神圣罗马帝国于约800年法兰克人的国王查里曼被教皇加冕为皇帝时开始崛起。他的帝国立足于法国、低地国家和德国，扩张至现代的意大利、下萨克森、波西米亚、匈牙利和西班牙。他和他的父亲得到了教皇的暗中支持，因为后者想获得对抗伦巴第人的资本。正式地说来教皇是拜占庭帝国的臣属，但是拜占庭皇帝没有（也不能）进行任何对抗伦巴第人的行动。
在东方保加利亚于681年建立，成为第一个斯拉夫国家。强大的保加利亚帝国是几个世纪中与拜占庭争夺巴尔干控制权的主要对手，在9世纪成为了欧洲斯拉夫地区的文化中心。两个国家大摩拉维亚和基辅罗斯在9世纪的东西斯拉夫地区分别崛起。在9世纪后期与10世纪北欧和西欧感到了迅速崛起的维京人的力量和影响，他们使用他们发达的航海船只如长船等飞速地、有效率地掠夺、买卖、征服和殖民。匈牙利人掠夺了欧洲大陆，佩切涅格人席卷了东欧，而阿拉伯人掠过南欧。在10世纪中欧建立了几个独立王国，如波兰和匈牙利王国。匈牙利人停止了掠夺，主要的民族国家也包括了巴尔干的克罗地亚和塞尔维亚。接下来直到1000年的时期中，封建制度进一步发展，从而削弱了神圣罗马帝国。
The Holy Roman Empire emerged around 800, as Charlemagne, king of the Franks, was crowned by the pope as emperor. His empire based in modern France, the Low Countries and Germany expanded into modern Hungary, Italy, Bohemia, Lower Saxony and Spain. He and his father received substantial help from an alliance with the Pope, who wanted help against the Lombards. The pope was officially a vassal of the Byzantine Empire, but the Byzantine emperor did (could do) nothing against the Lombards.
To the east Bulgaria was established in 681 and became the first Slavic country. The powerful Bulgarian Empire was the main rival of Byzantium for control of the Balkans for centuries and from the 9th century became the cultural center of Slavic Europe. Two states, Great Moravia and Kievan Rus', emerged among the Western and Eastern Slavs respectively in the 9th century. In the late 9th century and 10th century, northern and western Europe felt the burgeoning power and influence of the Vikings who raided, traded, conquered and settled swiftly and efficiently with their advanced sea-going vessels such as the longships. The Hungarians pillaged mainland Europe, the Pechenegs raided eastern Europe and the Arabs the south. In the 10th century independent kingdoms were established in Central Europe, for example, Poland and Kingdom of Hungary. Hungarians had stopped their pillaging campaigns; prominent nation states also included Croatia and Serbia in the Balkans. The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire.