ōu zhōu zhí mín shí qī European colonization  (1000nián～1867nián)

　　gōng yuán 1000 nián zuǒ yòu， ōu zhōu rén shǒu cì tà zú yú jiā ná dà。 hóng hú zǐ 'āi lǐ kè céng zài niǔ fēn lán dǎo de lán sài 'ào cí mù cǎo dì jiàn lì duǎn zàn de jū zhù diǎn。 zì běi 'ōu zhí mín zhě zhī hòu jiā ná dà yòu yī duàn shí jiān méi yòu yǔ 'ōu zhōu jiē chù， zhí dào 1497 nián yì dà lì rén qiáo wǎ ní · kǎ bó tuō（ JohnCabot） wéi yīng gé lán tàn suǒ jiā ná dà dà xī yáng yán 'àn。 zài 16 shì jì zǎo qī， bā sī kè jí pú táo yá hǎi yuán zài dà xī yáng yán 'àn jiàn lì jì jié xìng de bǔ jīng jí bǔ yú diǎn。 1534 nián， fǎ guó tàn xiǎn jiā yǎ kè · kǎ dì 'āi（ JacquesCartier） tàn suǒ shèng luó lún sī wān， bìng zài 7 yuè 24 rì yǐ fǎ guó guó wáng fú lǎng suǒ wǎ yī shì de míng yì zhàn lǐng liǎo nà piàn tǔ dì。
　　1583 nián， yīng guó rén hàn fú lāi · jí 'ěr bó tè jué shì zài rú jīn niǔ fēn lán de shèng yuē hàn sī jiàn lì dìng jū diǎn， bìng xuān chēng zhè shì yīng guó zài běi měi de dì yī kuài zhí mín dì。 zhī hòu fǎ guó tàn xiǎn jiā sà miù 'ěr · dé · shàng pǔ lán fēn bié zài 1605 nián yú xīn sī kē shè shěng de huáng jiā gǎng hé zài 1608 nián yú kuí běi kè shěng kuí běi kè shì jiàn lì běi měi zuì zǎo de 'ōu zhōu rén yǒng jiǔ dìng jū diǎn。 zài xīn fǎ lán xī de fàn wéi nèi， fǎ yì jiā ná dà rén kāi shǐ yán zhe shèng láo lún sī hé yī dài kuò zhāng， ā kǎ dí yà rén yě kāi shǐ zài dà xī yáng shěng fèn dìng jū， ér chuán jiào shì hé pí máo shāng rén kāi shǐ tàn suǒ wǔ dà hú、 hǎdé xùn wān jí mì xī xī bǐ hé liú yù yī dài。 hòu lái zài 17 shì jì zhōng yè， wèile zhēng duó pí máo jiāo yì de kòng zhì quán， ā 'ěr gāng jīn bù luò hé yì luò kuí bù luò fēn bié zài yīng guó、 hé lán hé fǎ guó de zhī chí xià fā shēng hé lí zhàn zhēng。
　　1610 nián， yīng guó zài niǔ fēn lán dǎo jiàn lì gèng duō zhí mín dì， bù jiǔ zhī hòu shí sān zhí mín dì yě zài nán fāng chéng lì。 dàn zài 1689 nián zhì 1763 nián běi měi zhōu bào fā běi měi zhí mín dì zhàn zhēng， ér hòu lái zài běi měi zhōu suǒ bào fā de yī lián chuàn zhàn zhēng gèng wéi qī nián zhàn zhēng pū lù。 xīn sī kē shè shěng yīn wū dé lè zhī hé yuē zài 1713 nián bèi gē ràng gěi yīng guó， zhī hòu yīn bā lí hé yuē fǎ guó bèi pò yào gē ràng jīhū suǒ yòu zài běi měi zhōu de zhí mín dì gěi yīng guó。
　　 zài 1763 nián bān bù de huáng jiā xuān yán jiāng kuí běi kè shěng fēn lí yú xīn fǎ lán xī， bìng jiāng bù léi dùn jiǎo dǎo hé bìng dào xīn sī kē shè， shèng yuē hàn sī dǎo（ jí rú jīn de 'ài dé huá wáng zǐ dǎo） gèng zài 1769 nián dú lì chéng wéi dān dú de zhí mín dì。 ér wéi liǎo bì miǎn kuí běi kè jìng nèi de fǎ yì jiā ná dà rén bù mǎn hé chéng fá shí sān gè zhí mín dì jū mín de fǎn yīng huó dòng， yīng guó yú 1774 nián bān bù kuí běi kè fǎ 'àn， jiāng kuí běi kè dì qū yán shēn zhì wǔ dà hú hé 'é hài 'é hé， bìng zài kuí běi kè dì qū chóngxīn què lì fǎ yǔ、 tiān zhù jiào xìn yǎng hé fǎ guó shì mín fǎ de dì wèi。 dàn zhè yàng què jìn yī bù zhùzhǎng shí sān zhí mín dì jū mín de fǎn yīng qíng xù。
　　1783 nián qiān shǔ de bā lí tiáo yuē chéng rèn měi guó dú lì， bìng jiāng wǔ dà hú yǐ nán de dì fāng gē ràng yú měi guó。 xīn bù lún ruì kè cóng xīn sī kē shè huàfēn chū lái chéng wéi huáng shì zhì dì。 wèile 'ān fǔ kuí běi kè jìng nèi dídí yīng yì jiā ná dà rén， yīng guó zhèng fǔ zài 1791 nián bān bù xīn de xiàn fǎ fǎ 'àn jiāng kuí běi kè fēn wéi yǐ yīng yǔ zuò mǔ yǔ de shàng jiā ná dà hé yǐ fǎ yǔ zuò mǔ yǔ de xià jiā ná dà liǎng bù fēn， bìng fù yú liǎng zhě gè zì de xuǎn jǔ lì fǎ quán， shàng xià jiā ná dà fēn bié yǎn biàn chéng rú jīn de 'ān dà lüè hé kuí běi kè。
　　 luó bó tè · hā lǐ sī suǒ huà de lián bāng zhī fù (1884)， zhè fú huà fǎn yìng zài 1864 nián jǔ xíng de chá luò dùn huì yì
　　1812 nián zhàn zhēng， yīng guó yǔ měi guó jiāo zhàn， jiā ná dà chéng wéi zhù yào zhàn chǎng。 zhàn zhēng jié shù zhī hòu， dà liàng yīng guó rén hé 'ài 'ěr lán rén yí mín zhì jiā ná dà。 zài 1825 nián dào 1846 nián jiān， yòu 626,628 míng 'ōu zhōu yí mín jìn rù jiā ná dà。 qí zhōng bāo kuò xiǎng táo lí jī huāng de 'ài 'ěr lán yí mín yǐ jí yīn gāo dì qīng xǐ 'ér táo zǒu chū lái de sū gé lán rén。 dàn shì yòu sì fēn zhī yī zhì sān fēn zhī yī de yí mín zài 1891 nián qián biàn sǐ yú chuán rǎn bìng。
　　 chū yú duì wèn zé zhèng fǔ de kě qiú， jiā ná dà rén fā dòng 1837 nián qǐ yì。 pàn luàn bèi píng xī zhī hòu dào jiā diào chá de dá lè mǔ xūn jué jiàn lì yī piān bào gào，《 yīng shǔ běi měi shì wù fēn xī》。 bào gào jiàn yì bǎ xiàn rèn zhèng fǔ gǎi wéi wèn zé zhì zhèng fǔ， bìng zhī chí tóng huà fǎ yì jiā ná dà rén， shǐ qí jiē shòu yīng guó yǔ yán jí wén huà。 yīng guó zhèng fǔ jiē nà dá lè mǔ xūn jué zài bào gào zhōng de jiàn yì， bìng bān bù 1840 nián lián hé fǎ 'àn， chóngxīn jiāng shàng xià jiā ná dà hé bìng chéng lì jiā ná dà shěng。 1849 nián， dài biǎo suǒ yòu yīng shǔ běi měi de zé rèn zhèng fǔ jiàn lì。 1846 nián， yīng měi qiān dìng 'é lè gāng tiáo yuē， què dìng měi guó hé yīng shǔ běi měi zài xī bù yǐ běi wěi 49 dù wéi jiè。 zhè yī tiáo yuē jiě jué cháng jiǔ yǐ lái yīng shǔ běi měi yǔ měi guó de biān jìng zhēng duān， yě wéi yīng guó jiàn lì wēn gē huá dǎo zhí mín dì hé bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà zhí mín dì pū píng dào lù。

　　It is believed that the first European to explore the east coast of Canada was Norse explorer Leif Erikson. In approximately 1000 AD, the Norse built a small encampment that only lasted a few years at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of Newfoundland. No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada's Atlantic coast in the name of King Henry VII of England. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I. The early 16th century saw European mariners with navigational techniques pioneered by the Basque and Portuguese establish seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast. In general, early settlements during the Age of Discovery appear to have been short-lived due to a combination of the harsh climate, problems with navigating trade routes and competing outputs in Scandinavia.
　　In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I, founded St. John's, Newfoundland, as the first North American English colony. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). Among the colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay, and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade.
　　Benjamin West's "The Death of General Wolfe" dying in front of British flag while attended by officers and native allies
　　Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec.
　　The English established additional settlements in Newfoundland, beginning in 1610 and the Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after. A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, and Canada and most of New France came under British rule in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.
　　The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established First Nation treaty rights, created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony in 1769. To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. More importantly, the Quebec Act afforded Quebec special autonomy and rights of self-administration at a time when the Thirteen Colonies were increasingly agitating against British rule. It re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law there, staving off the growth of an independence movement in contrast to the Thirteen Colonies. The Proclamation and the Quebec Act in turn angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, further fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the American Revolution.
　　After the successful American War of Independence, the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the newly formed United States and set the terms of peace, ceding British North American territories south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River to the new country. The American war of independence also caused a large out-migration of Loyalists, the settlers who had fought against American independence. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. New Brunswick was in turn split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes which led to the incorporation of Saint John, New Brunswick to become Canada's first city. To accommodate the influx of English-speaking Loyalists in Central Canada, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province of Canada into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario), granting each its own elected legislative assembly.
　　Painting of Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams
　　War of 1812 heroine Laura Secord warning British commander James FitzGibbon of an impending American attack at Beaver Dams
　　The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed. Immigration resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain between 1815 and 1850. New arrivals included refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic-speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances. Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 percent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891.
　　The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. The Act of Union merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel. This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). The Alaska Purchase of 1867 by the United States established the border along the Pacific coast, although there would continue to be some disputes about the exact demarcation of the Alaska-Yukon and Alaska-BC border for years to come.