阿茲特剋(或譯為阿茲臺剋、阿茲提剋)是一個在14世紀-16世紀的墨西哥古文明。
傳說
“阿茲特剋”一詞來自納瓦特爾語:aztēcah為aztēcatl的衆數,即“來自阿茲特蘭的人”的意思;然而,阿茲特剋人稱他們自己為墨西加(Mexìcâ)或特諾奇卡人(Tenochca)。根據傳說,阿茲特剋人的祖先是從北方一個叫阿茲特蘭的地方來的,他們根據太陽神威齊洛波契特裏的指示往南來到阿納瓦剋𠔌(Anahuac valley)的特斯科科湖;當他們來到湖中央的島嶼時,他們看到一隻叼著蛇的老鷹停歇在仙人掌上,這個意像告訴他們應該在這裏建造城市。1325年阿茲特剋人在這個地方建立了特諾奇提特蘭,一座巨大的人工島,現在墨西哥城的中心。
帝國
阿茲特剋帝國共傳了12位統治者。
* 傳說中的創建者:特諾奇(Ténoch)
* 1375年-1395年:Acamapichtili
* 1395年-1417年:Huitzilíhuitl
* 1417年-1427年:奇馬爾波波卡(Chimalpopoca)
* 1427年-1440年:伊茲柯阿特爾(Itzcóatl)
* 1440年-1469年:蒙特蘇馬一世(Moctezuma I)
* 1469年-1481年:阿哈雅卡特爾(Axayacatl)
* 1481年-1486年:Tízoc
* 1486年-1502年:Auítzotl(通常拼為Ahuitzotl)
* 1502年-1520年:蒙特蘇馬二世(Moctezuma II,有名的蒙特蘇馬)
* 1520年:庫伊特拉華剋(Cuitláuac,通常拼為Cuitlahuac)
* 1520年-1524年:庫奧赫特莫剋(Cuautémoc,通常拼為Cuauhtemoc)
最初,阿茲特剋是Tezozomoc統治下的Tepanecs國的傭兵,並常與托爾提剋人(Toltecs)發生戰爭。當Tezozomoc死去,他的兒子Maxtla暗殺了奇馬爾波波卡(Chimalpopoca);1428年,奇馬爾波波卡的叔叔伊茲柯阿特爾(Itzcóatl)與德斯科科湖的前統治者Nezahualcoyotl同盟,並進攻Maxtla的首都 Azcapotzalco;100天後,Maxtla投降並被放逐。阿茲特剋(Tenochtitlán)、德斯科科(Texcoco)、和特拉科班(Tlacopan)組成了同盟,並取得墨西哥𠔌地的統治權,阿茲特剋是其中最強的力量。
伊茲柯阿特爾的侄子蒙特蘇馬一世在1440年登基,並擴張了他的國土,1450年-1454年發生了由幹旱導致的大饑荒,為此,蒙特蘇馬不斷的發動榮冠戰爭(Flowery Wars)獲取俘虜來祭祀神靈。蒙特蘇馬一世的兒子阿哈雅卡特爾對特拉特洛科(Tlatelolco)王國發動了戰爭,但被Tzintzuntzan的塔拉斯科(Tarascan)所擊敗,這是帝國有史以來遭遇的第一次慘敗,但隨後收復了Huasteca地區,並徵服了米剋特人(Mixtecs)和薩巴特剋人(Zapotecs)。
1481年,阿哈雅卡特爾(Axayácatl)的兒子Tízoc短暫了統治該國,隨後便被他的弟弟Auítzotl所取代。在Auítzotl的統治下,阿茲特剋帝國的版圖達到了最興盛時期,共控製了33個省份的371個部落。首都特諾奇提特蘭曾經有25萬人居住,是當時世界最大的城市之一。阿哈雅卡特爾(Axayácatl)的兒子蒙特蘇馬二世在1502年登基,1504年開始發動對特拉剋斯卡拉(Tlaxcala)的戰爭,1519年西班牙人從墨西哥灣登陸,當時阿茲特剋人誤以為是傳說中羽蛇神(Quetzalcoatl)的歸來,因此邀請西班牙人進城,但西班牙人卻軟禁了蒙特蘇馬二世。西班牙人在城內搜括黃金,並屠殺了阻止他們的祭司們,這導致了後來的暴動,蒙特蘇馬二世在1520年7月1日的一場暴動中被大石頭擊中腦部死去,西班牙也被迫放棄特諾奇提特蘭城。
毀滅
蒙特蘇馬的侄子庫伊特拉華剋(Cuitláuac)在登基四個月後便因為西班牙人帶來的天花而死去。帝國最後的皇帝庫奧赫特莫剋(Cuautémoc,蒙特蘇馬的侄子,時年18歲)登基。1521年4月28日,西班牙人及其盟軍開始作最後的圍攻;在經過長時間的圍城和大部份人口都死於饑餓與天花的情況下,1521年8月13日,皇帝庫奧赫特莫剋終於嚮徵服者剋爾特茲(Hernán Cortés)的500人西班牙軍隊和15-20萬底拉斯卡拉盟軍投降。1525年2月26日,他被西班牙人絞死。帝國的人口也因為各式傳染病從1500萬迅速下降到300萬,首都特諾奇提特蘭也被燒成平地。現在墨西哥的首都墨西哥城是在特諾奇提特蘭的廢墟上重新建立的。
The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the people of Tenochtitlan, situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who called themselves Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica.
Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which has also become known as the "Aztec Empire". In other contexts it may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history as well as many important cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who like them, also spoke the Nahuatl language. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for the Nahuatl speaking peoples of the late postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
From the 12th century Valley of Mexico was the core of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed its tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica.
At its pinnacle Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments.
In 1521, in what is probably the most widely known episode in the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II; In the series of events often referred to as "The Fall of the Aztec Empire". Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital.
Aztec culture and history is primarily known:
* From archaeological evidence as it is found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City and many others.
* From indigenous bark paper codices.
* From eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo.
* And especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.