14
yǔ 15
shì jì shì zhōng shì jì wǎn qī。
zhì 1300
nián zuǒ yòu，
ōu zhōu jǐ gè shì jì yǐ lái de fán róng hé zēngzhǎng kāi shǐ tíng zhì。
yī xì liè de jī huāng hé wēn yì，
rú 1315-1317
nián dà jī huāng yǔ hēi sǐ bìng。
hēi sǐ bìng shì '
ōu zhōu shǐ shàng de zuì dà zāinàn zhī yī，
yòu guò duō cì bào fā，
dàn shì zuì yán zhòng de yī cì shì zài 14
shì jì zhōng qī，
gū jì '
ōu zhōu rén kǒu de sān fēn zhī yī sǐ yú cǐ cì bào fā。
rén kǒu jiǎn shǎo dǎo zhì shè huì dòng luàn yǔ bù zú zhàn zhēng。
fǎ guó hé yīng gé lán jīng lì liǎo dà guī mó de nóng mín qǐ yì héng héng zhā kè léi qǐ yì yǔ yīng guó nóng mín qǐ yì，
yǐ jí yīng fǎ bǎi nián zhàn zhēng。
wú dú yòu '
ǒu，
tǒng yī de luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào huì yě bèi dà fēn liè suǒ dòng yáo。
zhè xiē shì jiàn yòu shí bèi tǒng chēng wéi zhōng shì jì wǎn qī wēi jī。
suī rán yòu zhè xiē wēi jī， 14
shì jì réng rán shì yī gè zài yì shù hé kē xué fāng miàn yòu zhe cháng zú jìn bù de shí dài。
fù xīng de duì yú gǔ xī là hé gǔ luó mǎ wén xiàn de xīng qù yǐn qǐ liǎo hòu rén suǒ chēng de yì dà lì wén yì fù xīng。
yī gè fā xiàn shí dài zài zhè yī shí qī mò qī fā duān。
ào sī màn tǔ '
ěr qí dì guó de kuò zhāng zài 1453
nián jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo xiàn luò zhī hòu dào dá dǐng fēng，
qiē duàn liǎo '
ōu zhōu hé dōng fāng de mào yì kě néng。
ōu zhōu rén bèi pò xún zhǎo xīn de mào yì lù xiàn，
bǐ rú gē lún bù 1492
nián tàn fǎng měi zhōu，
yòu rú dá ·
gā mǎ 1498
nián rào guò fēi zhōu zhí háng yìn dù。
zài 14
shì jì zǎo qī，
bō luó de hǎi chéng wèile zuì zhòng yào de mào yì háng yùn zhōng xīn。
yī gè chéng shì mào yì lián méng héng héng hàn sà tóng méng héng héng cù jìn liǎo bō lán、
lì táo wǎn hé qí tā bō luó de hǎi guó jiā de dà piàn dì qū róng rù '
ōu zhōu jīng jì，
yě bāng zhù liǎo dōng '
ōu liè qiáng de jué qǐ，
bāo kuò lì táo wǎn、
bō lán、
xiōng yá lì、
bō xī mǐ yà hé mò sī kē dà gōng guó。
gōng rèn de zhōng shì jì jié shù shí jiān yī bān dìng wéi jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo hé bài zhàn tíng dì guó bèi '
ào sī màn tǔ '
ěr qí gōng zhàn de 1453
nián。
tǔ '
ěr qí rén bǎ gāi chéng zuò wéi tā men de '
ào sī màn dì guó de shǒu dū，
gāi dì guó yī zhí yán xù dào 1922
nián，
bāo kuò '
āi jí、
xù lì yà hé dà bù fēn bā '
ěr gān guó jiā。
ào sī màn dì guó duì '
ōu zhàn zhēng，
yòu shí yě chēng tǔ '
ěr qí zhàn zhēng，
zài dōng nán '
ōu lì shǐ shàng de yǐng xiǎng jǔ zú qīng zhòng。
The Late Middle Ages span the 14th and 15th centuries. Around 1300, centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population by as much as half according to some estimates. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant risings: the Jacquerie, the Peasants' Revolt, and the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to discover new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498.
One of the largest catastrophes to have hit Europe was the Black Death. There were numerous outbreaks, but the most severe was in the mid-1300s and is estimated to have killed a third of Europe's population.
Beginning in the 14th century, the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes. The Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities, facilitated the absorption of vast areas of Poland, Lithuania and other Baltic countries into the economy of Europe. This fed the growth of powerful states in Eastern Europe including Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Muscovy. The conventional end of the Middle Ages is usually associated with the fall of the city Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Turks made the city the capital of their Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922 and also included Egypt, Syria and most of the Balkans. The Ottoman wars in Europe, also sometimes referred as the Turkish wars, marked an essential part of the history of southeastern Europe.