zài gé mìng de fǎ guó zhàn bài hòu，
qí tā liè qiáng cháng shì huī fù 1789
nián yǐ qián de jú miàn。 1815
nián wéi yě nà huì yì zhōng，
ōu zhōu zhù yào liè qiáng zài ná pò lún zhàn zhēng zhī hòu de dì guó（
chú qù nèi bù gé mìng de qíng kuàng）
zhī jiān hé méi tè niè tǐ xì zhī xià dá chéng liǎo jūn shì píng héng。
dàn shì nǔ lì bìng wú fǎ zǔ zhǐ gé mìng yùn dòng yù yǎn yù liè：
zhōng chǎn jiē jí yǐ jīng bèi fǎ guó dà gé mìng de mín zhù lǐ xiǎng shēn shēn yǐng xiǎng，
gōng yè gé mìng dǎo zhì liǎo zhòng yào de jīng jì shè huì biàn huà，
xià céng jiē jí kāi shǐ shòu dào shè huì zhù yì、
gòng chǎn zhù yì hé wú zhèng fǔ zhù yì sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng（
tè bié shì bèi kǎ '
ěr ·
mǎ kè sī zài gòng chǎn dǎng xuān yán zhōng chǎn shù de guān diǎn），
duì xīn xíng zī běn zhù yì de xiàng wǎng zé chéng wéi liǎo zì yóu zhù yì。
yī xiē mín zú zhù yì yùn dòng（
zài dé guó、
yì dà lì、
bō lán、
xiōng yá lì děng）
de chū xiàn dǎo zhì liǎo jìn yī bù de dòng dàng，
tā men xún qiú mín zú tǒng yī hé /
huò cóng wài zú tǒng zhì xià jiě fàng chū lái。
jiēguǒ shì 1815
nián zhì 1871
nián qī jiān dà liàng gé mìng yùn dòng hé dú lì zhàn zhēng bào fā。
ná pò lún yī shì de zhí zǐ ná pò lún sān shì， 1848
nián jié shù yīng guó de liú fàng shēng yá huí guó bìng bèi xuǎn rù fǎ guó guó huì，
rán hòu zài yīcháng zhèng biàn zhōng zuò wéi “ qīn wáng zǒng tǒng ” bǎ zì jǐ xuǎn wéi huáng dì，
zhè xiàng xíng dòng qí hòu shòu dào liǎo jué dà duō shù fǎ guó xuǎn mín de zhī chí。
tā hé '
ào dì lì dì guó zuò zhàn cóng '
ér bāng zhù yì dà lì tǒng yī，
hé yīng guó yǔ '
ào sī màn dì guó yī qǐ yǔ '
é guó jìn xíng kè lǐ mǐ yà zhàn zhēng。
tā de dì guó zài fǎ guó qū rǔ xìng dì bài yú pǔ lǔ shì zhī hòu bēng kuì，
tā běn rén bèi fú lǔ。
fǎ guó chéng wèile yī gè xū ruò de gòng hé guó，
bù kěn tán pàn，
bìng zài shù yuè zhī hòu bèi pǔ lǔ shì jī bài wǎ jiě。
zài fán '
ěr sài，
pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng wēi lián yī shì bèi xuān gào wéi dé guó huáng dì，
xiàn dài dé guó chǎn shēng。
suī rán gé mìng dǎng rén dà bù fēn shī bài liǎo，
dàn shì zhì 1871
nián dà duō shù '
ōu zhōu guó jiādōu chéng wèile lì xiàn（
ér bù shì zhuān zhì）
jūn zhù zhì guó jiā。 19
shì jì yě jiàn zhèng liǎo dà yīng dì guó zuò wéi shì jiè dì yī gè quán qiú dì guó de jué qǐ hé zài ná pò lún zhàn zhēng zhōng de shèng lì，
qián zhě hěn dà chéng dù shàng guī gōng yú gōng yè gé mìng。
After the defeat of revolutionary France, the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789. In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna, the major powers of Europe managed to produce a peaceful balance of power among the empires after the Napoleonic wars (despite the occurrence of internal revolutionary movements) under the Metternich system. However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of democracy of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas (especially those summarized by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism. Further instability came from the formation of several nationalist movements (in Germany, Italy, Poland, Hungary etc.), seeking national unification and/or liberation from foreign rule. As a result, the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon I, returned from exile in the United Kingdom in 1848 to be elected to the French parliament, and then as "Prince President" in a coup d'état elected himself Emperor, a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate. He helped in the unification of Italy by fighting the Austrian Empire and fought the Crimean War with the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire against Russia. His empire collapsed after an embarrassing defeat for France at the hands of Prussia in which he was captured. France then became a weak republic which refused to negotiate and was finished by Prussia in a few months. In Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of Germany, and modern Germany was born. Even though the revolutionaries were often defeated, most European states had become constitutional (rather than absolute) monarchies by 1871, and Germany and Italy had developed into nation states. The 19th century also saw the British Empire emerge as the world's first global power due in a large part to the Industrial Revolution and victory in the Napoleonic Wars.