前哥伦比亚的墨西哥 Pre-Columbian Mexico   阿兹特克 Aztec   西班牙征服阿兹提克帝国 panish conquest of the Aztec Empire   墨西哥殖民地时期 Colonial Mexico   墨西哥独立 Mexican war of independence   美墨战争 War with the United States   墨西哥改革战争 The struggle for liberal reforms   法国干涉和恢复共和 French intervention and the Second Mexican Empire   迪亚斯独裁 Order, progress and the Díaz dictatorship   革命和民主宪政 Revolution and PRI   当代墨西哥 Mexico today   


  阿兹特克(或译为阿兹台克、阿兹提克)是一个在14世纪-16世纪的墨西哥古文明。
  
  传说
  
  “阿兹特克”一词来自纳瓦特尔语:aztēcah为aztēcatl的众数,即“来自阿兹特兰的人”的意思;然而,阿兹特克人称他们自己为墨西加(Mexìcâ)或特诺奇卡人(Tenochca)。根据传说,阿兹特克人的祖先是从北方一个叫阿兹特兰的地方来的,他们根据太阳神威齐洛波契特里的指示往南来到阿纳瓦克谷(Anahuac valley)的特斯科科湖;当他们来到湖中央的岛屿时,他们看到一只叼著蛇的老鹰停歇在仙人掌上,这个意像告诉他们应该在这里建造城市。1325年阿兹特克人在这个地方建立了特诺奇提特兰,一座巨大的人工岛,现在墨西哥城的中心。
  帝国
  
  阿兹特克帝国共传了12位统治者。
  
   * 传说中的创建者:特诺奇(Ténoch)
   * 1375年-1395年:Acamapichtili
   * 1395年-1417年:Huitzilíhuitl
   * 1417年-1427年:奇马尔波波卡(Chimalpopoca)
   * 1427年-1440年:伊兹柯阿特尔(Itzcóatl)
   * 1440年-1469年:蒙特苏马一世(Moctezuma I)
   * 1469年-1481年:阿哈雅卡特尔(Axayacatl)
   * 1481年-1486年:Tízoc
   * 1486年-1502年:Auítzotl(通常拼为Ahuitzotl)
   * 1502年-1520年:蒙特苏马二世(Moctezuma II,有名的蒙特苏马)
   * 1520年:库伊特拉华克(Cuitláuac,通常拼为Cuitlahuac)
   * 1520年-1524年:库奥赫特莫克(Cuautémoc,通常拼为Cuauhtemoc)
  
  最初,阿兹特克是Tezozomoc统治下的Tepanecs国的佣兵,并常与托尔提克人(Toltecs)发生战争。当Tezozomoc死去,他的儿子Maxtla暗杀了奇马尔波波卡(Chimalpopoca);1428年,奇马尔波波卡的叔叔伊兹柯阿特尔(Itzcóatl)与德斯科科湖的前统治者Nezahualcoyotl同盟,并进攻Maxtla的首都 Azcapotzalco;100天后,Maxtla投降并被放逐。阿兹特克(Tenochtitlán)、德斯科科(Texcoco)、和特拉科班(Tlacopan)组成了同盟,并取得墨西哥谷地的统治权,阿兹特克是其中最强的力量。
  
  伊兹柯阿特尔的侄子蒙特苏马一世在1440年登基,并扩张了他的国土,1450年-1454年发生了由干旱导致的大饥荒,为此,蒙特苏马不断的发动荣冠战争(Flowery Wars)获取俘虏来祭祀神灵。蒙特苏马一世的儿子阿哈雅卡特尔对特拉特洛科(Tlatelolco)王国发动了战争,但被Tzintzuntzan的塔拉斯科(Tarascan)所击败,这是帝国有史以来遭遇的第一次惨败,但随后收复了Huasteca地区,并征服了米克特人(Mixtecs)和萨巴特克人(Zapotecs)。
  
  1481年,阿哈雅卡特尔(Axayácatl)的儿子Tízoc短暂了统治该国,随后便被他的弟弟Auítzotl所取代。在Auítzotl的统治下,阿兹特克帝国的版图达到了最兴盛时期,共控制了33个省份的371个部落。首都特诺奇提特兰曾经有25万人居住,是当时世界最大的城市之一。阿哈雅卡特尔(Axayácatl)的儿子蒙特苏马二世在1502年登基,1504年开始发动对特拉克斯卡拉(Tlaxcala)的战争,1519年西班牙人从墨西哥湾登陆,当时阿兹特克人误以为是传说中羽蛇神(Quetzalcoatl)的归来,因此邀请西班牙人进城,但西班牙人却软禁了蒙特苏马二世。西班牙人在城内搜括黄金,并屠杀了阻止他们的祭司们,这导致了后来的暴动,蒙特苏马二世在1520年7月1日的一场暴动中被大石头击中脑部死去,西班牙也被迫放弃特诺奇提特兰城。
  毁灭
  
  蒙特苏马的侄子库伊特拉华克(Cuitláuac)在登基四个月后便因为西班牙人带来的天花而死去。帝国最后的皇帝库奥赫特莫克(Cuautémoc,蒙特苏马的侄子,时年18岁)登基。1521年4月28日,西班牙人及其盟军开始作最后的围攻;在经过长时间的围城和大部份人口都死于饥饿与天花的情况下,1521年8月13日,皇帝库奥赫特莫克终于向征服者克尔特兹(Hernán Cortés)的500人西班牙军队和15-20万底拉斯卡拉盟军投降。1525年2月26日,他被西班牙人绞死。帝国的人口也因为各式传染病从1500万迅速下降到300万,首都特诺奇提特兰也被烧成平地。现在墨西哥的首都墨西哥城是在特诺奇提特兰的废墟上重新建立的。


  The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
  
  Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the people of Tenochtitlan, situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who called themselves Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica.
  
  Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which has also become known as the "Aztec Empire". In other contexts it may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history as well as many important cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who like them, also spoke the Nahuatl language. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for the Nahuatl speaking peoples of the late postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
  
  From the 12th century Valley of Mexico was the core of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed its tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica.
  
  At its pinnacle Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments.
  
  In 1521, in what is probably the most widely known episode in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II; In the series of events often referred to as "The Fall of the Aztec Empire". Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital.
  
  Aztec culture and history is primarily known:
  
   * From archaeological evidence as it is found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City and many others.
   * From indigenous bark paper codices.
   * From eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo.
   * And especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.


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