qǐ méng yùn dòng Enlightenment  (1701nián～1789nián)   zǒngcháodài: jìn dài 'ōu zhōu

　　zài jìn dài zǎo qī， zī běn zhù yì zhì dù（ tōng guò zhòng shāng zhù yì） qǔ dài liǎo fēng jiàn zhì dù， zhì shǎo zài xī bù 'ōu zhōu chéng wéi jīng jì de jī běn zǔ zhì xíng shì。 bù duàn kuò zhāng de zhí mín dì cù jìn liǎo shāng yè gé mìng。 zhè duàn shí qī xiàn dài kē xué de jué qǐ jí qí zài jì shù jìn bù shàng de yìng yòng yǐn rén zhù mù， bìng zài gōng yè gé mìng zhōng dào dá gāo cháo。 yī bǐ lì yà（ xī bān yá hé pú táo yá） yǐ kè lǐ sī tuō fú · gē lún bù zài 1492 nián wéi xún zhǎo tōng xiàng dōng yìn dù qún dǎo de jié jìng xiàng xī de tàn xiǎn wéi shǒu de duì xīn dà lù de kāi fā， bù jiǔ biàn shòu dào liǎo yīng guó rén hé fǎ guó rén kāi fā běi měi de tiǎo zhàn。 xīn de mào yì xíng shì hé bù duàn tuī jìn de dì píng xiàn chǎn shēng liǎo xīn de zhèng fǔ、 fǎ lǜ xíng shì hé jīng jì xū yào。
　　
　　 zōng jiào gǎi gé duì 'ōu zhōu zhěng tǐ yòu zhe shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。 bù jǐn guó jiā zhī jiān bèi zōng jiào huàqīng jiè xiàn， mǒu xiē guó jiā nèi bèi yě bèi zōng jiào fēn zhēng sì fēn wǔ liè， bìng dé dào wài dí de rè xīn zhī chí。 fǎ guó zài shí liù shì jì xiàn rù zhè gè shēn yuān zhōng， fā shēng liǎo yī xì liè de míng wéi fǎ guó zōng jiào zhàn zhēng de chōng tū， zuì zhōng yǐ bō bàng wáng cháo qǔ dé shèng lì 'ér gào zhōng。 yīng gé lán zài yī duàn shí jiān nèi bì miǎn liǎo zhè zhǒng qíng kuàng， zài yī lì suō bái yī shì tǒng zhì xià， wēn hé de yīng guó guó jiào dé yǐ què lì。 xiàn dài dé guó de dà bù fèndāng shí zài lǐ lùn shàng de shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó kuàng jià nèi yóu xǔ duō xiǎo de zhù quán guó jiā zǔ chéng， jiào pài fēn qí shǐ dé zhū hóu gē jù gèng jiā yán zhòng。 bō lán lì táo wǎn lián bāng cǐ shí yóu yú qí zōng jiào zì yóu hé dà tǐ shàng miǎn yú 'ōu zhōu zōng jiào fēn zhēng 'ér shòu dào zhù yì。
　　
　　 sān shí nián zhàn zhēng jìn xíng yú 1618 nián zhì 1648 nián， zhù yào zài jīn tiān de dé guó jìng nèi， dà duō shù 'ōu zhōu liè qiáng juǎnrù qí zhōng。 tā kāi shǐ yú shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó de xīn jiào hé tiān zhù jiào zhū hóu zhī jiān de chōng tū， suí hòu zhú jiàn yǎn biàn chéng xíjuǎn dà bàn gè 'ōu zhōu de quán miàn zhàn zhēng， yuán yīn yě bù shì yī dìng hé zōng jiào yòu guān liǎo。 zài zhàn zhēng zhōng gù yōng bīng bèi guǎng fàn yùn yòng， tā de zhù yào yǐng xiǎng shì dà piàn dì qū bèi sōu xún liáng cǎo de dà jūn xǐ jié yī kōng。 dà fàn wéi de jī huāng hé chuán rǎn bìng liú xíng shǐ dé yì zhì zhū hóu guó rén kǒu yuán qì dà shāng， dī dì guó jiā hé yì dà lì qíng kuàng shāo hǎo， hěn duō dì qū qiáng guó bīn lín pò chǎn de jiǒng jìng。 sì fēn zhī yī zhì sān fēn zhī yī de dé guó rén kǒu yóu yú zhàn luàn hé yǔ cǐ yòu guān de yǐn fā de jí bìng hé jī huāng sǐ qù。 zhàn zhēng zhěng zhěng chí xù sān shí nián， dàn shì yǐn fā zhàn zhēng de máo dùn zài xiāng dāng cháng de shí jiān nèi réng wèi jiě jué。
　　
　　 zài jié shù zhàn zhēng， yǔn xǔ guó jiā jué dìng zì shēn zōng jiào xìn yǎng de wēi sī tè fá lì yà hé yuē zhī hòu， dú cái chéng wéi 'ōu zhōu dà lù de pǔ biàn xiàn xiàng， dàn 'ōu zhōu mǒu xiē dì fāng jìn xíng liǎo yǐ yīng guó nèi zhàn， tè bié shì guāng róng gé mìng wéi xiān zhào de xiàn zhèng tǐ zhì de shí yàn。 ōu zhōu de jūn shì chōng tū bìng méi yòu tíng zhǐ， dàn shì duì 'ōu zhōu rén de shēng huó zào chéng de pò huài xìng yǐng xiǎng xià jiàng。 zài fā dá de xī běi 'ōu， qǐ méng yùn dòng jǐyǔ liǎo xīn de guān diǎn zhé xué shàng de zhī chí， yìn shuà shù shǐ dé shí zì shuài bù duàn shàng shēng， zào jiù liǎo sī xiǎng shàng de xīn de shì sú lì liàng。 bō lán lì táo wǎn lián bāng yóu yú qí tè yòu de zhǔn mín zhù xìng “ huáng jīn zì yóu ” yòu yī cì chéng wéi lì wài。
　　
　　 qǐ méng shí dài（ fǎ wén： SiècledesLumières） tōng cháng shì zhǐ zài 18 shì jì chū zhì 1789 nián fǎ guó dà gé mìng jiān de yī gè xīn sī wéi bù duàn yǒng xiàn de shí dài。 yǔ lǐ xìng zhù yì děng yī qǐ gòu chéng yī gè jiào cháng de wén huà yùn dòng shí qī。 zhè gè shí qī de qǐ méng yùn dòng， fù gài liǎo gè gè zhī shí lǐng yù， rú zì rán kē xué、 zhé xué、 lún lǐ xué、 zhèng zhì xué、 jīng jì xué、 lì shǐ xué、 wén xué、 jiào yù xué děng děng。
　　
　　 qǐ méng shí dài de xué zhě yì bù tóng yú zhī qián de wén yì fù xīng shí dài de xué zhě， tā men bù zài yǐ zōng jiào fǔ zhù wén xué yǔ yì shù fù xīng， ér shì lì tú yǐ jīng yàn jiā lǐ xìng sī kǎo 'ér shǐ zhī shí xì tǒng néng dú lì yú zōng jiào de yǐng xiǎng， zuò wéi jiàn lì dào dé、 měi xué yǐ jí sī xiǎng tǐ xì de fāng shì。
　　
　　 qǐ méng yùn dòng de chàng dǎo zhě jiāng zì jǐ shì wéi dà wú wèi de wén huà xiān fēng， bìng qiě rèn wéi qǐ méng yùn dòng de mù de shì yǐn dǎo shì jiè zǒu chū chōng mǎn zhe chuán tǒng jiào yì、 fēi lǐ xìng、 máng mù xìn niàn、 yǐ jí zhuān zhì de yī gè shí qī（ zhè yī shí qī tōng cháng bèi chēng wéi hēi 'àn shí qī）。 zhè gè shí dài de wén huà pī píng jiā、 zōng jiào huái yí pài、 zhèng zhì gǎi gé pài jiē shì qǐ méng xiān fēng， dàn tā men zhǐ shì de sōng sàn、 fēi zhèng shì、 wán quán wú zǔ zhì de lián hé。 ér dāng shí de qǐ méng zhī shí de zhōng xīn shì bā lí， fǎ yǔ zé shì gòng yòng yǔ yán。
　　
　　 qǐ méng yùn dòng tóng shí wéi měi guó dú lì zhàn zhēng yǔ fǎ guó dà gé mìng tí gōng liǎo kuàng jià， bìng qiě dǎo zhì liǎo zī běn zhù yì hé shè huì zhù yì de xīng qǐ， yǔ yīnyuè shǐ shàng de bā luò kè shí qī yǐ jí yì shù shǐ shàng de xīn gǔ diǎn zhù yì shí qī shì tóng yī shí qī。
　　
　　
　　 dōng 'ōu shì ruì diǎn、 bō lán lì táo wǎn lián bāng hé 'ào sī màn tǔ 'ěr qí dì guó zhēng bà de zhàn chǎng。 zài zhè yī shí qī zhè sān gè guó jiā zhú jiàn mòluò zuì zhōng bèi xīn de kāi míng jūn zhù zhuān zhì guó jiā héng héng 'é luó sī、 pǔ lǔ shì hé 'ào dì lì suǒ qǔ dài。 zài 19 shì jì dào lái zhī shí tā men chéng wéi liǎo xīn de liè qiáng， sān gè guó jiā guā fēn liǎo bō lán， ruì diǎn hé tǔ 'ěr qí yě fēn bié xiàng 'é guó hé 'ào dì lì gē ràng dà piàn tǔ dì。 dà liàng bō lán yóu tài rén yí mín dào xī 'ōu， zài zhōng shì jì tā men bèi fàng zhú chū de tǔ dì shàng jiàn lì qǐ yóu tài rén shè qū。
　　
　　 guò chéng
　　
　　 niú dùn de qǐ méng zuò pǐn - zì rán zhé xué de shù xué yuán lǐ
　　 duì zōng jiào de tiǎo zhàn
　　
　　 zhè gè shí qī yīn yòu xiē rén lì yòng jiào huì míng yì qù sōu kuò cái fù、 pò hài yì jǐ， yīn cǐ qǐ méng yùn dòng rén shì shì shí fēn bù mǎn jiào huì dāng shí de qíng kuàng。
　　
　　 zhè gè shí qī， qián wǎng zhōng guó chuán jiào de tiān zhù jiào yé sū huì chuán jiào shì， yòng shū xìn jiè shào liǎo yī gè shì sú 'ér fù yù de zhōng guó shè huì， hé fēi zōng jiào de zhōng guó lún lǐ xué kǒng mèng zhī dào。 zhè yǐn qǐ liǎo fú 'ěr tài děng qǐ méng xué zhě de jí dà xīng qù。
　　 lǐ xìng tàn tǎo de kāi shǐ
　　
　　 qǐ méng shí dài zǎo qī sī xiǎng jiā kě yǐ zhuī sù dào yīng guó de luò kè (JohnLocke,1632-1704)， tā de guān yú zōng jiào hé shì sú zhèng fǔ de sī kǎo， yǐng xiǎng liǎo hòu lái de qǐ méng shí dài sī xiǎng jiā。 18 shì jì de fǎ guó， zài jīng guò liǎo lù yì shí sì（ 1638-1715） shí qī duō nián de zhàn zhēng hòu， jīng jì dà shòu dǎ jī， yīn cǐ zhè gè shí dài de rén men kāi shǐ duì jūn quán shén shòu shuō chǎn shēng zhì yí， bìng kāi shǐ chū xiàn lǐ xìng sī kǎo de sī xiǎng jiā， qí zhōng fǎ guó yǐ mèng dé sī jiū (BarondeMontesquieu,1689-1755)、 fú 'ěr tài (Voltaire,1694-1788)、 ràng - yǎ kè · lú suō (Jean-JacquesRousseau,1712-1778) děng rén zuì wéi wén míng。 lìng wài zài dé guó yòu yī màn nǔ 'ěr · kāng dé (ImmanuelKant,1724-1804)。 dāng shí， dà bù fèn zhé xué jiā jiē yǐ lǐ xìng sī kǎo shì wéi zhù yào zhòng diǎn， bìng kāi shǐ bìng qì zōng jiào de guān diǎn。 dí dé luó（ 1713-1784） zài《 bǎi kē quán shū》 de“ lǐ xìng” yī tiáo zhōng suǒ zhǐ chū de guān diǎn， lǐ xìng shì“ rén lèi rèn shí zhēn lǐ de néng lì”，“ rén lèi de jīng shén bù kào xìn yǎng de guāng liàng de bāng zhù 'ér néng gòu zì rán dá dào yī xì liè zhēn lǐ” gèng shì dài biǎo liǎo zhè gè shí qī de sī xiǎng jiā de jīng shén。
　　 duì lì shǐ kǎo zhèng de kāi shǐ
　　
　　 zài zhè gè shí qī， rén men kāi shǐ duì zhōng shì jì shí de yǐ shén xué、 zhé xué hé yǎn yì luó ji lái jiě shì lì shǐ de fāng fǎ chǎn shēng zhì yí， bìng duì lì shǐ wén xiàn suǒ jìzǎi de shì wù chǎn shēng yí wèn， ér duì qí jìn xíng kǎo gǔ yán jiū yǔ wén wù fā jué。
　　 mín zhù yì shí de chū xiàn
　　
　　 zhè gè shí qī de sī xiǎng jiā men dà duō duì jūn quán shén shòu shuō chǎn shēng zhì yí， bìng yǐ chàng dǎo zì yóu píng děng wéi zhù yào gōng zuò。 yǐ fú 'ěr tài wéi lì， tā céng shuō guò：“ wǒ bù tóng yì nǐ shuō de měi yī gè zì， dàn shì wǒ shì sǐ hàn wèi nǐ shuō huà de quán lì。”， yóu cǐ kě jiàn tā duì yán lùn zì yóu de zhòng shì。
　　
　　 ér lìng yī wèi zhù míng sī xiǎng jiā mèng dé sī jiū yì shuō：“ fǎ yì kě shuō shì xiàn dài shè huì xué de qǐ méng， duì qì hòu、 fǎ lǜ、 zōng jiào、 zhì lǐ yuán zé、 guò qù shì lì、 xí guàn fēng sú děng děng xíng chéng shè huì zǒng jīng shén de yī qiē jìn xíng liǎo bǐ jiào xìng de yán jiū。 jìn guǎn zhè huì dǎo zhì shè huì jué dìng lùn、 lì shǐ xiāng duì lùn， tā què jiāng zì yóu zài dào dé shàng de bì yào xìng， zhì yú jué dìng lùn xiāng duì lùn zhī shàng， ér tā yě wéi fǎn zì shēn qián hòu luó ji de， jiān chí fǎn duì zhuān zhì tǒng zhì， rèn wéi tā shì bù hé dào dé de。 ér zhè jiù shì yīng guó xiàn fǎ fēn xī chū“ fēn quán” de yóu lái。”
　　
　　 tóng yàng dì， dà duō qǐ méng shí dài de sī xiǎng jiā de zhù zuò jiē tí chū liǎo chuàng lì mín zhù、 gòng hé zhèng tǐ de sī xiǎng， zhè zhǒng sī xiǎng bèi qí hòu měi guó dú lì xuān yán yǔ fǎ guó rén quán xuān yán suǒ cǎi yòng。
　　
　　 zhè gè shí dài xīn de sī xiǎng de yǒng xiàn， shǐ dé zì rán kē xué yǔ rén wén kē xué tuō lí liǎo zōng jiào sī xiǎng de yǐng xiǎng， cóng 'ér chǎn shēng zhēn zhèng dú lì yú zōng jiào yǐ wài de xué shù yán jiū。 ér yīn wéi lì shǐ yǔ zhé xué de chuàng lì、 wén huà shǐ yán jiū“ fàn shì” yǐ jí duì làng màn zhù yì shǐ xué de kāi qǐ， shǐ zhè shí dài yú lì shǐ xué shàng liú yòu dú tè de yìn jì， yì shì zhè shí dài de yǐng xiǎng lì de biāo zhì hé tǐ xiàn。 ér qǐ méng yùn dòng zuì zhōng dǎo zhì liǎo měi guó dú lì yùn dòng jí fǎ guó dà gé mìng， shǐ rén lèi de shè huì tǐ zhì kāi shǐ yóu jūn zhù zhuān zhì biàn wéi gòng hé zhèng tǐ， lìng rén mín néng xiǎng yòu zhēn zhèng de rén quán。 yīn cǐ qǐ méng yùn dòng zài shǐ xué shàng shì jí wéi zhòng yào de yī duàn lì shǐ， bìng qiě zài gè gè fàn chóu jiē liú xià jí dà de yǐng xiǎng。
　　 tóng qī de sī xiǎng yùn dòng
　　
　　18 shì jì zhé xué hái yòu lìng yī cì zhòng yào sī xiǎng yùn dòng yǔ qǐ méng yùn dòng yòu zhe jí dà de guān lián。 qián zhě shì yǐ zōng jiào xìn yǎng wéi zhòng diǎn de。 qí chàng dǎo zhě shì tú tōng guò lǐ xìng lái zhèng míng shàng dì de cún zài。 zài zhè yī shí qī， zōng jiào xìn yǎng yǔ zhèng zhì lǐ lùn yī yàng shì duì yú zì rán zhé xué、 dào dé guān niàn tàn suǒ de bù fēn。 rán 'ér， qǐ méng yùn dòng de zhé xué jiā rú fú 'ěr tài hé ràng · yǎ gè · lú suō zé duì xiàn yòu de jiào huì zhì dù tí chū zhì yí hé pēng jī。
　　
　　18 shì jì， jīng yàn zhù yì jí qí zài zhèng zhì jīng jì xué、 zhèng zhì xué、 yǐ jí wù lǐ xué、 huà xué hé shēng wù xué de yìng yòng yī zhí zài yán xù。
　　
　　 xué zhě rèn wéi， lǐ xìng zhù yì shí qī zǎo yú qǐ méng yùn dòng， wén yì fù xīng shí qī hé zōng jiào gǎi gé yě zǎo yú qǐ méng yùn dòng。 ér làng màn zhù yì de chū xiàn zé wǎn yú qǐ méng yùn dòng。

　　Throughout the early part of this period, capitalism (through Mercantilism) was replacing feudalism as the principal form of economic organization, at least in the western half of Europe. The expanding colonial frontiers resulted in a Commercial Revolution. The period is noted for the rise of modern science and the application of its findings to technological improvements, which culminated in the Industrial Revolution. Iberian (Spain and Portugal) exploits of the New World, which started with Christopher Columbus's venture westward in search of a quicker trade route to the East Indies in 1492, was soon challenged by English and French exploits in North America. New forms of trade and expanding horizons made new forms of government, law and economics necessary.
　　
　　The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe. Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation, but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife, avidly fostered by their external enemies. France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion, which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty. England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism. Much of modern day Germany was made up of numerous small sovereign states under the theoretical framework of the Holy Roman Empire, which was further divided along internally drawn sectarian lines. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is notable in this time for its religious indifference and a general immunity to the horrors of European religious strife.
　　
　　The Thirty Years' War was fought between 1618 and 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, and involved most of the major European powers. Beginning as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a general war involving much of Europe, for reasons not necessarily related to religion. The major impact of the war, in which mercenary armies were extensively used, was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies. Episodes of widespread famine and disease devastated the population of the German states and, to a lesser extent, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting many of the regional powers involved. Between one-fourth and one-third of the German population perished from direct military causes or from illness and starvation related to the war. The war lasted for thirty years, but the conflicts that triggered it continued unresolved for a much longer time.
　　
　　After the Peace of Westphalia which ended the war in favour of nations deciding their own religious allegiance, Absolutism became the norm of the continent, while parts of Europe experimented with constitutions foreshadowed by the English Civil War and particularly the Glorious Revolution. European military conflict did not cease, but had less disruptive effects on the lives of Europeans. In the advanced north-west, the Enlightenment gave a philosophical underpinning to the new outlook, and the continued spread of literacy, made possible by the printing press, created new secular forces in thought. Again, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth would be an exception to this rule, with its unique quasi-democratic Golden Freedom.
　　
　　Eastern Europe was an arena of conflict for domination between Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. This period saw a gradual decline of these three powers which were eventually replaced by new enlightened absolutist monarchies, Russia, Prussia and Austria. By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively. Numerous Polish Jews emigrated to Western Europe, founding Jewish communities in places where they had been expelled from during the Middle Ages.