在欧洲人来到这里之前，印第安人等北美洲的原住民生活在这片广阔的土地上。相传他们的祖先在大约一万多年前经由西伯利亚跨过白令海峡来到北美洲，并且在这里生存繁衍，他们没有自己的文字，却有着丰富的口头文学。对于原住民的人口，历史上的统计有很大出入，据1492年（哥伦布第一次来到北美洲）的估测，北美印第安人总数大约有八百万到一千万人。随着欧洲殖民者的深入，原住民的健康和领土受到严重威胁。由于欧洲人带来的各种病菌，在150年内，原住民的人口锐减了90%；他们的村落被摧毁，原本用于畜牧或种植的土地被毁掉了。
前哥伦布时期（英语：Pre-Columbian）又称印地安时期是指新大陆在明显受到来自欧洲文化影响前的历史时期。就字面上来理解，这段时期似乎指西班牙航海家克里斯多福·哥伦布于1492年时第一次来到美洲大陆前的历史，但实际上，“前哥伦布时期”通常还涵盖到当地印地安文化在哥伦布登陆美洲大陆之后数十年，或几世纪后的历史，直到这些印地安文化显著受到欧洲文化的影响及侵略。
“前哥伦布时期”这个词常常在讨论新大陆的印地安文明时提到，例如中部美洲诸文明──阿兹提克帝国、马雅文明，以及位于南美安地斯山脉的印加文明及莫切文化等等。
印第安人是对除爱斯基摩人外的所有美洲原住民的总称。美洲土著居民中的绝大多数为印第安人，分布于南北美洲各国，传统将其划归蒙古人种美洲支系。印第安人所说的语言一般总称为印第安语，或者称为美洲原住民语言。印第安人的族群及其语言的系属情况均十分复杂，至今没有公认的分类。
印第安人在15世纪末之前本来并没有统一的称法。1492年意大利航海家C·哥伦布航行至美洲时，误以为所到之处为印度，因此将此地的土著居民称作“印度人”（西班牙语：“indios”），后人虽然发现了错误，但是原有称呼已经普及，所以英语和其他欧洲语言中称印地安人为“西印度人”，在必要时为了区别，称真正的印度人为“东印度人”。汉语翻译时直接把“西印度人”这个单词翻译成“印第安人”或“印地安人”，免去了混淆的麻烦，到目前仍为最普及的用法。不过到了20世纪，许多美洲国家印第安人的地位有了明显改善，一些政府机构或民间组织开始对“印第安人”这一名称进行“正名”，比如在加拿大往往被称为更加政治正确的“第一民族”（英文：“First Nations”）等等。
屠杀与虐待
16世纪后来到美洲的欧洲殖民者带给当地印第安人是毁灭性的灾难。据统计，殖民时期，西班牙所属的领地有1300万印第安人被杀，巴西地区有大约1000万被杀，美国西进运动中又有100万左右印第安人被杀[来源请求]。目前大约有3000万印第安人。大量印第安人被奴役甚至屠杀。拉丁美洲的男性印第安人基本上没有纯男性系列的后代，其混血后代麦士蒂索人大多为男性殖民者与当地女性的后代。而北美的情况更糟，印第安人被赶入印第安保留地，其在当地人口所占比例小于5%。在美国，印第安人仅占总人口的1%左右。
文化
印第安人经过两万多年的分化和发展，产生了许多不同的民族和语言。在历史上印第安人曾建立过四个帝国，其中最重要的是北美洲的阿兹提克帝国和南美洲的印加帝国。印第安人中的玛雅人发明了玛雅文字，对天文学的研究造诣也相当深入。印第安人培育出了玉米、马铃薯、辣椒、西红柿、烟草、可可等作物。
然而，由于后来西方殖民者迫害、杀戮印第安人，毁灭印第安文化，致使现在残存的古代文明材料已经不多，但目前的研究越来越引起考古界的关注，美洲国家也开始下大力发掘古代印第安文化。
另外，印第安人曾被误认为是红种人，因为他们的皮肤经常是红色的，后来才知道这些红色是由于印第安人传统上习惯在面部涂红颜料所给人的错误认识。
古代印第安人
在巴西亚马逊地区的印地安人
* 玛雅人
* 阿兹特克人
* 印加人
和许多其他较小的部落。
The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 – 30,000 years ago. Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribes or confederations in response to European colonization. Well-known groups included the Huron, Apache Tribe, Cherokee, Sioux, Delaware, Algonquin, Choctaw, Mohegan, Iroquois (which included the Mohawk nation, Oneida tribe, Seneca nation, Cayuga nation, Onondaga and later the Tuscarora tribe) and Inuit. Though not as technologically advanced as the Mesoamerican civilizations further south, there were extensive pre-Columbian sedentary societies in what is now the US. The Iroquois had a politically advanced and unique social structure that was at the very least inspirational if not directly influential to the later development of the democratic United States government, a departure from the strong monarchies from which the Europeans came.
North America's Moundbuilder Culture
A Mississippian priest, with a ceremonial flint mace. Artist Herb Roe, based on a repousse copper plate.
Mound Builder is a general term referring to the original inhabitants who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for burial, residential and ceremonial purposes. These included Archaic, Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period Pre-Columbian cultures dating from roughly 3000 BC to the 16th century AD, and living in the Great Lakes region, the Ohio River region, and the Mississippi River region.
Mound builder cultures can be divided into roughly three eras:
Archaic era
Poverty Point in what is now Louisiana is perhaps the most prominent example of early archaic mound builder construction (c. 2500 – 1000 BC). An even earlier example, Watson Brake, dates to approximately 3400 BC and coincides with the emergence of social complexity worldwide.
Woodland period
The Archaic period was followed by the Woodland period (c. 1000 BC). Some well-understood examples would be the Adena culture of Ohio and nearby states and the subsequent Hopewell culture known from Illinois to Ohio and renowned for their geometric earthworks. The Adena and Hopewell were not, however, the only mound building peoples during this time period. There were contemporaneous mound building cultures throughout the Eastern United States.
Mississippian culture
Around 900 – 1450 AD the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys. The location where the Mississippian culture is first clearly developed is located in Illinois, and is referred to today as Cahokia.