gōng yuán   shǐ qián 'ōu zhōu Prehistoric Europe    diǎn shí dài Classical Antiquity   zhōng shì Middle Ages   jìn dài 'ōu zhōu Early Modern Europe   gōng mìng Industrial revolution   cóng mìng dào guó zhù From revolution to imperialism   


  gōng mìng shì zài 18 shì hòu 19 shì zǎo de duàn chí de gōng huà jìn chéng shí nóng zhì zào yùn shū shēng liǎo biàn huàduì yīng guó shè huì jīng wén huà zhuàng kuàng yòu zhe shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎngsuí hòu gèng chuán zhì zhěng 'ōu zhě běi měi zhì quán shì jièzài 18 shì hòu yīng guó jīng chǔ de shǒu gōng zhì zào shuài xiān bèi xiè gōng zhì zào suǒ dài zuì xiān kāi shǐ fǎng zhì de xiè huà jīn chǎn de zhǎn méi tàn yào de duàn shàng shēng 'ér shōu shímào kuò zhāng shòu dào yùn jiàn shègǎi shàn de gōng tǒng huǒ chē yùn shū de zhī chízhēng yóu méi tàn gōng dòng de míng dòng xièzhù yào zài fǎng zhì yìng yòng gāo liǎo shēng chǎn 。 19 shì qián 'èr shí nián quán jīn shǔ chuáng de chū xiàn jìn liǎo chǎn de zhì zào lèi xiè de shēng chǎn de yǐng xiǎng yuǎn zhěng 19 shì de 'ōu běi měizuì zhōng yǐng xiǎng liǎo zhěng shì jièzhè zhǒng biàn huà duì shè huì de yǐng xiǎng qīng zhòng
  
   gōng mìngyòu chēng chǎn mìnggōng chǎng mìnghuò zhě gài chēng wéi gōng mìngjìn nián lái xiē xué zhě rèn wéi zhè gài niàn zhī jiān yòu hěn míng xiǎn de bié), zhǐ běn zhù gōng huà de zǎo chéng běn zhù shēng chǎn wán chéng liǎo cóng gōng chǎng shǒu gōng xiàng gōng guò de jiē duàngōng mìng shì dài rén guī gōng chǎng huà shēng chǎn dài gōng chǎng shǒu gōng shēng chǎn de yīcháng shēng chǎn mìngyóu de míng yùn yòng chéng wéi liǎo zhè shí dài de biāo zhìyīn shǐ xué jiā chēng zhè shí dài wéi shí dài ( theAgeofMachines)。
  
   yòu rén rèn wéi gōng mìng zài 1759 nián zuǒ yòu jīng kāi shǐdàn zhí dào 1830 nián hái méi yòu zhēn zhèng péng zhǎn kāi duō shù guān diǎn rèn wéigōng mìng yuán yīng lán zhōng 。 18 shì zhōng yīng guó rén gǎi liáng zhēng zhī hòuyóu liè shù mìng yǐn liǎo cóng shǒu gōng láo dòng xiàng dòng shēng chǎn zhuǎn biàn de zhòng fēi yuèsuí hòu chuán dào yīng lán dào zhěng 'ōu zhōu , 19 shì chuán dào běi měi
  
   bān rèn wéizhēng méitiě gāng shì chéng gōng mìng shù jiā zhǎn de xiàng zhù yào yīn
  
   zài gǎi liáng zhēng zhī qiánzhěng shēng chǎn suǒ dòng kào rén chù bàn suí zhēng de míng gǎi jìngōng chǎng zài huò liú 'ér jiànhěn duō qián lài rén shǒu gōng wán chéng de gōng zuò zhēng míng hòu bèi xiè huà shēng chǎn dàigōng mìng shì bān zhèng zhì mìng de biàn yǐng xiǎng shè rén lèi shè huì shēng huó de fāng miànshǐ rén lèi shè huì shēng liǎo de biàn duì rén lèi de xiàn dài huà jìn chéng tuī dòng dào dài de zuò yòng rén lèi tuī xiàng liǎo zhǎn xīn de zhēng shí dài
  
   bèi jǐng
  
   gōng mìng qián fēn fāng réndōu zài xiāng jiān zhùbìng zài xiǎo de tián gēngzhòng xùmù wéi shēng men rén niú zhǐ jiǎn dān gōng gēngzhònggēngzhòng de fāng réng yán yòng zhōng shí dài de sān nián lún gēng zhì( theThree-fieldSystem)。 gēn zhè zhǒng fāng nóng mín huàfēn chū sān kuài tiánměi nián zhǐ zài zhōng liǎng kuài tián gēngzhòngsuǒ shōu chéng duō
  
   gōng mìng zhī qiánzhǐ yòu xiǎo fēn de fāng rén zài chéng shì zhùdāng shí chéng shì de rén kǒu duō shǎo wàn rén fēn de chéng shì mín dōushì shāng rén gōng jiàngshāng rén chū shòu gōng jiàng de zhì pǐn móu shēngér gōng jiàng duō zài jiā zhōng yòng shǒu dòng de gōng xiǎo de lái shēng chǎn yòng shāng pǐn wéi chí shēng zhè zhǒng yòng rén shǒu jiǎn dān gōng zài fāng jiān zuò de shēng chǎn fāng shì chēng wéijiā tíng shǒu gōng zhì”( theDomesticSystem)。
  
   zài gōng mìng zhī qián lùn xiāng jiān huò chéng shì de shēng chǎn dòng rén chù fēng shuǐ děng wéi zhùsuǒ shēng chǎn liàng duōdāng rén kǒu zēng jiā shízhè zhǒng yuán shǐ dòng lái shēng chǎn pǐn de fāng biàn néng zài mǎn zēng jiā de qiú
  
   gōng mìng chū xiàn zhī qiánxiāng jiān chéng shì mín dōushì chē wéi zhù yào de yùn shū gōng dàn dāng shí de dào wǎng luò shè bìng wán shàndào duō shì píng dezài tiān shíhěn duō dào huì bèi shuǐ yānmòjiāo tōng yán zhòng bèi zǔsèyīn jiāo tōng yùn shū xiàolǜ
   yīn
   nóng mìng rén kǒu zēng jiā
  
   zài 18 shì yīng guó rén kǒu duàn zēng jiā yīng guó nóng mìng( BritishAgriculturalRevolution) juàn yùn dòng de hòu guǒ zhì nóng láo dòng guò shèng xún qiú xīn de jiù huìyòu zhù tuī dòng gōng shāng de zhǎnzài jiā shàng rén men de xiāo fèi qiú jiàn zēng jiāwéi liàng huà shēng chǎn de shāng pǐn xíng chéng liǎo xiāo
   guó nèi shì chǎng
  
  1623 nián yīng guó guó wáng zhān shì shì yǔn shè zhuān quán bǎo xīn míng de quán kāi shǐ duō xīn míng de chǎn shēnggōng mìng yuē 1750 nián kāi shǐ yīng gōng mìng de zhǎn kāi yòu duō zhǒng yuán yīn zhōngfēng jiàn zhì de jié shù jiù shì míng xiǎn de gōng mìng dǎo huǒ xiànsuí zhe fēng jiàn zhì 18 shì chū zài fāng xiāo shīguì zhù suǒ xiǎng yòu de zhǒng quán mào de zhuān suí zhī xiāo shīzhè xiē gǎi biàn tuī dòng liǎo yóu mào xíng chéng liǎo gèng guī de shì chǎngshǐ gōng shāng de zhǎn gèng wéi péng zài zhè zhǒng gǎi biàn xiàjiù yòu de jiā tíng shì gōng shēng chǎn shì néng mǎn mào zhǎn de yàosuǒ rén men biàn zhì gǎi jìn shēng chǎn shù shēng chǎn shì zēng jiā chǎn liàngyīn 'ér yǐn liǎo gōng mìng
   zhí mín shì chǎng yuán liào
  
   wàishì jiè mào de zhǎn bàn yǎn zhe xiāng dāng zhòng yào de juésècóng 15 shì xiàn xīn háng duō 'ōu zhōu guó jiā zài fēiměi sān zhōu jiàn zhí mín zhì 18 shì zhè xiē zhí mín jǐn wéi men gōng yuán liào shāng pǐn chū kǒu shì chǎnghái tuī dòng liǎo shì jiè mào de zhǎnwèile mǎn yīn shì jiè mào suǒ yǐn zhì de páng qiúrén men biàn kāi shǐ cǎi yòng fāng lái gāo chǎn liàngcóng 'ér yǐn liǎo gōng mìng
   běn xīn shù
  
   hái yòu jīn de xīn de míng shì yǐn gōng mìng de zhōng liǎng zhù yào yuán yīn。 18 shì shíōu zhōu běn de mào zhǎn péng shǐ shāng rén lěi liǎo liàng cái wèile huò gèng fēng hòu de rùn men biàn zhì tóu kāi shè gōng chǎnggòu zhì yuán liào míng xīn jiā shàng suí zhe lèi xíng de míng yìng yòngjiù yòu rén wéi zhù de shēng chǎn gōng zhú jiàn bèi yóu zhēng tuī dòng de dàishēng chǎn gōng de xiè huà gāo liǎo gōng nóng de chǎn liàngjié shàng de zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīnjiù chéng jiù liǎo gōng mìng de zhǎn kāi
   xīn
  
   gōng mìng qián hòu gòng yòu hěn duō zhǒng tóng de míngchú liǎo jiào wéi zhù míng dài biǎo xìng de zhēng wàihái yòu hěn duō míng duì hòu lái de zhǎn yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎn xià shì xiē jiào zhòng yào de míng liè biǎo
   gōng mìng qián hòu de xiē zhòng yào míng nián fèn míng zhě míng
  1733 nián yuē hàn · kǎi fēi suō
  1764 nián zhān shì · zhēn fǎng shā
  1778 nián yuē · chōu shuǐ tǒng
  1781 nián zhān · zhēng
  1796 nián sài fěi 'ěr píng bǎn yìn shuà shù
  1797 nián hēng · lāi luó qiēxiāo chuáng
  1812 nián liè wéi xuě 'ěr guō
  1815 nián hàn · dài wéi kuàng gōng dēng
  1829 nián qiáo zhì · shǐ fēn shēng zhēng huǒ chē tóu
  1844 nián chéng lián · fèi 'ā bǎi 'ēn lán kāi xià guō
   yǐng xiǎng
  
   gōng mìng duì 19 shì xué zhǎn shè huì biàn qiān chǎn shēng liǎo wéi zhòng yào de yǐng xiǎng qián de xué yán jiū hěn shǎo yòng gōng shēng chǎnsuí zhe gōng mìng de zhǎn zhǎngdàgōng chéng shī xué jiā de jiè xiàn yuè lái yuè xiǎogèng duō de gōng chéng shī mái tóu zuò xué yán jiū qián de xué jiā duō shì guì huò rén de xiàn zài yòu duō lái gōng gōng rén jiē de chéng wéi liǎo xué jiā men gèng jiā duì huà xué diàn xué gǎn xīng zhè jìn liǎo zhè xiē xué de zhǎn
  
   shè huì fāng miànyóu xiāng cūn rén kǒu shìzào chéng liǎo shì huà de xiàn xiàng huì de chū xiàn yīn wéi yóu jīng zhù de xīng jìn 'ér kuò liǎo rén mín duì mín zhù zhèng zhì de cānyù liàng gōng chǎng de chéng jǐn zào chéng liǎo láo shuāng fāng de duì gōng rén bēi cǎn de shēng huó gōng zuò huán jìng zhú jiàn wéi rén zhòng shì duō de shàn gòu shì chéng zhù zhāng shè huì zhì gǎi shàn qióng rén shēng huó miǎn fèi gōng liáng shí zhù suǒlìng fāng miàn wéi shǒu de zuǒ pài xué shuō zhì gōng shè huì zào chéng de miàn yǐng xiǎngtóng shí yǎn shēng chū liǎo shè huì zhù gòng chǎn zhù děng xiǎngduì hòu de rén lèi shè huì yǐng xiǎng shèn
  
   gōng mìng gāo liǎo xiàolǜdàn shì shǐ duō shú liàn gōng rén shī , 1811 nián míng jiào de yīng guó gōng rén dǎo huǐ cóng 'ér yǐn liǎo fǎn duì xiè huà de yùn dòng


  The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. In the later part of the 1700s the manual labour based economy of the Kingdom of Great Britain began to be replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Once started it spread. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power (fuelled primarily by coal) and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous.


pínglún (0)