jūn shì tǎn dīng dà dì 312
nián zài lā bù lán qí xià shōu fù luó mǎ zhī hòu，
mǎ shàng yú 313
nián qiān shǔ liǎo mǐ lán chì lìng xuān bù jī dū jiào wéi luó mǎ dì guó de hé fǎ zōng jiào。
cǐ wài，
jūn shì tǎn dīng zhèng shì dì jiāng luó mǎ dì guó de shǒu dū cóng luó mǎ qiān dào xī là chéng shì bài zhàn tíng，
bìng jiāng hòu zhě gǎi míng wéi jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo（
jūn shì tǎn dīng zhī chéng）。 395
nián dí '
ào duō xī yī shì xuān bù jī dū jiào wéi luó mǎ dì guó guó jiào，
tóng shí tā yě shì zuì hòu yī gè tǒng yī de luó mǎ dì guó de huáng dì，
cóng cǐ zhī hòu，
dì guó yī fēn wéi '
èr：
xī luó mǎ dì guó yǐ lā wén nà wéi zhōng xīn，
dōng luó mǎ dì guó（
hòu bèi chēng wéi bài zhàn tíng dì guó）
yǐ jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo wéi zhōng xīn。
xī luó mǎ bù duàn shòu dào rì '
ěr màn bù luò de lüè duó（
jiàn：
mín zú dà qiān xǐ），
bìng zài 476
nián zuì zhōng xiàn luò yú hè lǔ lì rén shǒu lǐng '
ào duō yà sài zhī shǒu。
luó mǎ de quán wēi zài xī bù wán quán sàng shī，
xī bù shěng fèn hěn kuài biàn chéng liǎo yī qún rì '
ěr màn wáng guó de pīn còu jí hé。
dàn shì luó mǎ chéng zài luó mǎ tiān zhù jiào jiào huì de jiān guǎn zhī xià，
réng rán shì zhī shí de zhōng xīn，
zài xī '
ōu hěn dà chéng dù bǎo liú zhù liǎo luó mǎ de jīng diǎn sī xiǎng。
tóng shí，
zài jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo de luó mǎ huáng dì chá shì dīng ní yī shì chéng gōng dì jiāng suǒ yòu de luó mǎ fǎ fǎ diǎn huà chéng wéi《
mín fǎ dà quán》 (529-534)。
zài 6
shì jì zhōng，
dōng luó mǎ dì guó juǎnrù liǎo yī xì liè zhì mìng de chōng tū zhī zhōng，
shǒu dāng qí chōng de shì yǔ bō sī sà shān dì guó（
jiàn luó mǎ -
bō sī zhàn zhēng）
de zhàn zhēng，
suí hòu shì xīn xīng de yī sī lán jiào hā lǐ fā dì guó（
sì dà hā lǐ fā hé wō mǎ yà wáng cháo）
de jìn gōng。
zhì 650
nián，
āi jí、
bā lè sī tǎn hé xù lì yà shěng yǐ jīng luò rù mù sī lín jūn duì zhī shǒu，
wō mǎ yà wáng cháo suí hòu zài 7
shì jì hé 8
shì jì fēn bié zhēng fú liǎo xī bān yá hé yì dà lì nán bù（
jiàn mù sī lín zhàn lǐng shí qī）。
zài xī '
ōu，
yī zhǒng xīn de zhèng zhì jié gòu zhèng zài xíng chéng：
luó mǎ dì guó jiě tǐ hòu de quán lì zhēn kōng zhī xià，
dāng dì jiàn lì qǐ liǎo píng mín hé tā men gēngzhòng de tǔ dì zhī jiān de děng jí zhì dù。
dì zhù shōu qǔ shí yī shuì，
bìng xiàng dāng dì de lǐng zhù xiào zhōng。
shí yī shuì yòng yú zhī fù guó jiā cái zhèng hé zhàn zhēng zhī chū。
zhè jiù shì fēng jiàn zhì dù，
xīn de lǐng zhù hé guó wáng bù duàn chū xiàn，
qí zhōng zuì wěi dà de shì fǎ lán kè rén de tǒng zhì zhě chá lǐ màn dà dì。 800
nián，
chá lǐ màn zuò wéi dà piàn lǐng tǔ de zhēng fú zhě，
bèi jiào huáng lì '
ào sān shì jiā miǎn wéi luó mǎ rén de huáng dì (ImperatorRomanorum)，
yòu xiào dì jiā qiáng liǎo tā zài xī '
ōu de quán lì dì wèi。
chá lǐ màn de wáng cháo shì yī gè xīn de xī '
ōu rì '
ěr màn luó mǎ dì guó héng héng shén shèng luó mǎ dì guó kāi shǐ de biāo zhì。
zài qí guó jiè zhī wài，
xīn de lì liàng yě zài jī jù。
jī fǔ luó sī gōng guó zài fēng jiāng kuò tǔ，
dà mó lā wéi yà zài rì yì chéngzhǎng，
ér '
àng gé lǔ rén hé sà kè xùn rén zé máng yú bǎo jiā shù biān。
When Emperor Constantine had reconquered Rome under the banner of the cross in 312, he soon afterwards issued the Edict of Milan in 313, declaring the legality of Christianity in the Roman Empire. In addition, Constantine officially shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the Greek town of Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople ("City of Constantine"). In 395 Theodosius I, who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire, and from thenceforth, the empire would be split into two halves: the Western Roman Empire centered in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire (later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire) centered in Constantinople. The Western Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by marauding Germanic tribes (see: Migration Period), and in 476 finally fell to the Heruli chieftan Odoacer. Roman authority in the West completely collapsed and the western provinces soon became a patchwork of Germanic kingdoms. However, the city of Rome, under the guidance of the Roman Catholic Church, still remained a centre of learning, and did much to preserve classic Roman thought in Western Europe. In the meantime, the Roman emperor in Constantinople, Justinian I, had succeeded in codifying all Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis (529-534). For the duration of the 6th century, the Eastern Roman Empire was embroiled in a series of deadly conflicts, first with the Persian Sassanid Empire (see Roman-Persian Wars), followed by the onslaught of the arising Islamic Caliphate (Rashidun and Umayyad). By 650, the provinces of Egypt, Palestine and Syria were lost to the Muslim forces, followed by Hispania and southern Italy in the 7th and 8th centuries (see Muslim conquests).
In Western Europe, a political structure was emerging: in the power vacuum left in the wake of Rome's collapse, localised hierarchies were based on the bond of common people to the land on which they worked. Tithes were paid to the lord of the land, and the lord owed duties to the regional prince. The tithes were used to pay for the state and wars. This was the feudal system, in which new princes and kings arose, the greatest of which was the Frank ruler Charlemagne. In 800, Charlemagne, reinforced by his massive territorial conquests, was crowned Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) by Pope Leo III, effectively solidifying his power in western Europe. Charlemagne's reign marked the beginning of a new Germanic Roman Empire in the west, the Holy Roman Empire. Outside his borders, new forces were gathering. The Kievan Rus' were marking out their territory, a Great Moravia was growing, while the Angles and the Saxons were securing their borders.