现实百态 》 niú méng The Gadfly 》
zhù yào rén wù biǎo AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
fú ní qì Ethel Lilian Voynich
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
上帝和儿子
——《牛虻》读后感
不管我活着
还是我死去
我都是一只牛虻
快乐地飞来飞去
这首小诗，是牛虻最后的字迹，写完它，他就上了行刑场，然后他死了。
他死得很艰难，因为给他行刑的士兵，都是那么爱戴他，他们拿枪的手在颤抖，他们的泪在脸上淌，可他们还是必须杀死他，那是工作。在无数发子弹声后，牛虻还是死了，全身都中了弹，可是死得那么坚强，那么灿烂。
蒙泰尼里看着自己的儿子死去，是他亲手杀死了他，是他，在上帝和儿子之间，毅然选择了虚假的慈悲的上帝，而放弃了自己那么可怜又那么需要爱的儿子。他注定为自己的选择而后悔，他注定被自己逼疯，最后，伟大的红衣主教还是疯了，还是死了，上帝不是慈悲的，上帝没有因为他的忠诚而对他忠诚。
亚瑟是可怜的，琼玛的一个巴掌把他从意大利打到了南美，多少年的苦难，他全忍了下来，终于，他又回到了意大利，他又见到了琼玛，他们相爱，却得不到永远。他死了，她哭了，他痛苦的所有时间，她也痛苦着。而正当她知道他还活着，她可以释然，她可以渐渐忘记自己曾经的错误时，他又一次活生生地死在了她的面前。
亚瑟在17岁时，明白了上帝只不过是一尊用榔头就可以敲烂的泥塑，他最亲爱的Padre骗了他，上帝不是慈悲的，人能依靠的，只有自己。亚瑟在苦难中成了一个彻底的无神论者，他憎恨那些虚伪的祷告，憎恨所有的神父，可是他知道，无论如何，他还是爱Padre，他不恨他，只要Padre能够在余生好好爱他，他就会满足，他就会得到幸福。可是蒙泰尼里没有这样做，他哭了，哭得很伤心，可是他的选择依然是上帝，只有上帝……
作为伟大的红衣主教，选择上帝是理所当然的，基督被钉在十字架上，他注定是慈悲的，他注定可以接受所有人的忏悔，而他能做的，也仅仅是接受忏悔而已。他并不能为人们做什么，他不能，他救不了蒙泰尼里，更救不了亚瑟。可是蒙泰尼里不懂，一直都不懂，他这样对待自己的儿子，是多么得不公平，可是他却不了解，他被上帝所迷惑，他的心里只有那个空洞的上帝。
而当蒙泰尼里终于醒悟，而真的必须面对天堂抑或地狱里的那个上帝时，他又会说什么，他还爱上帝吗？还坚持自己的信仰吗？他会后悔，一定会。他会明白，并把上帝砸成碎片，他会把上帝从心里扔掉，他真心爱的，是自己的儿子。可是这一切已经晚了，天堂是无限高的，地狱是无底深的，他永远也找不到自己心爱的儿子了……
再次忏悔吗？
于是无补……
主要人物表
牛虻——少年时代的名字叫亚瑟．伯顿。在二、三卷中，化名费利斯．里瓦雷兹，牛虻是他的绰号
琼玛．华伦——华伦医生的女儿，亚瑟少年时代的朋友，后与乔万尼．波拉结婚
劳伦佐．蒙泰尼里——教士，亚瑟真正的生父，后升为红衣主教
格拉迪斯——亚瑟的母亲，老伯顿的后妻，蒙泰尼里的情人，天主教徒
杰姆斯．伯顿——亚瑟名义上的异母长兄，伯顿父子轮船公司的主人
朱丽亚——杰姆斯．伯顿的妻子
托马斯．伯顿——亚瑟名义上的异母次兄
吉姆斯——伯顿家的管家
吉安．巴蒂斯塔——伯顿家的马车夫
恩里科——莱亨监狱看守长
凯 蒂——琼玛的女仆?
比安卡——牛虻在佛罗伦萨的女仆
绮达．莱尼——吉卜赛女郎
马尔蒂尼——青年意大利党佛罗伦萨支部的党员，波拉和琼玛的朋友，文学委员会成员
法布里奇——大学教授，文学委员会成员
格拉西尼——富裕的大律师，文学委员会的成员
莱 加——文学委员会成员
加 利——青年意大利党佛罗伦萨支部的党员，文学委员会的成员
里卡尔多——医生，青年意大利党佛罗伦萨支部的党员，文学委员会的成员
萨科尼——文学委员会成员
米歇尔——红带会会员，亚平宁山区的私贩子
多米尼季诺——红带会负责人之一，亚平宁山区的私贩子
马尔科尼——红带会会员，亚平宁山区的私贩子
蟋 蟀——布列西盖拉城堡中的卫兵
卡尔迪——比萨神学院新院长，密探
费拉里——布列西盖拉的统领，上校
The Gadfly is a novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June; Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings. The story centers on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton, as a member of the Youth movement, and his antagonist, Padre Montanelli. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love Gemma simultaneously runs through the story. It is a story of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism.
Themes
The book is primarily concerned with the culture of revolution and revolutionaries. Arthur, the Gadfly, is an embodiment of the tragic Romantic hero, who comes of age and returns from abandonment to discover his true state in the world and fight against the injustices of the current one. Gemma, his lover, and Padre Montanelli, his Priest, show various forms of love via their tragic relations with the focal character of Arthur: religious, romantic, and family. These emotions are compared with those which Arthur finds and shows as a revolutionary. The relationship between religious and revolutionary feelings is particularly drawn on. This is made particularly explicit at the climax of the book where sacred descriptions intertwine with reflections on the Gadfly's fate. It is debatable to what extent an allegorical comparison can be drawn between the Gadfly and Jesus.
The landscape of Italy, in particular the Alps, is a pervading focus of the book, with its often lush descriptions of scenery conveying the thoughts and moods of characters.
Background
According to historian Robin Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly — a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by the British Secret Intelligence Service — met Ethel Voynich in London in 1895. Ethel Voynich was a significant figure not only on the late Victorian literary scene but also in Russian émigré circles. Lockhart claims that Reilly and Voynich had a sexual liaison and voyaged to Italy together. During this scenic tarriance, Reilly apparently "bared his soul to his mistress," and revealed to her the story of his strange youth in Russia. After their brief affair had concluded, Voynich published in 1897 her critically acclaimed novel, The Gadfly, the central character of which, Arthur Burton, was allegedly based on Sidney Reilly's own early life. However, Andrew Cook, a noted biographer of Reilly, disputes Lockhart's romanticized version of such events to be doubtful and counters instead that Reilly was perhaps informing on Voynich's radical, pro-émigré activities to William Melville of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch.
Popularity
With the central theme of the book being the nature of a true revolutionary, the reflections on religion and rebellion proved to be ideologically suitable and successful. The Gadfly was exceptionally popular in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China exerting a large cultural influence. In the Soviet Union The Gadfly was compulsory reading and the top best seller, indeed by the time of Voynich's death The Gadfly is estimated to have sold 2,500,000 copies in the Soviet Union alone.
The Russian composer Mikhail Zhukov turned the book into an opera "The Gadfly" ("Овод" 1928). In 1955, the Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the novel into a film of the same title (Russian: Ovod). Composer Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the score (see The Gadfly Suite). The Romance, a segment from this composition, along with some other excerpts, has since become very popular. Shostakovich's Gadfly theme was also used in the eighties, in the BBC TV series Reilly, Ace of Spies.
Film adaptations
* 1928. Soviet Georgian film (Krazana) directed by Kote Mardjanishvili.
* 1955. The Soviet director Aleksandr Fajntsimmer adapted the book into a film of the same name (Russian: Овод, Ovod). Dmitri Shostakovich composed the score, known as The Gadfly Suite. The Romance section of this score has since become popular, and was used as the theme music for the series Reilly, Ace of Spies about master spy Sidney Reilly.
* 1980. Film of Nikolai Mashchenko with Andrei Kharitonov, Sergei Bondarchuk and Anastasiya Vertinskaya.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
"What have we to do with Thee, Thou Jesus of Nazareth?"
AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
MY most cordial thanks are due to the many persons who helped me to collect, in Italy, the materials for this story. I am especially indebted to the officials of the Marucelliana Library of Florence, and of the State Archives and Civic Museum of Bologna, for their courtesy and kindness.
请欣赏:
请给我换一个看看！ 拜托，快把噪音停掉！我读累了，想听点音乐或者请来支歌曲！
|
|
|