by using hyperbole. He emphasized his sadness about the backwardness and corruption in China so that people suffering would be willing to send him their opinions. In New Youth, he wrote various articles using pseudonyms to form "discussions", in order to arouse public interest.
Chen's publications emphasized the responses from their audience. In New Youth there were forums and citizens' columns. On average, there were 6 letters from the public in each issue. Whether in praise or strong opposition, Chen encouraged all to write. He also thought that teamwork was very important in journalism, and consequently asked for help from many talented authors and journalists, including Hu Shih and Lu Xun.
Journalistic Work
Anhui Suhua BaoOn March 31, 1904, Chen founded Anhui Suhua Bao (安徽俗話報), a newspaper that he established with Fang Zhiwu (房秩五) and Wu Shou (吴守) in Tokyo to promote revolutionary ideas using vernacular Chinese, which was simple to understand and easy for the general public to read. While Chen was the chief secretary of the newspaper, its circulation increased from only a thousand copies to more than three times that figure in less than half a year, becoming one of the most popular vernacular Chinese newspapers in print at that time. During 1904 and 1905, a total of twenty-three issues were published. Each issue had 40 pages - about 15,000 words. However, due to political pressures, the paper was barred from publishing in 1905.
Chen had three main objectives in publishing Anhui Suhua Bao (安徽俗話報): to let his countrymen in Anhui keep abreast of the politics of the Qing Dynasty; to spread knowledge to the paper's readers through vernacular Chinese; and, to promote revolutionary ideas to the public. Chen believed that most Chinese believed that the importance of the family was greater than that of the state, and that this limited their interest in political events. He also found Chinese people in general to be excessively superstitious. Chen urged Chinese people to participate in politics through the publication of Anhui Suhua Bao (安徽俗話報). After its sixteenth issue, the newspaper added an extra 16 columns, the most popular were on military events, Chinese philosophy, hygiene, and astronomy. Almost all of these additional topics were written by Chen. His pen-name was San'ai (三愛). At least 50 articles were published under this name.
Tokyo Jiayin MagazineIn early 1914, Chen went to Japan, where he worked as an editor and writer in the Tokyo Jiayin Magazine, (甲寅雜誌) which was published by Zhang Shizhao (章士釗). Chen once wrote an article entitled "Self Consciousness on Patriotism" (愛國心與自覺) which conveyed a strong sense of patriotism and encouraged people to fight for their freedom. It promoted the idea that those who love their country should spare no pains to protect it, and should fight for the rights of its citizens. This group of people should work together towards the same goal harmoniously. The article was threatening to the Yuan Shikai's government, as it tried to arouse the self-consciousness of the Chinese people. This preliminary magazine was released for 10 issues in total, before it was prevented from publishing. The magazine was resumed in 1925 in Beijing with the new name Tokyo Jiayin Weekly (甲寅周刊).
New Youth MagazineIn 1915, Chen started an influential monthly periodical in the French Concession of Shanghai, The Youth Magazine (青年雜誌), which was later renamed La Jeunesse (新青年, literally New Youth). It became one of the most influential magazines among the students who participated in the May Fourth Movement. Chen was the chief editor of this periodical. It was published by Qunyi shushe (群益書社), and ended publication in 1926. The magazine mainly advocated the use of vernacular language, socialism, and Marxism, and was strongly against feudalism.
In 1917, Chen became a lecturer of Chinese Literature, and a Dean of Peking University（北京大学). Having the approval from the Cai Yuanpei, the Chancellor of the Peking University, Chen collected the writings of the students which he appreciated most, which especially included Li Dazhao (李大釗), Hu Shih (胡適), Lu Xun (鲁迅) and Qian Yuan (錢沅). In order to expand the editorial department, New Youth was moved to Beijing at this time, and in February 1917, Chen used New Youth to promote science, democracy and modern literature, and to discourage the study of paleography and classical Chinese literature. The magazine began to advocate the use of the scientific method and Logical arguments towards the achievement of political, economic, social, ethical, and democratic goals.
New Youth focused on different concerns during various phases of its development. From 1915 to 1918 it opposed Chinese conservatism (especially conservatism associated with Confucianism) and promoted the development of democracy. During this phase, it became influential among the New Culture Movement. From 1919 to 1921, until the formation of the Chinese Communist Party, it focused on promoting socialism, and Marxism. From 1921 to 1926, it published and disseminated the prevailing views of the members of the Communist Party.
Minor PublicationsThe Shanghai local government banned the sale of a publication called "Guomin Ribao" (國民日報) on December 1, 1903. After this, Chen twice planned to found a paper called "Aiguo Xinbao" (愛國新報), but failed because of pressure from different groups. Chen continued to express his discontent towards the government in his later publications. When Anhui Suhua Bao (安徽俗話報) was published on March 31, 1904, Chen was responsible for all editing and distribution.
On November 27, 1918, Chen started another magazine, the Weekly Review (每週評論) with Li Dazhao (李大釗) in order to criticize the politics of his time in a more direct way and to promote democracy, science, and modern literature. Chen also edited Tokyo Jiayin Magazine (甲寅雜誌) and Science Magazine (科學雜誌). Later, he became the Editor-in-Chief of the newspapers Minli Bao (民立報) and Shenzhou Daily (神州日報).
From 1908 to 1910, two students at Peking University, Deng Zhongxia (鄧中夏) and Xu Deheng (許德珩), founded the Guomin magazine (國民雜誌) and invited Li Dazhao (李大釗) to be a consultant for the magazine. From 1912 to 1913, Chen, with the assistance of Luo Jialun (羅家倫) and Fu Sinian (傅斯年), published a paper named Xinchao She (新潮社).
Chen's Contribution to Chinese JournalismChen set a precedent for future writers via the intentionally controversial nature of his publications. He insisted on telling the truth to the Chinese people and strengthening the Chinese media for later generations. By publishing newspapers and magazines concerning political issues, Chen provided a channel for the general public to express their ideas or discontent towards the existing government. Chen believed that the purpose of mass media was to reveal the truth. At a young age, Chen had already established his first periodical, Guomin Ribao (國民日報), in which he criticized many social and political problems evident in the late Qing Dynasty. With a view to the things mentioned above, his contribution was said to be influential to journalism as a whole. Chen's writing brought the standards of Chinese journalism closer to those of other, more libearal societies of his time.
PoetryIn 1918, New Youth published contemporary poetry by Hu Shih (胡適) and Liu Bannong (劉半農), written in vernacular Chinese, becoming one of the first publications in China to encourage poetry in vernacular Chinese. Eventually, every article in New Youth were written in vernacular Chinese. New Youth was one of the first publications in China to adopt and use punctuations marks, and popularized their use through its popularity and wide readership.
Final Letters and ArticlesGregor Benton compiled and translated into English the last of Chen Duxiu's writings, publishing them under the title "Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937-1942".
Intellectual contributions and dispute
Crisis with Cai YuanpeiIn the second edition of New Youth, Chen prepared to publish Cai Yuanpei's speech, the "Speech on Freedom of Religion" (蔡元培先生在信教自由會之演說), along with an editorial interpreting its meaning and significance. Before its appearance in New Youth, Cai criticized Chen for misinterpreting this speech. Chen later admitted that "the publication of my speech in New Youth included a number of mistakes." Fortunately, Cai did not become angry with Chen and the publication was then amended before publishing.
Crisis with Hu ShihThis crisis was about the political stand of New Youth. Hu Shih insisted that New Youth should be politically neutral and the publication should be concerned with Chinese philosophy. Chen attacked his rationale by publishing "Talking Politics" (談政治) in the 8th edition. Because Chen was invited by Chen Jiongming (陳炯明) to be the Education officer in Guangzhou in mid-December 1920, he decided to assign the publication to Mao Dun (茅盾), who belonged to the Shanghai Communist Party.
Hu Shih was dissatisfied with this responsibility and their friendship and professional relationship ended. Later, Chen wrote to Hu Shih about his dissatisfaction with Hu’s intimacy with many conservative faculty members of Peking University. Especially troubling to Chen was Hu's relationship with Liang Qichao (梁啟超), a supporter of the Duan Qirui (段祺瑞) government and their anti-new wave ideology, which made Chen greatly dissatisfied.
Anti-ConfucianismChen suggested six guiding principles in New Youth with an article called "Warning the youth" (敬告青年). This article was aimed at removing the old beliefs of Confucianism. "Warning the Youth" promoted six values:
1.Independence instead of servility;
2.Progressivism instead of conservatism;
3.Aggression instead of passivity;
4.Cosmopolitanism instead of isolationism;
5.Utilitarian beliefs instead of impractical traditions;
6.Scientific knowledge instead of visionary insight.
New Youth was one of the most influential magazines in early modern Chinese history. Chen introduced many new ideas into popular Chinese culture, including individualism, democracy, humanism, and the use of the scientific method, and he advocated the abandonment of Confucianism for the adoption Communism.
Seen in this light, New Youth found itself in a position to provide an alternative intellectual influence for many young people. Under the banners of democracy and science, traditional Confucian ethics became the target of attack from New Youth. In its first issue, Chen called for young generation to struggle against Confucianism by "theories of literary revolution" (文學革命論).
To Chen, Confucianism was to be rooted out because:
1.It advocated superfluous ceremonies and preached the morality of meek compliance, making the Chinese people weak and passive, unfit to struggle and compete in the modern world.
2.It promoted family values and rejected the idea that the individual was the basic unit of society.
3.It upheld the inequality of the status of individuals.
4.It stressed filial piety, which made men subservient and dependent.
5.It preached orthodoxy of thought, disregarding freedom of thinking and expression.
Chen called for the destruction of tradition, and his attacks on traditionalism gave new options to the youth of his time. This magazine as a major influence within the May Fourth Movement.