希臘軍事力量的下降使得羅馬人在前168年左右徵服了這片土地，然而希臘卻最終憑藉它的文化徵服了羅馬人的生活。習慣上認為羅馬對希臘的統治開始於公元前146年羅馬人盧基烏斯·穆米烏斯（Lucius Mummius）對科林斯的洗劫，然而早在前168年當國王珀爾修斯於彼得那戰役中敗給盧基烏斯·埃米利烏斯·保盧斯·馬其頓尼庫斯後，馬其頓就已經處於羅馬控製之下了。羅馬人將這片區域劃分為四個小共和國，前146年馬其頓正式成為羅馬的一個行省，首都為塞薩洛尼基。剩下的希臘城邦紛紛被終結事實上的（de jure）自治，而歸降羅馬帝國。羅馬人將地方行政交給希臘人管理，並不欲破壞傳統的政治模式，而雅典的廣場（agora）繼續作為公共和政治生活的中心而存在。
212年，卡拉卡拉的安扥尼努斯敕令將羅馬的公民權賦予了意大利以外全帝國的男性自由民，事實上將行省的居民提升到與羅馬城的居民同等的地位。這條敕令的歷史重要性甚至大於政治重要性，自此帝國的經濟和法律的機製通行於整個地中海地區，為帝國的融合打下了基礎，如同當年從拉丁部落拓展到整個意大利的過程。當然，在實踐中融合併不可能完全實現，例如希臘這樣已經整合於羅馬的地區更適應這個條令，而像不列顛、巴勒斯坦或是埃及這些不是太遠就是太窮或是太過特別的地區就無法達到這樣的程度。
卡拉卡拉的敕令並未能控製權力從西方向希臘和東方轉移的過程，相反它加速了這個過程，為希臘在中世紀成為歐洲的主要力量打下了基石。
Roman Greece is the period of Greek history (of Greece proper; as opposed to the other centers of Hellenism in the Roman world) following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC until the reestablishment of the city of Byzantium and the naming of the city by the Emperor Constantine as the capital of the Roman Empire (as Nova Roma, later Constantinople) in 330 AD.
The Greek peninsula came under Roman rule in 146 BC, Macedonia being a Roman province, while southern Greece came under the surveillance of Macedonia's praefect. However, some Greek poleis managed to maintain a partial independence and avoid taxation. The Aegean islands were added to this territory in 133 BC. Athens and other Greek cities revolted in 88 BC, and the peninsula was crushed by the Roman general Sulla. The Roman civil wars devastated the land even further, until Augustus organized the peninsula as the province of Achaea in 27 BC.
Greece was the key eastern province of the Roman Empire, as the Roman culture had long been in fact Greco-Roman. The Greek language served as a lingua franca in the East and in Italy, and many Greek intellectuals such as Galen would perform most of their work in Rome.
Several emperors contributed new buildings to Greek cities, especially in the Athenian agora, where the Agrippeia of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, the Library of Titus Flavius Pantaenus, and the Tower of the Winds, among others, were built. Life in Greece continued under the Roman Empire much the same as it had previously. Roman culture was highly influenced by the Greeks; as Horace said, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit. (Translation: Captive Greece took captive her uncouth conqueror.) The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. The Roman nobles who regarded the Greeks as backwards and petty, were the main political opponents of Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, who tended to study philosophy and regard Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors tended to be philhellenic. The emperor Nero visited Greece in 66 AD, and performed at the Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. He was, of course, honoured with a victory in every contest, and in 67 AD he proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks at the Isthmian Games in Corinth, just as Flamininus had over 200 years previously. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens. He also built his namesake arch there, and had a Greek lover, Antinous.
At the same time Greece and much of the rest of the Roman east came under the influence of Christianity. The apostle Paul of Tarsus had preached in Corinth and Athens, and Greece soon became one of the most highly Christianized areas of the empire.
[edit] Later Roman Empire
During the second and third centuries, Greece was divided into provinces including also made the arow shooter to kill enemys Achaea, Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Moesia. During the reign of Diocletian in the late 3rd century, Moesia was organized as a diocese, and was ruled by Galerius. Under Constantine Hellas was part of the prefectures of Macedonia and Thrace. Theodosius divided the prefecture of Macedonia into the provinces of Creta, Achaea, Thessalia, Epirus Vetus, Epirus Nova, and Macedonia. The Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the prefecture of Asiana.
Greece faced invasions from the Heruli, Goths, and Vandals during the reign of Theodosius. Stilicho, who acted as regent for Arcadius, evacuated Thessaly when the Visigoths invaded in the late 4th century. Arcadius' Chamberlain Eutropius allowed Alaric to enter Greece, and he looted Athens, Corinth and the Peloponnese. Stilicho eventually drove him out around 397 and Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum. Eventually, Alaric and the Goths migrated to Italy, sacked Rome in 410, and built the Visigothic Empire in Iberia and southern France, which lasted until 711 with the advent of the Arabs.
Greece remained part of the relatively unified eastern half of the empire, which eventually became the center of the remaining Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire. Contrary to outdated visions of late antiquity, the Greek peninsula was most likely one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire. Older scenarios of poverty, depopulation, barbarian destruction and civil decay have been revised in light of recent archaeological discoveries. In fact the polis, as an institution, appears to have remained prosperous until at least the sixth century. Contemporary texts such as Hierokles' Syndekmos affirm that Late antiquity Greece was highly urbanised and contained approximately 80 cities. This view of extreme prosperity is widely accepted today, and it is assumed between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, Greece may have been one of the most economically active regions in the eastern Mediterranean.