zǎo yà shù shí qī Old Assyrian city-states and kingdoms  (qián3000nián～qián1380nián)   zǒngcháodài: yà shù Assyria

　　gōng yuán qián 3000 nián dài mò， ā kǎ dé wáng guó miè wáng zhī hòu， yà shù xíng chéng liǎo yǐ yà shù chéng wéi zhōng xīn de guó jiā， kāi shǐ liǎo zǎo yà shù shí qī（ yuē gōng yuán qián 3000 nián dài mò zhì gōng yuán qián 2000 nián dài zhōng yè）。
　　
　　 zǎo yà shù shí qī shí， tǔ dì guī gōng shè suǒ yòu， bù guò guān yú gōng shè de shí jì qíng kuàng zé bìng bù qīng chǔ。 lìng wài， zǎo qī yà shù yòu guì zú huì yì， míng nián guān chēng wéi “ lǐ mó ”， guó wáng chēng wéi“ yī shā kù”， quán lì què bù dà。 zǎo qī yà shù suī yòu yī xiē wáng jiā míng wén liú xià， dàn suǒ zài wáng biǎo bìng bù kě kào， yīn 'ér hái wèi néng liè chū yī gè wán zhěng de wáng biǎo。
　　
　　 zǎo yà shù shí qī de shāng yè mào yì yǐ xiāng dāng fā dá， guó wáng shā mǔ xī · ā dá dé yī shì de yī gè míng wén zhōng tí jí dāng shí yà shù chéng de shì chǎng jí yī xiē shāng pǐn de bǐ jià， ér shāng mào duì shǒu zé bāo kuò xiǎo yà xì yà、 xù lì yà、 měi suǒ bù dá mǐ yà nán bù、 zhā gé luó sī shān qū jí yà měi ní yà děng dì qū。 yà shù yòu jiàn lì hěn duō shāng yè zhí mín dì， jù kǎ pà duō xì yà ní bǎn wén shū suǒ zài， yòu yī gè shāng yè zhí mín dì jiào kǎ ní shí， zhèng zhì shàng bù shǔ yà shù， jū mín què shì yà shù rén jí gōng shè chéng yuán， ér qiě xiǎng yòu zì zhì quán。 zài 'āi bǔ lā（ Elba） chū tǔ de wén jiàn， jìzǎi liǎo yà shù de tǒng zhì zhě céng tóng 'āi bǔ lā tǒng zhì zhě qiān dìng yòu kǎ ní shí de《 kǎ nǔ mǔ tiáo yuē》。 tòu guò shāng yè huó dòng， yà shù de yī xiē chéng shì rú ní ní wēi、 yà shù chéng、 ā 'ěr bèi lā dū yīn cǐ fù qǐ lái， ér qiě gèng zhòng yào de shì bǎ xiē xíng wén zì dài dào liǎo xiǎo yà xì yà。
　　
　　 yà shù yú shā mǔ xī · ā dá dé yī shì zài wèi shí zuì qiáng dà， zài mǎ lǐ fā jué de wén shū zhōng jìzǎi qí céng gōng zhàn mǎ lǐ， qí zǐ yě dān rèn liǎo gāi chéng de tǒng zhì zhě， xiǎo yà xì yà dōng bù yě céng bèi yà shù zhēng fú， shā mǔ xī · ā dá dé yī shì xí yòng 'ā kǎ dé guó wáng de chēng hào， zì chēng“ tiān xià zhī wáng”， rán shā mǔ xī · ā dá dé yī shì sǐ hòu， yà shù shuāi luò， gōng yuán qián 16-15 shì jì， yà shù fēn bié lì shǔ yú dāng shí xī yà de qiáng guó mǐ tǎn ní jí tǒng zhì liǎng hé liú yù nán bù de jiā xǐ tè rén， zhí zhì gōng yuán qián 15 shì jì mò yè， cái yòu qiáng dà qǐ lái， jìn rù zhōng yà shù shí qī。
　　
　　 zǎo qī yà shù chéng bāng
　　
　　 yà shù guó jiā qǐ yuán yú yà shù chéng。 zài zuì gǔ lǎo de shí dài， jí yà shù chéng bāng gāng gāng xíng chéng shí， bìng méi yòu chū xiàn jūn zhù zhì。 pǔ biàn rèn wéi， zhè yī shí qī yà shù de zhèng zhì tǐ zhì shì guǎ tóu zhì， yóu lèi sì luó mǎ yuán lǎo yuàn de chéng bāng zhǎnglǎo huì yì zhǎng wò shí quán。 zài yà shù chéng bāng tǐ zhì zhōng jù yòu zuì jiē jìn yú guó wáng de dì wèi de rén chēng wéi“ yī shā kù”， tā yòu quán zhào jí zhǎnglǎo huì yì bìng chéng dān zōng jiào zhí wù。 dàn shí jì shàng quán lì gèng dà de rén zé kě néng shì míng nián guān， zhè shì yī zhǒng lèi sì yú gǔ luó mǎ zhí zhèng guān de zhí wèi， měi nián nián chū yóu yī shā kù rèn mìng。 xià miàn liè chū zài gǔ yà shù wén xiàn yà shù wáng biǎo zhōng jìzǎi de yǐ zhī de yī shā kù。 tā men de xiān hòu shùn xù shì kěn dìng de， jù tǐ de zài wèi nián fèn zé wú cóng dé zhī。
　　“ zhù zài zhàng péng zhōng de guó wáng”
　　
　　 suǒ wèi“ zhù zài zhàng péng zhōng” shì yà shù wáng biǎo zhōng de yuán wén， zhè yě xǔ shì 'àn shì zhè yī shí qī de yà shù rén réng guò zhe yóu mù shēng huó。
　　
　　* yī kù nǔ mǔ
　　* tú dí yà yuē qián 2500 nián
　　* ā dá mǔ
　　* yáng jí
　　* sū hè lā mǔ
　　* hā 'ěr hā lǔ
　　* màn dá lǔ
　　* yī mǔ sū
　　* hā 'ěr sū
　　* dí dá nǔ
　　* hā nà
　　* zǔ wǎ bù
　　* nǔ wǎ bù
　　* ā bā zǔ
　　* bèi lǔ
　　* ā zhā lā hè
　　* wū shí pí yà yuē qián 2020 nián
　　
　　“ xiān wáng”
　　
　　 zuì yòu zhēng yì de yī duàn wáng biǎo， xiàn zài réng bù néng lǐ jiě“ xiān wáng” yī cí de hán yì。
　　
　　* wū shí pí yà zhī zǐ 'ā pí yà shā 'ěr
　　* ā pí yà shā 'ěr zhī zǐ hā léi
　　* hā léi zhī zǐ sà mǎ ní
　　* sà mǎ ní zhī zǐ hā yà ní
　　* hā yà ní zhī zǐ yī lù - méi 'ěr
　　* yī lù - méi 'ěr zhī zǐ yà kè méi xī
　　* yà kè méi xī zhī zǐ yà kè méi ní
　　* yà kè méi ní zhī zǐ yà cí kù 'ěr - āi 'ěr
　　* yà cí kù 'ěr - āi 'ěr zhī zǐ yī lā - kǎ bù kǎ bā
　　* yī lā - kǎ bù kǎ bā zhī zǐ 'ā mǐ nǔ
　　
　　
　　 míng nián guān bù míng de guó wáng
　　
　　 zhè yī duàn zhōng de jǐ gè yī shā kù， tā men yú měi nián rèn mìng de míng nián guān de míng zì shī chuán liǎo。
　　
　　* ā mǐ nǔ zhī zǐ sū lì lì
　　* jī kè jī yà yuē qián 2000 nián - qián 1985 nián
　　* ā jī yà yuē qián 1985 nián - qián 1970 nián
　　* pǔ zǔ 'ěr yà shù yī shì yuē 1970 nián - qián 1960 nián
　　* shā lì mǔ - ā hè yuē qián 1960 nián - qián 1945 nián
　　* yī lù shū mǎ yuē qián 1945 nián - qián 1906 nián
　　
　　
　　 gǔ yà shù shí qī
　　
　　* yī lǐ shū mǔ yī shì qián 1906 nián - qián 1867 nián
　　* yī kù nǔ mǔ qián 1867 nián - qián 1860 nián
　　* sà 'ěr gòng yī shì qián 1860 nián - qián 1850 nián
　　* pǔ zǔ 'ěr yà shù 'èr shì qián 1850 nián - qián 1830 nián
　　* nà lā mǔ xīn qián 1830 nián - qián 1815 nián
　　* yī lǐ shū mǔ 'èr shì qián 1815 nián - qián 1809 nián
　　* shā mǔ xī 'ā dá dé yī shì qián 1809 nián - qián 1781 nián
　　o shā mǔ xī 'ā dá dé yī shì jiàn lì liǎo zhēn zhèng yì yì shàng de jūn zhù zhì。
　　* yī shí méi - dá gān yī shì qián 1780 nián - qián 1741 nián
　　* mǔ tè - ā shí kù 'ěr qián 1730 nián - qián 1720 nián
　　* lǐ mǔ shí qián 1720 nián - qián 1710 nián
　　* ā xīn nǔ mǔ qián 1710 nián - qián 1706 nián
　　* kòngwèi shí dài de 7 gè cuàn wèi zhě：（ qián 1706 nián - qián 1700 nián）
　　o yà shù dù gǔ 'ěr
　　o yà shù 'ā pà lā yī dí
　　o nà xī 'ěr - xīn
　　o xīn - nà mǐ 'ěr
　　o yī bù jī - yī shí tǎ 'ěr
　　o 'ā dá dé sà lù lù
　　o 'ā dá xī
　　* bèi lù - bā ní qián 1700 nián - qián 1691 nián
　　* lì bā yī yà qián 1690 nián - qián 1674 nián
　　* shā 'ěr mǎ 'ā dá dé yī shì qián 1673 nián - qián 1662 nián
　　* yī pǔ tǎ 'ěr - xīn qián 1661 nián - qián 1650 nián
　　* bā zhā yī yà qián 1649 nián - qián 1622 nián
　　* lù lā yī yà qián 1621 nián - qián 1618 nián
　　* shū - ní nǔ wǎ qián 1615 nián - qián 1602 nián
　　* shā 'ěr mǎ 'ā dá dé 'èr shì qián 1601 nián - qián 1598 nián
　　* yī lǐ shū mǔ sān shì qián 1580 nián - qián 1567 nián
　　* shā mǔ xī 'ā dá dé 'èr shì qián 1567 nián - qián 1561 nián
　　* yī shí méi - dá gān 'èr shì qián 1561 nián - qián 1545 nián
　　* shā mǔ xī 'ā dá dé sān shì qián 1545 nián - qián 1529 nián
　　* yà shù ní lā lǐ yī shì qián 1529 nián - qián 1503 nián
　　* pǔ zǔ 'ěr yà shù sān shì qián 1503 nián - qián 1479 nián
　　* ēn lì 'ěr - nà xī 'ěr yī shì qián 1479 nián - qián 1466 nián
　　* nǔ 'ěr - yī lì qián 1466 nián - qián 1454 nián
　　* yà shù shā dù ní qián 1454 nián
　　* yà shù lā bǐ yī shì qián 1453 nián
　　* yà shù nà dí nà hè yī shì qián 1435 nián - qián 1420 nián
　　* ēn lì 'ěr - nà xī 'ěr 'èr shì qián 1420 nián - qián 1414 nián
　　* yà shù ní lā lǐ 'èr shì qián 1414 nián - qián 1407 nián
　　* yà shù bèi 'ěr ní xiè shū qián 1407 nián - qián 1398 nián
　　* yà shù lǐ mǔ ní xiè shū qián 1398 nián - qián 1390 nián
　　* yà shù nà dí nà hè 'èr shì qián 1390 nián - qián 1380 nián

　　Early history
　　
　　The earliest neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture in Iraq. Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria, little is positively known. According to some Judaeo-Christian traditions, the city of Ashur (also spelled Assur or Aššur) was founded by Ashur the son of Shem, who was deified by later generations as the city's patron god. The upper Tigris River valley seems to have been ruled by Sumer, Akkad, and northern Babylonia in its earliest stages. The Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Great claimed to encompass the surrounding "four quarters"; the regions north of the Akkadian homeland had been known as Subartu. It was destroyed by barbarian Gutian people in the Gutian period, then rebuilt, and ended up being governed as part of the Empire of the 3rd dynasty of Ur.
　　
　　Old Assyrian city-states and kingdoms
　　
　　The first inscriptions of Assyrian rulers appear after 2000 BC. Assyria then consisted of a number of city states and small Semitic kingdoms. The foundation of the Assyrian monarchy was traditionally ascribed to Zulilu, who is said to have lived after Bel-kap-kapu (Bel-kapkapi or Belkabi, ca. 1900 BC), the ancestor of Shalmaneser I.
　　City state of Ashur
　　
　　The city-state of Ashur had extensive contact with cities on the Anatolian plateau. The Assyrians established "merchant colonies" in Cappadocia, e.g., at Kanesh (modern Kültepe) circa 1920 BC – 1840 BC and 1798 BC – 1740 BC. These colonies, called karum, the Akkadian word for 'port', were attached to Anatolian cities, but physically separate, and had special tax status. They must have arisen from a long tradition of trade between Ashur and the Anatolian cities, but no archaeological or written records show this. The trade consisted of metal (perhaps lead or tin; the terminology here is not entirely clear) and textiles from Assyria, that were traded for precious metals in Anatolia.
　　
　　Like many commercial city-states in history, Assur was to a great extent an oligarchy rather than a monarchy. Authority was considered to lie with "the City", and the polity had three main centres of power — an assembly of elders, a hereditary ruler, and an eponym. The ruler presided over the assembly and carried out its decisions. He was not referred to with the usual Akkadian term for "king", šarrum; that was instead reserved for the city's patron deity Assur, of whom the ruler was the high priest. The ruler himself was only designated as "the steward of Assur" (iššiak Assur), where the term for steward is a borrowing from Sumerian ensi(k). The third centre of power was the eponym (limmum), who gave the year his name, similarly to the archons and consuls of Classical Antiquity. He was annually elected by lot and was responsible for the economic administration of the city, which included the power to detain people and confiscate property. The institution of the eponym as well as the formula iššiak Assur lingered on as ceremonial vestiges of this early system throughout the history of the Assyrian monarchy.
　　Kingdom of Shamshi-Adad I
　　
　　The city of Ashur was conquered by Shamshi-Adad I (1813 BC – 1791 BC) in the expansion of Amorite tribes from the Khabur river delta. He put his son Ishme-Dagan on the throne of a nearby city, Ekallatum, and allowed the former Anatolian trade to continue. Shamshi-Adad I also conquered the kingdom of Mari on the Euphrates putting another of his sons, Yasmah-Adad on the throne there. Shamshi-Adad's kingdom now encompassed the whole of northern Mesopotamia. He himself resided in a new capital city founded in the Khabur valley, called Shubat-Enlil.
　　
　　Ishme-Dagan inherited the kingdom, but Yasmah-Adad was overthrown, and Mari was lost. The new king of Mari allied himself with Hammurabi of Babylon. Assyria now faced the rising power of Babylon in the south. Ishme-Dagan responded by making an alliance with the enemies of Babylon, and the power struggle continued for decades.
　　Assyria reduced to vassal states
　　
　　Hammurabi eventually prevailed over Ishme-Dagan, and conquered Ashur for Babylon. With Hammurabi, the various karum in Anatolia ceased trade activity — probably because the goods of Assyria were now being traded with the Babylonians' partners. Assyria was ruled by vassal kings dependent on the Babylonians for a century. After Babylon fell to the Kassites, the Hurrians dominated the northern region, including Assur.
　　
　　There are dozens of Mesopotamian cuneiform texts from this period, with precise observations of solar and lunar eclipses, that have been used as 'anchors' in the various attempts to define the chronology of Babylonia and Assyria for the early second millennium, i.e., the "high", "middle", and "low" chronologies.